• 把触发器说透(转载)


    摘自:http://www.cnblogs.com/huyong/archive/2011/04/27/2030466.html

    1: 建立一个触发器, 当职工表 emp 表被删除一条记录时,把被删除记录写到职工表删除日志表中去。

     

    CREATE TABLE emp_his AS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE 1=2; 
    CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_del_emp 
       BEFORE DELETE --指定触发时机为删除操作前触发
       ON scott.emp 
       FOR EACH ROW   --说明创建的是行级触发器 
    BEGIN
       --将修改前数据插入到日志记录表 del_emp ,以供监督使用。
       INSERT INTO emp_his(deptno , empno, ename , job ,mgr , sal , comm , hiredate )
           VALUES( :old.deptno, :old.empno, :old.ename , :old.job,:old.mgr, :old.sal, :old.comm, :old.hiredate );
    END;
    DELETE emp WHERE empno=7788;
    DROP TABLE emp_his;
    DROP TRIGGER del_emp;

    2限制对Departments表修改(包括INSERT,DELETE,UPDATE)的时间范围,即不允许在非工作时间修改departments表。

     
    
    CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_dept_time
    BEFORE INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE 
    ON departments
    BEGIN
     IF (TO_CHAR(sysdate,'DAY') IN ('星期六', '星期日')) OR (TO_CHAR(sysdate, 'HH24:MI') NOT BETWEEN '08:30' AND '18:00') THEN
         RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, '不是上班时间,不能修改departments表');
     END IF;
    END;

    3限定只对部门号为80的记录进行行触发器操作。

    CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_emp_sal_comm
    BEFORE UPDATE OF salary, commission_pct
           OR DELETE
    ON HR.employees
    FOR EACH ROW
    WHEN (old.department_id = 80)
    BEGIN
     CASE
         WHEN UPDATING ('salary') THEN
            IF :NEW.salary < :old.salary THEN
    
               RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, '部门80的人员的工资不能降');
            END IF;
         WHEN UPDATING ('commission_pct') THEN
    
            IF :NEW.commission_pct < :old.commission_pct THEN
               RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20002, '部门80的人员的奖金不能降');
            END IF;
         WHEN DELETING THEN
              RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20003, '不能删除部门80的人员记录');
         END CASE;
    END; 
    
    /*
    实例:
    UPDATE employees SET salary = 8000 WHERE employee_id = 177;
    DELETE FROM employees WHERE employee_id in (177,170);
    */

    4利用行触发器实现级联更新。在修改了主表regions中的region_id之后(AFTER),级联的、自动的更新子表countries表中原来在该地区的国家的region_id

    CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_reg_cou
    AFTER update OF region_id
    ON regions
    FOR EACH ROW
    BEGIN
     DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('旧的region_id值是'||:old.region_id
                      ||'、新的region_id值是'||:new.region_id);
     UPDATE countries SET region_id = :new.region_id
     WHERE region_id = :old.region_id;
    END;

    5在触发器中调用过程。

     

    CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE add_job_history
     ( p_emp_id          job_history.employee_id%type
       , p_start_date      job_history.start_date%type
      , p_end_date        job_history.end_date%type
       , p_job_id          job_history.job_id%type
       , p_department_id   job_history.department_id%type
       )
    IS
    BEGIN
     INSERT INTO job_history (employee_id, start_date, end_date,
                               job_id, department_id)
      VALUES(p_emp_id, p_start_date, p_end_date, p_job_id, p_department_id);
    END add_job_history;
    
    --创建触发器调用存储过程...
    CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER update_job_history
     AFTER UPDATE OF job_id, department_id ON employees
     FOR EACH ROW
    BEGIN
     add_job_history(:old.employee_id, :old.hire_date, sysdate,
                      :old.job_id, :old.department_id);
    END;

     

    8.2.3创建替代(INSTEAD OF)触发器

    创建触发器的一般语法是:

    CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER trigger_name
    INSTEAD OF
    {INSERT | DELETE | UPDATE [OF column [, column …]]}
    [OR {INSERT | DELETE | UPDATE [OF column [, column …]]}...]
    ON [schema.] view_name --只能定义在视图上
    [REFERENCING {OLD [AS] old | NEW [AS] new| PARENT as parent}]
    [FOR EACH ROW ] --因为INSTEAD OF触发器只能在行级上触发,所以没有必要指定
    [WHEN condition]
    PL/SQL_block | CALL procedure_name;

    1

    CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_view AS 
    SELECT deptno, count(*) total_employeer, sum(sal) total_salary 
    FROM emp GROUP BY deptno;

    在此视图中直接删除是非法:

    SQL>DELETE FROM emp_view WHERE deptno=10;
    DELETE FROM emp_view WHERE deptno=10

    ERROR 位于第 1 :

    ORA-01732: 此视图的数据操纵操作非法 但是我们可以创建INSTEAD_OF触发器来为 DELETE 操作执行所需的处理,即删除EMP表中所有基准行:

    CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER emp_view_delete
       INSTEAD OF DELETE ON emp_view FOR EACH ROW
    BEGIN
       DELETE FROM emp WHERE deptno= :old.deptno;
    END emp_view_delete; 
    
    DELETE FROM emp_view WHERE deptno=10; 
    
    DROP TRIGGER emp_view_delete;
    
    DROP VIEW emp_view; 

    2创建复杂视图,针对INSERT操作创建INSTEAD OF触发器,向复杂视图插入数据。

    l         创建视图:

     

    CREATE OR REPLACE FORCE VIEW "HR"."V_REG_COU" ("R_ID", "R_NAME", "C_ID", "C_NAME")
    AS
     SELECT r.region_id,
        r.region_name,
        c.country_id,
        c.country_name
     FROM regions r,
        countries c
     WHERE r.region_id = c.region_id;

    l         创建触发器:

     

    CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER "HR"."TR_I_O_REG_COU" INSTEAD OF
     INSERT ON v_reg_cou FOR EACH ROW DECLARE v_count NUMBER;
    BEGIN
     SELECT COUNT(*) INTO v_count FROM regions WHERE region_id = :new.r_id;
     IF v_count = 0 THEN
        INSERT INTO regions
          (region_id, region_name
          ) VALUES
          (:new.r_id, :new.r_name
          );
     END IF;
    
     SELECT COUNT(*) INTO v_count FROM countries WHERE country_id = :new.c_id;
     IF v_count = 0 THEN
        INSERT
        INTO countries
          (
            country_id,
            country_name,
            region_id
          )
          VALUES
          (
            :new.c_id,
            :new.c_name,
            :new.r_id
          );
     END IF;
    END;

     

    创建INSTEAD OF触发器需要注意以下几点:

    l         只能被创建在视图上,并且该视图没有指定WITH CHECK OPTION选项。

    l         不能指定BEFORE AFTER选项。

    l         FOR EACH ROW子可是可选的,即INSTEAD OF触发器只能在行级上触发、或只能是行级触发器,没有必要指定。

    l         没有必要在针对一个表的视图上创建INSTEAD OF触发器,只要创建DML触发器就可以了。

     

     

     

    8.2.3创建系统事件触发器

     

        ORACLE10G提供的系统事件触发器可以在DDL或数据库系统上被触发。DDL指的是数据定义语言,如CREATE ALTERDROP 等。而数据库系统事件包括数据库服务器的启动或关闭,用户的登录与退出、数据库服务错误等。创建系统触发器的语法如下: 

     

    创建触发器的一般语法是:

    CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER [sachema.]trigger_name
    {BEFORE|AFTER} 
    {ddl_event_list | database_event_list}
    ON { DATABASE | [schema.]SCHEMA }
    [WHEN condition]
    PL/SQL_block | CALL procedure_name;

    其中: ddl_event_list:一个或多个DDL 事件,事件间用 OR 分开;

             database_event_list:一个或多个数据库事件,事件间用 OR 分开;

                系统事件触发器既可以建立在一个模式上,又可以建立在整个数据库上。当建立在模式(SCHEMA)之上时,只有模式所指定用户的DDL操作和它们所导致的错误才激活触发器, 默认时为当前用户模式。当建立在数据库(DATABASE)之上时,该数据库所有用户的DDL操作和他们所导致的错误,以及数据库的启动和关闭均可激活触发器。要在数据库之上建立触发器时,要求用户具有ADMINISTER DATABASE TRIGGER权限。

       下面给出系统触发器的种类和事件出现的时机(前或后):

    事件

    允许的时机

    说明

    STARTUP

    AFTER

    启动数据库实例之后触发

    SHUTDOWN

    BEFORE

    关闭数据库实例之前触发(非正常关闭不触发)

    SERVERERROR

    AFTER

    数据库服务器发生错误之后触发

    LOGON

    AFTER

    成功登录连接到数据库后触发

    LOGOFF

    BEFORE

    开始断开数据库连接之前触发

    CREATE

    BEFOREAFTER

    在执行CREATE语句创建数据库对象之前、之后触发

    DROP

    BEFOREAFTER

    在执行DROP语句删除数据库对象之前、之后触发

    ALTER

    BEFOREAFTER

    在执行ALTER语句更新数据库对象之前、之后触发

    DDL

    BEFOREAFTER

    在执行大多数DDL语句之前、之后触发

    GRANT

    BEFOREAFTER

    执行GRANT语句授予权限之前、之后触发

    REVOKE

    BEFOREAFTER

    执行REVOKE语句收权限之前、之后触犯发

    RENAME

    BEFOREAFTER

    执行RENAME语句更改数据库对象名称之前、之后触犯发

    AUDIT / NOAUDIT

    BEFOREAFTER

    执行AUDITNOAUDIT进行审计或停止审计之前、之后触发

     

     

     

     

    8.2.4系统触发器事件属性

     

    事件属性\事件

    Startup/Shutdown

    Servererror

    Logon/Logoff

    DDL

    DML

    事件名称

    数据库名称

     

     

     

     

    数据库实例号

     

     

     

     

    错误号

     

     

     

     

    用户名

     

     

     

    模式对象类型

     

     

     

    模式对象名称

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    DML语句的列属性外,其余事件属性值可通过调用ORACLE定义的事件属性函数来读取。

    函数名称

    数据类型

       

    Ora_sysevent

    VARCHAR220

    激活触发器的事件名称

    Instance_num

    NUMBER

    数据库实例名

    Ora_database_name

    VARCHAR250

    数据库名称

    Server_error(posi)

    NUMBER

    错误信息栈中posi指定位置中的错误号

    Is_servererror(err_number)

    BOOLEAN

    检查err_number指定的错误号是否在错误信息栈中,如果在则返回TRUE,否则返回FALSE。在触发器内调用此函数可以判断是否发生指定的错误。

    Login_user

    VARCHAR2(30)

    登陆或注销的用户名称

    Dictionary_obj_type

    VARCHAR2(20)

    DDL语句所操作的数据库对象类型

    Dictionary_obj_name

    VARCHAR2(30)

    DDL语句所操作的数据库对象名称

    Dictionary_obj_owner

    VARCHAR2(30)

    DDL语句所操作的数据库对象所有者名称

    Des_encrypted_password

    VARCHAR2(2)

    正在创建或修改的经过DES算法加密的用户口令

    1创建触发器,存放有关事件信息。

    DESC ora_sysevent
    DESC ora_login_user
    
    --创建用于记录事件用的表
    
    CREATE TABLE ddl_event
    (crt_date timestamp PRIMARY KEY,
     event_name VARCHAR2(20), 
     user_name VARCHAR2(10),
     obj_type VARCHAR2(20),
     obj_name VARCHAR2(20));
    
    --创建触犯发器
    CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_ddl
    AFTER DDL ON SCHEMA
    BEGIN
       INSERT INTO ddl_event VALUES
       (systimestamp,ora_sysevent, ora_login_user, 
        ora_dict_obj_type, ora_dict_obj_name);
    END tr_ddl;

    2创建登录、退出触发器。

    CREATE TABLE log_event
    (user_name VARCHAR2(10),
     address VARCHAR2(20), 
     logon_date timestamp,
     logoff_date timestamp); 
    
    --创建登录触发器
    CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_logon
    AFTER LOGON ON DATABASE
    BEGIN
       INSERT INTO log_event (user_name, address, logon_date)
       VALUES (ora_login_user, ora_client_ip_address, systimestamp);
    END tr_logon;
    --创建退出触发器
    CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_logoff
    BEFORE LOGOFF ON DATABASE
    BEGIN
       INSERT INTO log_event (user_name, address, logoff_date)
       VALUES (ora_login_user, ora_client_ip_address, systimestamp);
    END tr_logoff;

    8.2.5使用触发器谓词

        ORACLE 提供三个参数INSERTING, UPDATING, DELETING 用于判断触发了哪些操作。

    谓词

    行为

    INSERTING

    如果触发语句是 INSERT 语句,则为TRUE,否则为FALSE

    UPDATING

    如果触发语句是 UPDATE语句,则为TRUE,否则为FALSE

    DELETING

    如果触发语句是 DELETE 语句,则为TRUE,否则为FALSE

    8.2.6重新编译触发器

    如果在触发器内调用其它函数或过程,当这些函数或过程被删除或修改后,触发器的状态将被标识为无效。当DML语句激活一个无效触发器时,ORACLE将重新编译触发器代码,如果编译时发现错误,这将导致DML语句执行失败。

    PL/SQL程序中可以调用ALTER TRIGGER语句重新编译已经创建的触发器,格式为: 

     

    ALTER TRIGGER [schema.] trigger_name COMPILE [ DEBUG]

    其中:DEBUG 选项要器编译器生成PL/SQL 程序条使其所使用的调试代码。

     

    8.3 删除和使能触发器

     

    l         删除触发器:

     

    DROP TRIGGER trigger_name;

     

    当删除其他用户模式中的触发器名称,需要具有DROP ANY TRIGGER系统权限,当删除建立在数据库上的触发器时,用户需要具有ADMINISTER DATABASE TRIGGER系统权限。

     

    此外,当删除表或视图时,建立在这些对象上的触发器也随之删除。 

     

    l         禁用或启用触发器

     

    数据库TRIGGER 的状态:

     

    有效状态(ENABLE):当触发事件发生时,处于有效状态的数据库触发器TRIGGER 将被触发。

     

    无效状态(DISABLE):当触发事件发生时,处于无效状态的数据库触发器TRIGGER 将不会被触发,此时就跟没有这个数据库触发器(TRIGGER) 一样。

     

    数据库TRIGGER的这两种状态可以互相转换。格式为:

     

     

    ALTER TIGGER trigger_name [DISABLE | ENABLE ];

    --例:ALTER TRIGGER emp_view_delete DISABLE;

     

               

     

                ALTER TRIGGER语句一次只能改变一个触发器的状态,而ALTER TABLE语句则一次能够改变与指定表相关的所有触发器的使用状态。格式为:             

    ALTER TABLE [schema.]table_name {ENABLE|DISABLE} ALL TRIGGERS;
    
    --例:使表EMP 上的所有TRIGGER 失效:
    ALTER TABLE emp DISABLE ALL TRIGGERS; 

    8.4 触发器和数据字典

    相关数据字典:USER_TRIGGERSALL_TRIGGERSDBA_TRIGGERS 

    SELECT TRIGGER_NAME, TRIGGER_TYPE, TRIGGERING_EVENT,
     TABLE_OWNER, BASE_OBJECT_TYPE, REFERENCING_NAMES,
     STATUS, ACTION_TYPE
     FROM user_triggers;

    8.5   数据库触发器的应用举例

    1创建一个DML语句级触发器,当对emp表执行INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE 操作时,它自动更新dept_summary 表中的数据。由于在PL/SQL块中不能直接调用DDL语句,所以,利用ORACLE内置包DBMS_UTILITY中的EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT过程,由它执行DDL语句创建触发器。

    CREATE TABLE dept_summary(
     Deptno NUMBER(2),
     Sal_sum NUMBER(9, 2),
     Emp_count NUMBER); 
    
    INSERT INTO dept_summary(deptno, sal_sum, emp_count)
     SELECT deptno, SUM(sal), COUNT(*) 
    FROM emp 
    GROUP BY deptno;
    
    --创建一个PL/SQL过程disp_dept_summary
    --在触发器中调用该过程显示dept_summary标中的数据。
    CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE disp_dept_summary
    IS
     Rec dept_summary%ROWTYPE;
     CURSOR c1 IS SELECT * FROM dept_summary;
    BEGIN
     OPEN c1;
     FETCH c1 INTO REC;
     DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('deptno    sal_sum    emp_count');
     DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('-------------------------------------');
     WHILE c1%FOUND LOOP
        DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(RPAD(rec.deptno, 6)||
          To_char(rec.sal_sum, '$999,999.99')||
          LPAD(rec.emp_count, 13));
        FETCH c1 INTO rec;
     END LOOP;
     CLOSE c1;
    END;
    BEGIN
     DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入前');
     Disp_dept_summary();
     DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
        CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig1
          AFTER INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE OF sal ON emp
        BEGIN
          DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig1 触发器…'');
          DELETE FROM dept_summary;
          INSERT INTO dept_summary(deptno, sal_sum, emp_count)
          SELECT deptno, SUM(sal), COUNT(*) 
          FROM emp GROUP BY deptno;
        END;
     ');
    
    
     INSERT INTO dept(deptno, dname, loc) 
     VALUES(90, ‘demo_dept’, ‘none_loc’);
     INSERT INTO emp(ename, deptno, empno, sal)
     VALUES(USER, 90, 9999, 3000);
    
     DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入后');
     Disp_dept_summary();
    
     UPDATE emp SET sal=1000 WHERE empno=9999;
     DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('修改后');
     Disp_dept_summary();
    
     DELETE FROM emp WHERE empno=9999;
     DELETE FROM dept WHERE deptno=90;
    
     DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('删除后');
     Disp_dept_summary(); 
     DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(‘DROP TRIGGER trig1’);
    EXCEPTION
       WHEN OTHERS THEN
          DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLCODE||'---'||SQLERRM);
    
    END;

    2创建DML语句行级触发器。当对emp表执行INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE 操作时,它自动更新dept_summary 表中的数据。由于在PL/SQL块中不能直接调用DDL语句,所以,利用ORACLE内置包DBMS_UTILITY中的EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT过程,由它执行DDL语句创建触发器。

    BEGIN
      DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入前');
      Disp_dept_summary();
      DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(
        'CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig2_update
          AFTER UPDATE OF sal ON emp
          REFERENCING OLD AS old_emp NEW AS new_emp
          FOR EACH ROW
          WHEN (old_emp.sal != new_emp.sal)
        BEGIN
          DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig2_update 触发器…'');
          DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''sal 旧值:''|| :old_emp.sal);
          DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''sal 新值:''|| :new_emp.sal);
          UPDATE dept_summary
            SET sal_sum=sal_sum + :new_emp.sal - :old_emp.sal
            WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno;
        END;'
      );
      
      DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(
        'CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig2_insert
          AFTER INSERT ON emp
          REFERENCING NEW AS new_emp
          FOR EACH ROW
        DECLARE
          I NUMBER;
        BEGIN
          DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig2_insert 触发器…'');
          SELECT COUNT(*) INTO I 
          FROM dept_summary WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno;
          IF I > 0 THEN
            UPDATE dept_summary 
            SET sal_sum=sal_sum+:new_emp.sal,
            Emp_count=emp_count+1
            WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno;
          ELSE
            INSERT INTO dept_summary
            VALUES (:new_emp.deptno, :new_emp.sal, 1);
          END IF;
        END;'
      );
    
      DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(
        'CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig2_delete
          AFTER DELETE ON emp
          REFERENCING OLD AS old_emp
          FOR EACH ROW
        DECLARE
          I NUMBER;
        BEGIN
          DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig2_delete 触发器…'');
          SELECT emp_count INTO I 
          FROM dept_summary WHERE deptno = :old_emp.deptno;
          IF I >1 THEN
            UPDATE dept_summary 
            SET sal_sum=sal_sum - :old_emp.sal,
            Emp_count=emp_count - 1
            WHERE deptno = :old_emp.deptno;
          ELSE
            DELETE FROM dept_summary WHERE deptno = :old_emp.deptno;
          END IF;
        END;'
      );
    
      INSERT INTO dept(deptno, dname, loc) 
        VALUES(90, 'demo_dept', 'none_loc');
      INSERT INTO emp(ename, deptno, empno, sal)
        VALUES(USER, 90, 9999, 3000);
      INSERT INTO emp(ename, deptno, empno, sal)
        VALUES(USER, 90, 9998, 2000);
      DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入后');
      Disp_dept_summary();
    
      UPDATE emp SET sal = sal*1.1 WHERE deptno=90;
      DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('修改后');
      Disp_dept_summary();
    
      DELETE FROM emp WHERE deptno=90;
      DELETE FROM dept WHERE deptno=90;
      DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('删除后');
      Disp_dept_summary();
    
      DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('DROP TRIGGER trig2_update');
      DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('DROP TRIGGER trig2_insert');
      DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('DROP TRIGGER trig2_delete');
    EXCEPTION
       WHEN OTHERS THEN
          DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLCODE||'---'||SQLERRM);
    END;

    3利用ORACLE提供的条件谓词INSERTINGUPDATINGDELETING创建与例2具有相同功能的触发器。

    BEGIN
        DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入前');
        Disp_dept_summary();
        DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(
            'CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig2
                AFTER INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE OF sal
    ON emp
                REFERENCING OLD AS old_emp NEW AS new_emp
                FOR EACH ROW
            DECLARE
                I NUMBER;
            BEGIN
                IF UPDATING AND :old_emp.sal != :new_emp.sal THEN
                DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig2 触发器…'');
                    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''sal 旧值:''|| :old_emp.sal);
                    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''sal 新值:''|| :new_emp.sal);
                    UPDATE dept_summary
                        SET sal_sum=sal_sum + :new_emp.sal - :old_emp.sal
                    WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno;
                ELSIF INSERTING THEN
                    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig2触发器…'');
                    SELECT COUNT(*) INTO I 
            FROM dept_summary 
            WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno;
                    IF I > 0 THEN
                        UPDATE dept_summary 
              SET sal_sum=sal_sum+:new_emp.sal,
                  Emp_count=emp_count+1
              WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno;
                ELSE
              INSERT INTO dept_summary
                VALUES (:new_emp.deptno, :new_emp.sal, 1);
            END IF;
          ELSE
            DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig2触发器…'');
            SELECT emp_count INTO I 
            FROM dept_summary WHERE deptno = :old_emp.deptno;
          IF I > 1 THEN
            UPDATE dept_summary 
            SET sal_sum=sal_sum - :old_emp.sal,
            Emp_count=emp_count - 1
            WHERE deptno = :old_emp.deptno;
          ELSE
              DELETE FROM dept_summary 
              WHERE deptno = :old_emp.deptno;
          END IF;
        END IF;
        END;'
      );
    
      INSERT INTO dept(deptno, dname, loc) 
        VALUES(90, 'demo_dept', 'none_loc');
      INSERT INTO emp(ename, deptno, empno, sal)
        VALUES(USER, 90, 9999, 3000);
      INSERT INTO emp(ename, deptno, empno, sal)
        VALUES(USER, 90, 9998, 2000);
      DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入后');
      Disp_dept_summary();
    
      UPDATE emp SET sal = sal*1.1 WHERE deptno=90;
      DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('修改后');
      Disp_dept_summary();
    
      DELETE FROM emp WHERE deptno=90;
      DELETE FROM dept WHERE deptno=90;
      DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('删除后');
      Disp_dept_summary();
    
      DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('DROP TRIGGER trig2');
    EXCEPTION
       WHEN OTHERS THEN
          DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLCODE||'---'||SQLERRM);
    END;

    4创建INSTEAD OF 触发器。首先创建一个视图myview, 由于该视图是复合查询所产生的视图,所以不能执行DML语句。根据用户对视图所插入的数据判断需要将数据插入到哪个视图基表中,然后对该基表执行插入操作。

    DECLARE
        No NUMBER;
        Name VARCHAR2(20);
    BEGIN
        DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
            CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myview AS
                SELECT empno, ename, ''E'' type FROM emp
                UNION
                SELECT dept.deptno, dname, ''D'' FROM dept
        ');
        -- 创建INSTEAD OF 触发器trigger3;
        DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
            CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig3
                INSTEAD OF INSERT ON myview
                REFERENCING NEW n
                FOR EACH ROW
            DECLARE
                Rows INTEGER;
            BEGIN
                DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig3触发器…'');
                IF :n.type = ''D'' THEN
                    SELECT COUNT(*) INTO rows
                        FROM dept WHERE deptno = :n.empno;
                    IF rows = 0 THEN
                        DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''向dept表中插入数据…'');
                        INSERT INTO dept(deptno, dname, loc)
                            VALUES (:n.empno, :n.ename, ''none’’);
                    ELSE
                        DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''编号为''|| :n.empno||
                         ''的部门已存在,插入操作失败!'');
                     END IF;
                ELSE
                    SELECT COUNT(*) INTO rows
                        FROM emp WHERE empno = :n.empno;
                    IF rows = 0 THEN
                        DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('’向emp表中插入数据…’’);
                        INSERT INTO emp(empno, ename)
                            VALUES(:n.empno, :n.ename);
                    ELSE
                        DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''编号为''|| :n.empno||
                          ''的人员已存在,插入操作失败!'');
                    END IF;
                END IF;
            END;
        ');
    
        INSERT INTO myview VALUES (70, 'demo', 'D');
        INSERT INTO myview VALUES (9999, USER, 'E');
        SELECT deptno, dname INTO no, name FROM dept WHERE deptno=70;
        DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('员工编号:'||TO_CHAR(no)||'姓名:'||name);
        SELECT empno, ename INTO no, name FROM emp WHERE empno=9999;
        DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('部门编号:'||TO_CHAR(no)||'姓名:'||name);
      DELETE FROM emp WHERE empno=9999;
      DELETE FROM dept WHERE deptno=70;
        DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('DROP TRIGGER trig3');
    END;

    5利用ORACLE事件属性函数,创建一个系统事件触发器。首先创建一个事件日志表eventlog,由它存储用户在当前数据库中所创建的数据库对象,以及用户的登陆和注销、数据库的启动和关闭等事件,之后创建trig4_ddltrig4_beforetrig4_after触发器,它们调用事件属性函数将各个事件记录到eventlog数据表中。

    BEGIN
        -- 创建用于记录事件日志的数据表
        DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
            CREATE TABLE eventlog(
                Eventname VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL,
                Eventdate date default sysdate,
                Inst_num NUMBER NULL,
                Db_name VARCHAR2(50) NULL,
                Srv_error NUMBER NULL,
                Username VARCHAR2(30) NULL,
                Obj_type VARCHAR2(20) NULL,
                Obj_name VARCHAR2(30) NULL,
                Obj_owner VARCHAR2(30) NULL
            )
        ');
    
        -- 创建DDL触发器trig4_ddl
        DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
            CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig4_ddl
                AFTER CREATE OR ALTER OR DROP 
    ON DATABASE
            DECLARE
                Event VARCHAR2(20);
                Typ VARCHAR2(20);
                Name VARCHAR2(30);
                Owner VARCHAR2(30);
            BEGIN
                -- 读取DDL事件属性
                Event := SYSEVENT;
                Typ := DICTIONARY_OBJ_TYPE;
                Name := DICTIONARY_OBJ_NAME;
                Owner := DICTIONARY_OBJ_OWNER;
                --将事件属性插入到事件日志表中
                INSERT INTO scott.eventlog(eventname, obj_type, obj_name, obj_owner)
                    VALUES(event, typ, name, owner);
            END;
        ');
    
        -- 创建LOGON、STARTUP和SERVERERROR 事件触发器
        DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
            CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig4_after
                AFTER LOGON OR STARTUP OR SERVERERROR 
          ON DATABASE
            DECLARE
                Event VARCHAR2(20);
                Instance NUMBER;
                Err_num NUMBER;
                Dbname VARCHAR2(50);
                User VARCHAR2(30);
            BEGIN
                Event := SYSEVENT;
                IF event = ''LOGON'' THEN
                    User := LOGIN_USER;
                    INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname, username)
                        VALUES(event, user);
                ELSIF event = ''SERVERERROR'' THEN
                    Err_num := SERVER_ERROR(1);
                    INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname, srv_error)
                        VALUES(event, err_num);
                ELSE
                    Instance := INSTANCE_NUM;
                    Dbname := DATABASE_NAME;
                    INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname, inst_num, db_name)
                        VALUES(event, instance, dbname);
          END IF;
        END;
      ');
    
      -- 创建LOGOFF和SHUTDOWN 事件触发器
      DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
        CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig4_before
          BEFORE LOGOFF OR SHUTDOWN 
          ON DATABASE
        DECLARE
          Event VARCHAR2(20);
          Instance NUMBER;
          Dbname VARCHAR2(50);
          User VARCHAR2(30);
        BEGIN
          Event := SYSEVENT;
          IF event = ''LOGOFF'' THEN
            User := LOGIN_USER;
            INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname, username)
              VALUES(event, user);
          ELSE
            Instance := INSTANCE_NUM;
            Dbname := DATABASE_NAME;
            INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname, inst_num, db_name)
              VALUES(event, instance, dbname);
          END IF;
        END;
      ');
    END;
    
    CREATE TABLE mydata(mydate NUMBER);
    CONNECT SCOTT/TIGER
    
    COL eventname FORMAT A10
    COL eventdate FORMAT A12
    COL username FORMAT A10
    COL obj_type FORMAT A15
    COL obj_name FORMAT A15
    COL obj_owner FORMAT A10
    SELECT eventname, eventdate, obj_type, obj_name, obj_owner, username, Srv_error
      FROM eventlog;
    
    DROP TRIGGER trig4_ddl;
    DROP TRIGGER trig4_before;
    DROP TRIGGER trig4_after;
    DROP TABLE eventlog;
    DROP TABLE mydata;

    8.6   数据库触发器的应用实例

    用户可以使用数据库触发器实现各种功能:

    l         复杂的审计功能;

    例:将EMP 表的变化情况记录到AUDIT_TABLEAUDIT_TABLE_VALUES中。

     

    CREATE TABLE audit_table(
        Audit_id     NUMBER,
        User_name VARCHAR2(20),
        Now_time DATE,
        Terminal_name VARCHAR2(10),
        Table_name VARCHAR2(10),
        Action_name VARCHAR2(10),
        Emp_id NUMBER(4));
    
    CREATE TABLE audit_table_val(
        Audit_id NUMBER,
        Column_name VARCHAR2(10),
        Old_val NUMBER(7,2),
        New_val NUMBER(7,2));
    
    CREATE SEQUENCE audit_seq
        START WITH 1000
        INCREMENT BY 1
        NOMAXVALUE
        NOCYCLE NOCACHE;
    
    CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER audit_emp
        AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON emp
        FOR EACH ROW
    DECLARE
        Time_now DATE;
        Terminal CHAR(10);
    BEGIN 
        Time_now:=sysdate;
        Terminal:=USERENV('TERMINAL');
        IF INSERTING THEN
            INSERT INTO audit_table
        VALUES(audit_seq.NEXTVAL, user, time_now, 
               terminal, 'EMP', 'INSERT', :new.empno);
        ELSIF DELETING THEN
            INSERT INTO audit_table
        VALUES(audit_seq.NEXTVAL, user, time_now, 
               terminal, 'EMP', 'DELETE', :old.empno);
        ELSE
            INSERT INTO audit_table
        VALUES(audit_seq.NEXTVAL, user, time_now, 
               terminal, 'EMP', 'UPDATE', :old.empno);
            IF UPDATING('SAL') THEN
                INSERT INTO audit_table_val
                    VALUES(audit_seq.CURRVAL, 'SAL', :old.sal, :new.sal);
            ELSE UPDATING('DEPTNO') 
                INSERT INTO audit_table_val
                    VALUES(audit_seq.CURRVAL, 'DEPTNO', :old.deptno, :new.deptno);
            END IF;
        END IF;
    END;

     

    l         增强数据的完整性管理;

    例:修改DEPT表的DEPTNO列时,同时把EMP表中相应的DEPTNO也作相应的修改;

    CREATE SEQUENCE update_sequence 
        INCREMENT BY 1
        START WITH 1000
        MAXVALUE 5000 CYCLE;
    
    ALTER TABLE emp
        ADD update_id NUMBER;
    
    CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE integritypackage AS
        Updateseq NUMBER;
    END integritypackage;
    
    CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY integritypackage AS
    END integritypackage;
    
    CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER dept_cascade1
        BEFORE UPDATE OF deptno ON dept
    DECLARE 
        Dummy NUMBER;
    BEGIN 
        SELECT update_sequence.NEXTVAL INTO dummy FROM dual;
        Integritypackage.updateseq:=dummy;
    END;
    
    CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER dept_cascade2
        AFTER DELETE OR UPDATE OF deptno ON dept
        FOR EACH ROW
    BEGIN
        IF UPDATING THEN
            UPDATE emp SET deptno=:new.deptno, 
         update_id=integritypackage.updateseq
            WHERE emp.deptno=:old.deptno AND update_id IS NULL;
        END IF;
        IF DELETING THEN
            DELETE FROM emp
                WHERE emp.deptno=:old.deptno;
        END IF;
    END;
    
    CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER dept_cascade3
        AFTER UPDATE OF deptno ON dept 
    BEGIN
        UPDATE emp SET update_id=NULL
            WHERE update_id=integritypackage.updateseq;
    END;
    
    SELECT * FROM EMP ORDER BY DEPTNO;
    UPDATE dept SET deptno=25 WHERE deptno=20;

    l         帮助实现安全控制;

    例:保证对EMP表的修改仅在工作日的工作时间;

     

    CREATE TABLE company_holidays(day DATE);
    
    INSERT INTO company_holidays 
        VALUES(sysdate);
    INSERT INTO company_holidays 
    VALUES(TO_DATE('21-10月-01', 'DD-MON-YY'));
    
    CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER emp_permit_change
        BEFORE INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE ON emp
    DECLARE
        Dummy NUMBER;
        Not_on_weekends EXCEPTION;
        Not_on_holidays EXCEPTION;
        Not_working_hours EXCEPTION;
    BEGIN
        /* check for weekends */
    IF TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'DAY') IN ('星期六', '星期日') THEN
        RAISE not_on_weekends;
    END IF;
        /* check for company holidays */
    SELECT COUNT(*) INTO dummy FROM company_holidays
        WHERE TRUNC(day)=TRUNC(SYSDATE);
    IF dummy >0 THEN
        RAISE not_on_holidays;
    END IF;
        /* check for work hours(8:00 AM to 18:00 PM */
    IF (TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'HH24')<8 OR TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'HH24')>18) THEN
      RAISE not_working_hours;
    END IF;
    EXCEPTION
      WHEN not_on_weekends THEN
        RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20324, 
    'May not change employee table during the weekends'); 
      WHEN not_on_holidays THEN
        RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20325, 
    'May not change employee table during a holiday'); 
      WHEN not_working_hours THEN
        RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20326, 
    'May not change employee table during no_working hours'); 
    END;

     

     
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/canyangfeixue/p/2732521.html
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