二叉树的定义:
二叉树是树形结构的一个重要类型。许多实际问题抽象出来的数据结构往往是二叉树的形式,即使是一般的树也能简单地转换为二叉树,而且二叉树的存储结构及其算法都较为简单,因此二叉树显得特别重要。
二叉树(BinaryTree)是n(n≥0)个结点的有限集,它或者是空集(n=0),或者由一个根结点及两棵互不相交的、分别称作这个根的左子树和右子树的二叉树组成。
这个定义是递归的。由于左、右子树也是二叉树, 因此子树也可为空树。
二叉树的遍历
对于二叉树来讲最主要、最基本的运算是遍历。
遍历二叉树 是指以一定的次序访问二叉树中的每个结点。所谓 访问结点 是指对结点进行各种操作的简称。例如,查询结点数据域的内容,或输出它的值,或找出结点位置,或是执行对结点的其他操作。遍历二叉树的过程实质是把二叉树的结点进行线性排列的过程。假设遍历二叉树时访问结点的操作就是输出结点数据域的值,那么遍历的结果得到一个线性序列。
从二叉树的递归定义可知,一棵非空的二叉树由根结点及左、右子树这三个基本部分组成。因此,在任一给定结点上,可以按某种次序执行三个操作:
(1)访问结点本身(N),
(2)遍历该结点的左子树(L),
(3)遍历该结点的右子树(R)。
以上三种操作有六种执行次序:
NLR、LNR、LRN、NRL、RNL、RLN。
注意:
前三种次序与后三种次序对称,故只讨论先左后右的前三种次序。
由于被访问的结点必是某子树的根,所以N(Node)、L(Left subtlee)和R(Right subtree)又可解释为根、根的左子树和根的右子树。NLR、LNR和LRN分别又称为先根遍历、中根遍历和后根遍历。
二叉树的java实现
java实现代码:
- import java.util.Stack;
- /**
- * 二叉树的链式存储
- * @author WWX
- */
- public class BinaryTree {
- private TreeNode root=null;
- public BinaryTree(){
- root=new TreeNode(1,"rootNode(A)");
- }
- /**
- * 创建一棵二叉树
- * <pre>
- * A
- * B C
- * D E F
- * </pre>
- * @param root
- * @author WWX
- */
- public void createBinTree(TreeNode root){
- TreeNode newNodeB = new TreeNode(2,"B");
- TreeNode newNodeC = new TreeNode(3,"C");
- TreeNode newNodeD = new TreeNode(4,"D");
- TreeNode newNodeE = new TreeNode(5,"E");
- TreeNode newNodeF = new TreeNode(6,"F");
- root.leftChild=newNodeB;
- root.rightChild=newNodeC;
- root.leftChild.leftChild=newNodeD;
- root.leftChild.rightChild=newNodeE;
- root.rightChild.rightChild=newNodeF;
- }
- public boolean isEmpty(){
- return root==null;
- }
- //树的高度
- public int height(){
- return height(root);
- }
- //节点个数
- public int size(){
- return size(root);
- }
- private int height(TreeNode subTree){
- if(subTree==null)
- return 0;//递归结束:空树高度为0
- else{
- int i=height(subTree.leftChild);
- int j=height(subTree.rightChild);
- return (i<j)?(j+1):(i+1);
- }
- }
- private int size(TreeNode subTree){
- if(subTree==null){
- return 0;
- }else{
- return 1+size(subTree.leftChild)
- +size(subTree.rightChild);
- }
- }
- //返回双亲结点
- public TreeNode parent(TreeNode element){
- return (root==null|| root==element)?null:parent(root, element);
- }
- public TreeNode parent(TreeNode subTree,TreeNode element){
- if(subTree==null)
- return null;
- if(subTree.leftChild==element||subTree.rightChild==element)
- //返回父结点地址
- return subTree;
- TreeNode p;
- //现在左子树中找,如果左子树中没有找到,才到右子树去找
- if((p=parent(subTree.leftChild, element))!=null)
- //递归在左子树中搜索
- return p;
- else
- //递归在右子树中搜索
- return parent(subTree.rightChild, element);
- }
- public TreeNode getLeftChildNode(TreeNode element){
- return (element!=null)?element.leftChild:null;
- }
- public TreeNode getRightChildNode(TreeNode element){
- return (element!=null)?element.rightChild:null;
- }
- public TreeNode getRoot(){
- return root;
- }
- //在释放某个结点时,该结点的左右子树都已经释放,
- //所以应该采用后续遍历,当访问某个结点时将该结点的存储空间释放
- public void destroy(TreeNode subTree){
- //删除根为subTree的子树
- if(subTree!=null){
- //删除左子树
- destroy(subTree.leftChild);
- //删除右子树
- destroy(subTree.rightChild);
- //删除根结点
- subTree=null;
- }
- }
- public void traverse(TreeNode subTree){
- System.out.println("key:"+subTree.key+"--name:"+subTree.data);;
- traverse(subTree.leftChild);
- traverse(subTree.rightChild);
- }
- //前序遍历
- public void preOrder(TreeNode subTree){
- if(subTree!=null){
- visted(subTree);
- preOrder(subTree.leftChild);
- preOrder(subTree.rightChild);
- }
- }
- //中序遍历
- public void inOrder(TreeNode subTree){
- if(subTree!=null){
- inOrder(subTree.leftChild);
- visted(subTree);
- inOrder(subTree.rightChild);
- }
- }
- //后续遍历
- public void postOrder(TreeNode subTree) {
- if (subTree != null) {
- postOrder(subTree.leftChild);
- postOrder(subTree.rightChild);
- visted(subTree);
- }
- }
- //前序遍历的非递归实现
- public void nonRecPreOrder(TreeNode p){
- Stack<TreeNode> stack=new Stack<TreeNode>();
- TreeNode node=p;
- while(node!=null||stack.size()>0){
- while(node!=null){
- visted(node);
- stack.push(node);
- node=node.leftChild;
- }
- <span abp="507" style="font-size:14px;">while</span>(stack.size()>0){
- node=stack.pop();
- node=node.rightChild;
- }
- }
- }
- //中序遍历的非递归实现
- public void nonRecInOrder(TreeNode p){
- Stack<TreeNode> stack =new Stack<BinaryTree.TreeNode>();
- TreeNode node =p;
- while(node!=null||stack.size()>0){
- //存在左子树
- while(node!=null){
- stack.push(node);
- node=node.leftChild;
- }
- //栈非空
- if(stack.size()>0){
- node=stack.pop();
- visted(node);
- node=node.rightChild;
- }
- }
- }
- //后序遍历的非递归实现
- public void noRecPostOrder(TreeNode p){
- Stack<TreeNode> stack=new Stack<BinaryTree.TreeNode>();
- TreeNode node =p;
- while(p!=null){
- //左子树入栈
- for(;p.leftChild!=null;p=p.leftChild){
- stack.push(p);
- }
- //当前结点无右子树或右子树已经输出
- while(p!=null&&(p.rightChild==null||p.rightChild==node)){
- visted(p);
- //纪录上一个已输出结点
- node =p;
- if(stack.empty())
- return;
- p=stack.pop();
- }
- //处理右子树
- stack.push(p);
- p=p.rightChild;
- }
- }
- public void visted(TreeNode subTree){
- subTree.isVisted=true;
- System.out.println("key:"+subTree.key+"--name:"+subTree.data);;
- }
- /**
- * 二叉树的节点数据结构
- * @author WWX
- */
- private class TreeNode{
- private int key=0;
- private String data=null;
- private boolean isVisted=false;
- private TreeNode leftChild=null;
- private TreeNode rightChild=null;
- public TreeNode(){}
- /**
- * @param key 层序编码
- * @param data 数据域
- */
- public TreeNode(int key,String data){
- this.key=key;
- this.data=data;
- this.leftChild=null;
- this.rightChild=null;
- }
- }
- //测试
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- BinaryTree bt = new BinaryTree();
- bt.createBinTree(bt.root);
- System.out.println("the size of the tree is " + bt.size());
- System.out.println("the height of the tree is " + bt.height());
- System.out.println("*******(前序遍历)[ABDECF]遍历*****************");
- bt.preOrder(bt.root);
- System.out.println("*******(中序遍历)[DBEACF]遍历*****************");
- bt.inOrder(bt.root);
- System.out.println("*******(后序遍历)[DEBFCA]遍历*****************");
- bt.postOrder(bt.root);
- System.out.println("***非递归实现****(前序遍历)[ABDECF]遍历*****************");
- bt.nonRecPreOrder(bt.root);
- System.out.println("***非递归实现****(中序遍历)[DBEACF]遍历*****************");
- bt.nonRecInOrder(bt.root);
- System.out.println("***非递归实现****(后序遍历)[DEBFCA]遍历*****************");
- bt.noRecPostOrder(bt.root);
- }
- }
- </span>
输出结果
the size of the tree is 6
the height of the tree is 3
*******(前序遍历)[ABDECF]遍历*****************
key:1--name:rootNode(A)
key:2--name:B
key:4--name:D
key:5--name:E
key:3--name:C
key:6--name:F
*******(中序遍历)[DBEACF]遍历*****************
key:4--name:D
key:2--name:B
key:5--name:E
key:1--name:rootNode(A)
key:3--name:C
key:6--name:F
*******(后序遍历)[DEBFCA]遍历*****************
key:4--name:D
key:5--name:E
key:2--name:B
key:6--name:F
key:3--name:C
key:1--name:rootNode(A)
***非递归实现****(前序遍历)[ABDECF]遍历*****************
key:1--name:rootNode(A)
key:2--name:B
key:4--name:D
key:5--name:E
key:3--name:C
key:6--name:F
***非递归实现****(中序遍历)[DBEACF]遍历*****************
key:4--name:D
key:2--name:B
key:5--name:E
key:1--name:rootNode(A)
key:3--name:C
key:6--name:F
***非递归实现****(后序遍历)[DEBFCA]遍历*****************
key:4--name:D
key:5--name:E
key:2--name:B
key:6--name:F
key:3--name:C
key:1--name:rootNode(A)