• 【Linux】扩展阿里云数据盘分区和文件系统


    扩容云盘只是扩大存储容量,不会扩容文件系统

    一、准备工作

    在扩展数据盘扩展分区和文件系统前,请提前完成以下工作。

    二、确认分区格式和文件系统

    ECS实例的操作系统为CentOS 6.8 64 位,数据盘设备名为/dev/vdb。

    1、运行fdisk -lu <DeviceName>确认数据盘是否分区。

    本示例中,原有的数据盘空间已做分区/dev/vdb1。"System"="Linux"说明数据盘使用的是MBR分区格式,如果"System"="GPT"则说明数据盘使用的是GPT格式。
     
    [root@test ~]# fdisk -lu /dev/vdb
    
    Disk /dev/vdb: 1374.4 GB, 1374389534720 bytes
    16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2663050 cylinders, total 2684354560 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk identifier: 0x7c4016b5
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/vdb1              63  2147483519  1073741728+  83  Linux

    2、运行blkid <PartitionName>确认文件系统的类型。

    本示例中,/dev/vdb1的文件系统类型为ext4。
    [root@test ~]# blkid /dev/vdb1
    /dev/vdb1: UUID="ee04ddf2-ad0f-40bc-9b5c-984be7e19283" TYPE="ext4" 
     
    说明 未分区并且未创建文件系统的数据盘,以及已分区但未创建文件系统的数据盘,不会返回结果。
    [root@test ~]# blkid /dev/vdb1
    [root@test ~]#

    运行以下命令确认文件系统的状态。

    • ext*文件系统:e2fsck -n <dst_dev_part_path>

    • xfs文件系统:xfs_repair -n <dst_dev_part_path>

    警告 本示例中,文件系统状态为clean。如果状态不是clean,请排查并修复。
    [root@test~]# e2fsck -n /dev/vdb1
    e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
    /dev/vdb1: clean, 115952/67108864 files, 140800686/268435432 blocks

    三、扩展已有MBR分区

    说明 为了防止数据丢失,不建议扩容已挂载的分区和文件系统。请先取消挂载(umount)分区,完成扩容并正常使用后,重新挂载(mount)。针对不同的Linux内核版本,推荐以下操作方式:
    • 实例内核版本 < 3.6:先取消挂载该分区,再修改分区表,最后扩容文件系统。
    • 实例内核版本 ≥ 3.6:先修改对应分区表,再通知内核更新分区表,最后扩容文件系统。

    如果新增空间用于扩容已有的MBR分区,按照以下步骤在实例中完成扩容:

    1、修改分区表

    查看磁盘信息

    [root@test~]# fdisk -lu /dev/vdb
    
    Disk /dev/vdb: 1374.4 GB, 1374389534720 bytes
    16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2663050 cylinders, total 2684354560 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk identifier: 0x7c4016b5
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/vdb1              63  2147483519  1073741728+  83  Linux

    查看数据盘的挂载路径,根据返回的文件路径卸载分区,直至完全卸载已挂载的分区。

    [root@test ~]# mount | grep "/dev/vdb"
    /dev/vdb1 on /data type ext4 (rw,relatime,data=ordered)
    [root@test ~]# umount /dev/vdb1
    [root@test ~]# mount | grep "/dev/vdb"

    使用fdisk工具删除旧分区。

    1. 运行fdisk -u /dev/vdb:分区数据盘。
    2. 输入p:打印分区表。
    3. 输入d:删除分区。
    4. 输入p:确认分区已删除。
    5. 输入w:保存修改并退出。
    [root@test~]# fdisk -u /dev/vdb
    
    WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
             switch off the mode (command 'c').
    
    Command (m for help): p
    
    Disk /dev/vdb: 1374.4 GB, 1374389534720 bytes
    16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2663050 cylinders, total 2684354560 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk identifier: 0x7c4016b5
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/vdb1              63  2147483519  1073741728+  83  Linux
    
    Command (m for help): d
    Selected partition 1
    
    Command (m for help): p
    
    Disk /dev/vdb: 1374.4 GB, 1374389534720 bytes
    16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2663050 cylinders, total 2684354560 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk identifier: 0x7c4016b5
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    
    Command (m for help): w
    The partition table has been altered!
    
    Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
    Syncing disks.

    使用fdisk命令新建分区。

    1. 运行fdisk -u /dev/vdb:分区数据盘。
    2. 输入p:打印分区表。
    3. 输入n:新建分区。
    4. 输入p:选择分区类型为主分区。
    5. 输入<分区号>:选择分区号。本示例选取了1。
      警告 新分区的起始位置必须和旧分区的起始位置相同,结束位置必须大于旧分区的结束位置,否则会导致扩容失败。
    6. 输入w:保存修改并退出。

    本示例中,将/dev/vdb1由1024 GiB扩容到1280 GiB。

    [root@test~]# fdisk -u /dev/vdb
    
    WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
             switch off the mode (command 'c').
    
    Command (m for help): p
    
    Disk /dev/vdb: 1374.4 GB, 1374389534720 bytes
    16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2663050 cylinders, total 2684354560 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk identifier: 0x7c4016b5
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    
    Command (m for help): n
    Command action
       e   extended
       p   primary partition (1-4)
    p
    Partition number (1-4): w
    Partition number (1-4): 1
    First sector (63-2684354559, default 63): 
    Using default value 63
    Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (63-2684354559, default 2684354559): 
    Using default value 2684354559
    
    Command (m for help): w
    The partition table has been altered!
    
    Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
    Syncing disks.

    运行lsblk /dev/vdb确保分区表已经增加。

    运行e2fsck -n /dev/vdb1再次检查文件系统,确认扩容分区后的文件系统状态为clean。

    2、通知内核更新分区表

    运行partprobe <dst_dev_path>或者partx -u <dst_dev_path>,以通知内核数据盘的分区表已经修改,需要同步更新。

    3、扩容文件系统

    ext*文件系统(例如ext3和ext4):运行resize2fs /dev/vdb1并重新挂载分区。

    [root@test ~]# resize2fs /dev/vdb1
    resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
    Resizing the filesystem on /dev/vdb1 to 7864320 (4k) blocks.
    The filesystem on /dev/vdb1 is now 7864320 blocks long.
    [root@test ~]# mount /dev/vdb1 /data

    xfs文件系统:先运行mount /dev/vdb1 /data/命令,再运行xfs_growfs /dev/vdb1

    [root@test ~]# mount /dev/vdb1 /data/
    [root@test ~]# xfs_growfs /dev/vdb1
    meta-data=/dev/vdb1              isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=1310720 blks
             =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
             =                       crc=1        finobt=0 spinodes=0
    data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=5242880, imaxpct=25
             =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
    naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
    log      =internal               bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
             =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
    realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
    data blocks changed from 5242880 to 7864320

    四、新增并格式化MBR分区

    如果新增空间用于增加新的MBR分区,按照以下步骤在实例中完成扩容:

    运行fdisk -u /dev/vdb命令新建分区。

    本示例中,为新增的20GiB新建分区,作为/dev/vdb2使用。

    [root@test ~]# fdisk -u /dev/vdb
    Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
    
    Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
    Be careful before using the write commad.
    
    Command (m for help): p
    
    Disk /dev/vdb: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes, 83886080 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk label type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0x2b31a2a3
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/vdb1            2048    41943039    20970496   83  Linux
    
    Command (m for help): n
    Partition type:
       p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
       e   extended
    Select (default p): p
    Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2
    First sector (41943040-83886079, default 41943040):
    Using default value 41943040
    Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (41943040-83886079, default 83886079):
    Using default value 83886079
    Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 20 GiB is set
    
    Command (m for help): w
    The partition table has been altered!
    
    Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
    Syncing disks.

    运行命令lsblk /dev/vdb查看分区。

    [root@test ~]# lsblk /dev/vdb
    NAME   MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
    vdb    253:16   0  40G  0 disk
    ├─vdb1 253:17   0  20G  0 part
    └─vdb2 253:18   0  20G  0 part

    格式化新的分区。

    创建ext4文件系统:mkfs.ext4 /dev/vdb2

    [root@test ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vdb2
    mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
    Filesystem label=
    OS type: Linux
    Block size=4096 (log=2)
    Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
    Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
    1310720 inodes, 5242880 blocks
    262144 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
    First data block=0
    Maximum filesystem blocks=2153775104
    160 block groups
    32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
    8192 inodes per group
    Superblock backups stored on blocks:
            32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
            4096000
    
    Allocating group tables: done
    Writing inode tables: done
    Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
    Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
    [root@test ~]# blkid /dev/vdb2
    /dev/vdb2: UUID="e3f336dc-d534-4fdd-****-b6ff1a55bdbb" TYPE="ext4"

    创建ext3文件系统:mkfs.ext3 /dev/vdb2

    [root@test ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/vdb2
    mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
    Filesystem label=
    OS type: Linux
    Block size=4096 (log=2)
    Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
    Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
    1310720 inodes, 5242880 blocks
    262144 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
    First data block=0
    Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
    160 block groups
    32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
    8192 inodes per group
    Superblock backups stored on blocks:
            32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
            4096000
    
    Allocating group tables: done
    Writing inode tables: done
    Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
    Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
    [root@ecshost ~]# blkid /dev/vdb2
    /dev/vdb2: UUID="dd5be97d-a630-4593-****-5056def914ea" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3"

    创建xfs文件系统:mkfs.xfs -f /dev/vdb2

    [root@test ~]# mkfs.xfs -f /dev/vdb2
    meta-data=/dev/vdb2              isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=1310720 blks
             =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
             =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
    data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=5242880, imaxpct=25
             =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
    naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
    log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
             =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
    realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
    [root@test ~]# blkid /dev/vdb2
    /dev/vdb2: UUID="66251477-3ae4-4b44-****-5604420dbecb" TYPE="xfs"

    创建btrfs文件系统:mkfs.btrfs /dev/vdb2

    [root@test ~]# mkfs.btrfs /dev/vdb2
    btrfs-progs v4.9.1
    See http://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org for more information.
    
    Label:              (null)
    UUID:               6fb5779b-57d7-4aaf-bf09-82b46f54a429
    Node size:          16384
    Sector size:        4096
    Filesystem size:    20.00GiB
    Block group profiles:
      Data:             single            8.00MiB
      Metadata:         DUP               1.00GiB
      System:           DUP               8.00MiB
    SSD detected:       no
    Incompat features:  extref, skinny-metadata
    Number of devices:  1
    Devices:
       ID        SIZE  PATH
        1    20.00GiB  /dev/vdb2
    [root@test ~]# blkid /dev/vdb2
    /dev/vdb2: UUID="6fb5779b-57d7-4aaf-****-82b46f54a429" UUID_SUB="9bdd889a-ab69-4653-****-d1b6b8723378" TYPE="btrfs"

    运行mount /dev/vdb2 /mnt挂载文件系统。

    运行df -h查看目前数据盘空间和使用情况。

    显示新建文件系统的信息,表示挂载成功。
    [root@test ~]# df -h
    Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
    /dev/vda1 40G 1.6G 36G 5% /
    devtmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev
    tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev/shm
    tmpfs 3.9G 460K 3.9G 1% /run
    tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
    /dev/vdb2 9.8G 37M 9.2G 1% /mnt
    tmpfs 783M 0 783M 0% /run/user/0

    五、重点来了,如果磁盘没有分区,但是有数据怎么办,怎么办?

    1、查看磁盘情况

    [root@test ~]# fdisk -lu /dev/vdb
    
    Disk /dev/vdb: 1374.4 GB, 1374389534720 bytes
    16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2663050 cylinders, total 2684354560 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk identifier: 0x00000000
    
    [root@test ~]# blkid /dev/vdb
    /dev/vdb: UUID="c7a3bad3-c0f9-4cdc-9778-15abb90953ab" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3" 
    [root@test ~]# lsblk /dev/vdb
    NAME MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
    vdb  252:16   0  1.3T  0 disk 

    2、直接扩容

    [root@test ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/vdb
    e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
    Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
    Pass 2: Checking directory structure
    Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
    Pass 4: Checking reference counts
    Pass 5: Checking group summary information
    /dev/vdb: 115952/67108864 files (32.8% non-contiguous), 140800686/268435432 blocks
    [root@test ~]# 
    [root@test ~]# resize2fs /dev/vdb
    resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
    Resizing the filesystem on /dev/vdb1 to 335544312 (4k) blocks.
    The filesystem on /dev/vdb is now 335544312 blocks long.
    

      

      

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/chenpingzhao/p/11399022.html
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