变量简介
变量可以让我们的工作变的更加快捷高效，比如shell脚本使用变量就可以省去很多重复调用，ansible亦是如此。变量名由字母、数字、下划线组成，且需要以字母开头，ansible内置的关键字不能作为变量名，举例理解ansible的变量：
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举例1：
0 16:38:34 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat test8.yaml --- - hosts: ck-node1 vars: testvar: tom tasks: - name: task1 file: path=/root/{{testvar}} state=touch 0 16:38:37 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible-playbook test8.yaml
变量定义
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变量的定义方式一：
vars: var1: tom # 或者用var1=tom也可以。 var2: info -
变量的定义方式二：
vars: - var1: tom - var2: info -
变量的定义方式三：
0 16:49:35 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat test9.yaml --- - hosts: ck-node1 vars: multivars: var1: zoe var2: bob tasks: - name: task1 file: path=/root/{{multivars.var1}} state=touch - name: task2 file: path=/root/{{multivars.var2}} state=touch PS：此定义方式中我们为模块参数赋值使用的是“=”，如果使用的是“:”且变量位于值开头时，需要给变量加双引号，否则会报语法错误，如：path: "{{multivars.var1}}" -
变量的定义方式四：在文件中定义变量，然后在playbook中引入变量文件。
0 17:19:01 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat variables.yaml multivars: var1: jane var2: selina 0 17:19:03 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat test10.yaml --- - hosts: ck-node1 vars_files: /server/ops_ansible/variables.yaml tasks: - name: task1 file: path=/root/{{multivars.var1}} state=touch - name: task2 file: path=/root/{{multivars.var2}} state=touch # 如果引入多个变量文件： vars_files: - /server/ops_ansible/variables.yaml - /server/ops_ansible/variables2.yaml -
变量的定义方式五：交互式定义变量，类似于shell中的”read -p“。
0 17:37:40 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat test11.yaml --- - hosts: ck-node1 vars_prompt: - name: user_name prompt: "Please enter username" private: no # 默认情况，执行playbook时用户填入信息是不显示的，加上此选项可以显示出来。 - name: user_password prompt: "Please enter user passwd" encrypt: "sha512_crypt" # user模块的密码需要加密才能有效，可能需要安装的依赖包：pip3 install passlib confirm: yes # 添加确认密码的功能。 tasks: - name: creater user user: name={{user_name}} password={{user_password}} 0 17:37:42 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible-playbook test11.yaml Please enter username: onion Please enter user passwd: confirm Please enter user passwd: -
变量的定义方式六：在清单中配置主机信息的同时配置变量，当操作这个主机时，可直接使用对应的变量，这种变量称为主机变量
0 17:40:25 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat /etc/ansible/hosts ck-node1 var1=nuanshu ck-node2 ck-node3 0 17:40:26 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible ck-node1 -m shell -a 'echo {{var1}}' ck-node1 | CHANGED | rc=0 >> nuanshu -
变量的定义方式七：为清单的主机组配置变量，变量针对主机组生效，这种变量称为主机组变量。
0 17:43:51 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat /etc/ansible/hosts [dev] ck-node1 ck-node2 [fat] ck-node3 [dev:vars] var1=baiye 0 17:43:53 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible ck-node1 -m shell -a 'echo {{var1}}' ck-node1 | CHANGED | rc=0 >> baiye 0 17:43:56 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible ck-node2 -m shell -a 'echo {{var1}}' ck-node2 | CHANGED | rc=0 >> baiye -
变量的定义方式八：使用set_fact模块定义变量。
0 17:49:08 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat test12.yaml --- - hosts: ck-node1 tasks: - name: define var set_fact: var1=jingqing - name: use var debug: msg={{var1}} 0 17:49:09 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible-playbook test12.yaml # 也可以将变量值赋值给新的变量。 0 18:15:01 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat test13.yaml --- - hosts: ck-node1 vars: var1: pingan tasks: - shell: echo ningyao register: var2 - set_fact: var3={{var1}} var4={{var2.stdout}} - debug: msg="{{var3}} {{var4}}" 0 18:15:13 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible-playbook test13.yaml -
变量的定义方式九：通过命令行定义变量。当命令行和playbook中都定义变量时，以命令行定义的为准。
0 18:18:54 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat test14.yaml --- - hosts: ck-node1 tasks: - name: debug: msg={{var1}} 0 18:18:57 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible-playbook -e "var1=changming" test14.yaml # 传入多个变量用空格隔开。 0 18:30:22 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat test15.yaml --- - hosts: ck-node1 tasks: - name: debug: msg="{{var1}} {{var2}}" 0 18:30:26 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible-playbook -e 'var1=changming var2=zhulian' test15.yaml # 传入的变量支持支持key=value的方式，也支持json格式传入变量。如：-e '{"ver1":"lala","var2":"haha"}' # 命令行也可以传入变量文件，文件需要时yaml或者json格式，-e参数指定文件时需要加@。 0 18:36:29 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat variables.yaml var1: jane var2: selina 0 18:36:31 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible-playbook -e '@/server/ops_ansible/variables.yaml' test16.yaml -
变量的定义方式十：ansible的任务执行完是有返回值的，只是默认不显示，我们可以把返回值注册到变量上，通过调用变量查看返回值，也可将返回值用在其它地方。
0 17:08:24 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat test17.yaml --- - hosts: ck-node1 tasks: - name: test shell shell: echo 'wula' register: var1 - name: reveive return value debug: var: var1 # 如果只是想看到ansible返回的某部分信息，可以使用msg指定key调用，如：msg: "{{var1.stdout}}"或者msg: "{{var1['stdout']}}" 0 17:08:26 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible-playbook test17.yaml ... TASK [reveive return value] ********************************************************************************** ok: [ck-node1] => { "var1": { "changed": true, "cmd": "echo 'wula'", "delta": "0:00:00.007907", "end": "2021-10-21 17:14:05.471278", "failed": false, "rc": 0, "start": "2021-10-21 17:14:05.463371", "stderr": "", "stderr_lines": [], "stdout": "wula", "stdout_lines": [ "wula" ] } } ...
其它说明
includ_vars
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使用“includ_vars“关键字重新加载变量文件。
0 18:37:15 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat variables.yaml var1: jane var2: selina 0 18:37:18 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat test18.yaml --- - hosts: ck-master vars_files: /server/ops_ansible/variables.yaml tasks: - name: task1 debug: msg: "{{var1}},{{var2}}" - name: task2 lineinfile: path: /server/ops_ansible/variables.yaml line: "var3: maria" - name: task3 debug: msg: "{{var3}}" 0 18:37:23 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible-playbook test18.yaml ... fatal: [ck-master]: FAILED! => {"msg": "The task includes an option with an undefined variable. The error was: 'var3' is undefined ... # 执行报错提示var3变量未定义，这是因为playbook在执行过程中不会动态实时刷新变量文件内容，我们需要借助“includ_vars”关键字重新加载一下变量文件。 0 18:38:54 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat variables.yaml var1: jane var2: selina 0 18:38:56 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat test18.yaml --- - hosts: ck-master vars_files: /server/ops_ansible/variables.yaml tasks: - name: task1 debug: msg: "{{var1}},{{var2}}" - name: task2 lineinfile: path: /server/ops_ansible/variables.yaml line: "var3: maria" - include_vars: /server/ops_ansible/variables.yaml - name: task3 debug: msg: "{{var3}}" 0 18:39:00 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible-playbook test18.yaml 0 18:39:13 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat variables.yaml var1: jane var2: selina var3: maria -
使用“include_vars”来加载变量文件。
0 18:43:42 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat variables.yaml var1: jane var2: selina var3: maria 0 18:43:45 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat test19.yaml --- - hosts: ck-master vars_files: /server/ops_ansible/variables.yaml tasks: - name: load vars file include_vars: file: /server/ops_ansible/variables.yaml - name: task1 debug: msg: "{{var1}}" 0 18:43:48 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible-playbook test19.yaml # 上面的include_vars也能写作一行，此种形式只能加载变量文件。 - name: load vars file include_vars: /server/ops_ansible/variables.yaml -
使用“include_vars”来加载变量目录。默认情况下，变量目录中所有的文件都必须以'.yaml' 、'.yml' 、'.json'后缀结尾，目录中的子目录也要遵循这个要求，否则会报错。如果想要使用其它后缀的变量文件，需要用extensions参数去指定。
0 19:38:22 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ll vars/ 总用量 16 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 24 10月 21 19:17 var.yaml -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 20 10月 21 19:20 vas.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25 10月 21 19:21 vat.yml -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25 10月 21 19:36 vau.log 0 19:38:26 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat vars/var.yaml var1: jane var2: selina 0 19:38:31 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat vars/vas.txt var3: zoe var4: bob 0 19:38:35 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat vars/vat.yml var5: marina var6: baiye 0 19:38:38 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat vars/vau.log var7: nuanshu var8: mili 0 19:38:58 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat test20.yaml --- - hosts: ck-master tasks: - name: load vars directory include_vars: dir: /server/ops_ansible/vars # dir参数与file参数不能同事使用。 #depth: 1 # 默认递归所有，此参数可以控制递归层数。 extensions: ["yaml","yml","json","txt","log"] # 指定变量合规的后缀，参数值需要是一个列表。 #files_matching: "^var*" # 使用正则匹配想要加载的变量文件。 #ignore_files: ["^vas*","*.log"] # 使用正则忽略不想要加载的变量文件，参数值需要是一个列表。 - debug: msg: "{{var2}},{{var8}}" 0 19:39:01 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible-playbook test20.yaml -
在ansible 2.4以后的版本中，执行“include_vars”模块会将载入的变量文件列表写入到自己的返回值中，可以通过调用关键字取得相关信息。
# 调用关键字'ansible_included_var_files'来显示所加载的变量文件。 0 19:50:38 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ll vars/ 总用量 8 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 24 10月 21 19:17 var.yaml -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25 10月 21 19:21 vat.yml 0 19:50:42 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat test21.yaml --- - hosts: ck-master tasks: - name: load vars directory include_vars: dir: /server/ops_ansible/vars register: return_var - debug: msg: "{{return_var.ansible_included_var_files}}" 0 19:50:52 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible-playbook test21.yaml # 调用关键字'ansible_facts'来显示所加载的变量。 ... msg: "{{return_var.ansible_facts}}" ...
内置变量
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ansible_version：获取ansible版本信息。
0 20:11:23 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible ck-node1 -m debug -a "msg={{ansible_version}}" -
hostvars：获取远程主机的相关信息。
0 10:03:21 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible ck-node1 -m debug -a "msg={{hostvars}} # 在ck-node2主机上查看ck-node1的网卡信息。 0 10:12:33 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat test22.yaml --- - name: task1 hosts: ck-node1 # 写这两行是需要先收集node1的信息，然后给下面的node2调用。 - name: task1 hosts: ck-node2 tasks: - debug: msg: "{{hostvars['ck-node1'].ansible_eth0.ipv4}}" 0 10:12:42 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible-playbook test22.yaml # 在ck-node2主机中调用ck-node1的注册变量。 0 10:16:36 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat test23.yaml --- - hosts: ck-node1 tasks: - shell: echo 'wula' register: shellreturn - hosts: ck-node2 tasks: - debug: msg: "{{hostvars['ck-node1'].shellreturn.stdout}}" 0 10:16:39 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible-playbook test23.yaml -
inventory_hostname：通过此变量可以获取到被操作主机的主机名（不是linux主机名，是配置清单中配置的主机名）。
0 10:20:52 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat /etc/ansible/hosts [dev] miyu ansible_host=172.16.15.21 baiye ansible_host=172.16.15.21 0 10:20:57 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible dev -m debug -a 'msg={{inventory_hostname}}' -
groups：获取清单的分组信息。
0 10:30:36 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat /etc/ansible/hosts [dev] ck-master [fat] ck-node1 ck-node2 [uat] ck-node3 0 10:30:45 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible ck-node1 -m debug -a 'msg={{groups}}' # 查看某个分组 0 10:30:46 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible ck-node1 -m debug -a 'msg={{groups.uat}}' -
group_names：获取当前主机所在分组的组名。
0 10:31:58 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # cat /etc/ansible/hosts [dev] ck-master [fat] ck-node1 ck-node2 [uat] ck-node3 0 10:32:06 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible ck-node1 -m debug -a 'msg={{group_names}}' -
inventory_dir：获取配置清单的存放路径。
0 10:32:08 root@ck-ansible,172.16.2.9:/server/ops_ansible # ansible ck-node1 -m debug -a 'msg={{inventory_dir}}'
写作不易，转载请注明出处，谢谢~~