面向对象进阶

__getitem__，__getattr__

__getattr__内置使用点号获取实例属性属性如 s.name，自调用__getattr__
__setattr__设置类实例属性 如s.name='tom'，自调用__setattr__
__getitem__ 使用[]获取实例属性 如s['name']，自调用__getitem__
__setitem__ 使用[]设置实例属性如 s['name'] = 'tom' ，自调用__setitem__
__dict__ 为参数字典

如下代码:

class Student:
    def __getattr__(self, item):
        return item + ' is not exits'

    def __setattr__(self, key, value):
        self.__dict__[key] = value

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        return self.__dict__[item]

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        self.__dict__[key] = value

s = Student()
print(s.name)  # 调用__getattr__方法 输出'name is not exits'
s.age = 1  # 调用__setattr__ 方法
print(s.age)  # 输出 1
print(s['age'])  # 调用 __getitem__方法 输出1
s['name'] = 'tom'  # 调用 __setitem__ 方法
print(s['name'])  # 调用 __getitem__ 方法 输出 'tom'

把模块当做脚本执行 

我们可以通过模块的全局变量__name__来查看模块名：
当做脚本运行：
__name__ 等于'__main__'

当做模块导入：
__name__= 模块名

作用：用来控制.py文件在不同的应用场景下执行不同的逻辑
if __name__ == '__main__':

isinstance和issubclass

isinstance(obj,cls)检查是否obj是否是类 cls 的对象

class Foo(object):
     pass
  
obj = Foo()
  
isinstance(obj, Foo)

issubclass(sub, super)检查sub类是否是 super 类的派生类 

class Foo(object):
    pass
 
class Bar(Foo):
    pass
 
issubclass(Bar, Foo)

反射

1 什么是反射

反射的概念是由Smith在1982年首次提出的，主要是指程序可以访问、检测和修改它本身状态或行为的一种能力（自省）。这一概念的提出很快引发了计算机科学领域关于应用反射性的研究。它首先被程序语言的设计领域所采用,并在Lisp和面向对象方面取得了成绩。

2 python面向对象中的反射：通过字符串的形式操作对象相关的属性。python中的一切事物都是对象（都可以使用反射）

四个可以实现自省的函数

下列方法适用于类和对象（一切皆对象，类本身也是一个对象）

def hasattr(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    """
    Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name.
    
    This is done by calling getattr(obj, name) and catching AttributeError.
    """
    pass

def getattr(object, name, default=None): # known special case of getattr
    """
    getattr(object, name[, default]) -> value
    
    Get a named attribute from an object; getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y.
    When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't
    exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case.
    """
    pass

def setattr(x, y, v): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    Sets the named attribute on the given object to the specified value.
    
    setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v''
    """
    pass

def delattr(x, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    Deletes the named attribute from the given object.
    
    delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to ``del x.y''
    """
    pass

class Foo:
    f = '类的静态变量'
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age

    def say_hi(self):
        print('hi,%s'%self.name)

obj=Foo('egon',73)

#检测是否含有某属性
print(hasattr(obj,'name'))
print(hasattr(obj,'say_hi'))

#获取属性
n=getattr(obj,'name')
print(n)
func=getattr(obj,'say_hi')
func()

print(getattr(obj,'aaaaaaaa','不存在啊')) #报错

#设置属性
setattr(obj,'sb',True)
setattr(obj,'show_name',lambda self:self.name+'sb')
print(obj.__dict__)
print(obj.show_name(obj))

#删除属性
delattr(obj,'age')
delattr(obj,'show_name')
delattr(obj,'show_name111')#不存在,则报错

print(obj.__dict__)

class Foo(object):
 
    staticField = "old boy"
 
    def __init__(self):
        self.name = 'wupeiqi'
 
    def func(self):
        return 'func'
 
    @staticmethod
    def bar():
        return 'bar'
 
print getattr(Foo, 'staticField')
print getattr(Foo, 'func')
print getattr(Foo, 'bar')

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import sys


def s1():
    print 's1'


def s2():
    print 's2'


this_module = sys.modules[__name__]

hasattr(this_module, 's1')
getattr(this_module, 's2')

导入其他模块，利用反射查找该模块是否存在某个方法

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

def test():
    print('from the test')

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 
"""
程序目录：
    module_test.py
    index.py
 
当前文件：
    index.py
"""

import module_test as obj

#obj.test()

print(hasattr(obj,'test'))

getattr(obj,'test')()

__str__和__repr__

改变对象的字符串显示__str__,__repr__

自定制格式化字符串__format__

#_*_coding:utf-8_*_

format_dict={
    'nat':'{obj.name}-{obj.addr}-{obj.type}',#学校名-学校地址-学校类型
    'tna':'{obj.type}:{obj.name}:{obj.addr}',#学校类型:学校名:学校地址
    'tan':'{obj.type}/{obj.addr}/{obj.name}',#学校类型/学校地址/学校名
}
class School:
    def __init__(self,name,addr,type):
        self.name=name
        self.addr=addr
        self.type=type

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'School(%s,%s)' %(self.name,self.addr)
    def __str__(self):
        return '(%s,%s)' %(self.name,self.addr)

    def __format__(self, format_spec):
        # if format_spec
        if not format_spec or format_spec not in format_dict:
            format_spec='nat'
        fmt=format_dict[format_spec]
        return fmt.format(obj=self)

s1=School('oldboy1','北京','私立')
print('from repr: ',repr(s1))
print('from str: ',str(s1))
print(s1)

'''
str函数或者print函数--->obj.__str__()
repr或者交互式解释器--->obj.__repr__()
如果__str__没有被定义,那么就会使用__repr__来代替输出
注意:这俩方法的返回值必须是字符串,否则抛出异常
'''
print(format(s1,'nat'))
print(format(s1,'tna'))
print(format(s1,'tan'))
print(format(s1,'asfdasdffd'))

class B:

     def __str__(self):
         return 'str : class B'

     def __repr__(self):
         return 'repr : class B'


b=B()
print('%s'%b)
print('%r'%b)

__del__

析构方法，当对象在内存中被释放时，自动触发执行。

注：此方法一般无须定义，因为Python是一门高级语言，程序员在使用时无需关心内存的分配和释放，因为此工作都是交给Python解释器来执行，所以，析构函数的调用是由解释器在进行垃圾回收时自动触发执行的。

class Foo:

    def __del__(self):
        print('执行我啦')

f1=Foo()
del f1
print('------->')

#输出结果
执行我啦
------->

item系列

__getitem__\__setitem__\__delitem_

class Foo:
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name=name

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        print(self.__dict__[item])

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        self.__dict__[key]=value
    def __delitem__(self, key):
        print('del obj[key]时,我执行')
        self.__dict__.pop(key)
    def __delattr__(self, item):
        print('del obj.key时,我执行')
        self.__dict__.pop(item)

f1=Foo('sb')
f1['age']=18
f1['age1']=19
del f1.age1
del f1['age']
f1['name']='alex'
print(f1.__dict__)

__new__

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 1
        print('in init function')
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        print('in new function')
        return object.__new__(A, *args, **kwargs)

a = A()
print(a.x)

class Singleton:
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
        if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
            cls._instance = object.__new__(cls, *args, **kw)
        return cls._instance

one = Singleton()
two = Singleton()

two.a = 3
print(one.a)
# 3
# one和two完全相同,可以用id(), ==, is检测
print(id(one))
# 29097904
print(id(two))
# 29097904
print(one == two)
# True
print(one is two)

__call__

对象后面加括号，触发执行。

注：构造方法的执行是由创建对象触发的，即：对象 = 类名() ；而对于 __call__ 方法的执行是由对象后加括号触发的，即：对象() 或者 类()()

class Foo:

    def __init__(self):
        pass
    
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):

        print('__call__')


obj = Foo() # 执行 __init__
obj()       # 执行 __call__

__len__

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.__dict__)
a = A()
print(len(a))

__hash__

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(str(self.a)+str(self.b))
a = A()
print(hash(a))

__eq__

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __eq__(self,obj):
        if  self.a == obj.a and self.b == obj.b:
            return True
a = A()
b = A()
print(a == b)

class FranchDeck:
    ranks = [str(n) for n in range(2,11)] + list('JQKA')
    suits = ['红心','方板','梅花','黑桃']

    def __init__(self):
        self._cards = [Card(rank,suit) for rank in FranchDeck.ranks
                                        for suit in FranchDeck.suits]

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self._cards)

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        return self._cards[item]

deck = FranchDeck()
print(deck[0])
from random import choice
print(choice(deck))
print(choice(deck))

class FranchDeck:
    ranks = [str(n) for n in range(2,11)] + list('JQKA')
    suits = ['红心','方板','梅花','黑桃']

    def __init__(self):
        self._cards = [Card(rank,suit) for rank in FranchDeck.ranks
                                        for suit in FranchDeck.suits]

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self._cards)

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        return self._cards[item]

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        self._cards[key] = value

deck = FranchDeck()
print(deck[0])
from random import choice
print(choice(deck))
print(choice(deck))

from random import shuffle
shuffle(deck)
print(deck[:5])

class Person:
    def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.name+self.sex)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if self.name == other.name and self.sex == other.sex:return True


p_lst = []
for i in range(84):
    p_lst.append(Person('egon',i,'male'))

print(p_lst)
print(set(p_lst))