• [LeetCode]Math主题系列{第7,9,13,273题}


    1.内容介绍

    本篇文章记录在leetcode中Math主题下面的题目和自己的思考以及优化过程,具体内容层次按照{题目,分析,初解,初解结果,优化解,优化解结果,反思}的格式来记录,供日后复习和反思[注:有些题目的解法比较单一,就没有优化过程]。题目的顺序按照leetcode给出的题目顺序,有些题目在并不是按照题目本身序号顺序排列的,也不是严格按照难易程度来排列的。

    因此,这篇文章并不具有很强的归类总结性,归类总结性知识将会在其他文章记录,本篇重点在记录解题过程中的思路,希望能对自己有所启发。

    2.题目和解题过程

    2.1 Reverse Integer

    • 题目:Given a 32-bit signed integer, reverse digits of an integer.

      Example 1:

      Input: 123
      Output:  321

      Example 2:

      Input: -123
      Output: -321

      Example 3:

      Input: 120
      Output: 21

      Note:

      Assume we are dealing with an environment which could only hold integers within the 32-bit signed integer range. For the purpose of this problem, assume that your function returns 0 when the reversed integer overflows.

    • 分析:题目求解需要对给定的32bit整数进行逐位提取然后逆序生成,其中包含了对逆序溢出和前置0的边界检查。
    • 初解:要提取最低位值需要取模运算,而提取每一位上的值则需要将该位移动到最低位上,例如:321,提取1执行321%10,提取2执行32%10,提取3执行3%10。因此每次提取到最低位的值之后需要对原有的值进行低位截断,也就是整除10操作。而原有的值与逆序之后的值的权重序列正好相反,也就是说3的权重由原来的100变为逆序后的1,2的权重由原来的10变为逆序后的10,1的权重由原来的1变为逆序后的100,。这可以用一个递归的过程来描述:对每一位上的值提取需要从后向前计算,而逆序数每一位权重的生成则需要从前向后计算。符合先进后出的逻辑。计算出新的逆序数之后判断是否溢出的原理是:32位整数如果溢出后,该32bit代表的值与原来的值不同,因此可以先用一个64位数来计算逆序数,然后转存到32位数上,再对两者进行对比检查是否相等即可。
      class Solution {
      public:
          int reverse(int x) {
              if(x==0)
                  return 0;
              bool flag = true;
              if(x<0)
              {
                  flag = false;
                  x = -x;
              } 
              int times = 1;
              long re_val = re(x, times);
              int tmp = re_val;
              if(tmp != re_val)
                  return 0;
              if(flag==false)
                  tmp = -tmp;
              return tmp;
          }
          long re(int val, int& times)
          {
              if(val == 0)
                  return 0;
              long extract_val = val % 10;
              val = val/10;
              long res = re(val, times);
              if(val != 0)
                  times = times * 10;
              res += extract_val * times;
              return res;
          }
      };
    • 初解结果:
    • 反思:逆序的逻辑与栈后进先出的逻辑相似。

     

    2.2 Palindrome Number

    • 题目:Determine whether an integer is a palindrome. Do this without extra space.

    • 分析:回文数的性质是数值按位对称,12321中3是对称中心,12和21分别按位对称。那么判断是否是回文数就可以从两端位值进行对比直到相遇。
    • 初解:先计算给定的数有几位,然后分别从高位向下递减和从低位向上递增,提取高位和低位的值作对比,使用递归或迭代均可。
      class Solution {
      public:
          bool isPalindrome(int x) {
              if(x < 10 && x >=0 )
                  return true;
              if(x < 0 || x == 10)
                  return false;
              int front = 1, val = x, end = 1;
              while(1)
              {
                  val = val / 10;
                  if(val != 0)
                      front = front * 10;
                  else break;
              }
              return judge_bit(x, front, end);
          }
          bool judge_bit(int x, int front, int end)
          {
              if(front > end)
              {
                  if(((x / front) % 10) == ((x / end) % 10))
                  {
                      if(judge_bit(x, front / 10, end * 10) == true)
                          return true;
                      else return false;
                  }
                  else return false;
              }
              else return true;
          }
      };
    • 初解结果:
    • 反思:熟悉递归和迭代的性质。

    2.3 Integer to Roman

    • 题目:Given an integer, convert it to a roman numeral.Input is guaranteed to be within the range from 1 to 3999.
    • 分析:罗马数的表示单位值是1000,500,100,50,10,5,1,分别对应于字母M,D,C,L,X,V,I。每个相同单位不能连续出现超过3次,比如:3是III,而4是VI。而且每个值只有一种表示形式,必须以大值单位优先表达。
    • 初解:对于给定的整数值,先从大值单位开始计算该单位上对应的数,然后检查此数落在哪个范围:[0,3],[4,8],[9];然后予以不同的处理。最后将该数乘以对应的单位值保存起来向后累加,值得注意的是需要跳过500,50,5这三个单位,因为这样才能使得每个单位上的数落在上述范围内。
      class Solution {
      public:
          string intToRoman(int num) {
              char unit[7] ={'M','D','C','L','X','V','I'};
              int  val[7]  ={1000,500,100,50,10,5,1};
              string res = "";
              int unit_index = 0;
              while(num != 0)
              {
                  int multiple = num / val[unit_index];
                  if( multiple > 0 ) 
                  {
                      switch(multiple)
                      {
                          case 1:res+=unit[unit_index];break;
                          case 2:res+=string(2,unit[unit_index]);break;
                          case 3:res+=string(3,unit[unit_index]);break;
                          case 4:res+=string(1,unit[unit_index])+string(1,unit[unit_index-1]);break;
                          case 5:res+=unit[unit_index-1];break;
                          case 6:res+=string(1,unit[unit_index-1])+string(1,unit[unit_index]);break;
                          case 7:res+=string(1,unit[unit_index-1])+string(2,unit[unit_index]);break;
                          case 8:res+=string(1,unit[unit_index-1])+string(3,unit[unit_index]);break;
                          case 9:res+=string(1,unit[unit_index])+string(1,unit[unit_index-2]);break;
                      }
                  }
                  num = num - multiple * val[unit_index];
                  unit_index += 2;
              }
              return res;
          }
      };
    • 初解结果:
    • 反思:严密分析题目逻辑最重要。

    2.3 Roman to Integer 

    • 题目:Given a roman numeral, convert it to an integer.Input is guaranteed to be within the range from 1 to 3999.
    • 分析:给定的罗马数字符串序列中,每个字符代表一个权重值,而权重大的在权重小的前面时是相加操作,相反则是相减操作。
    • 初解:
      class Solution {
      public:
          int romanToInt(string s) {
              int res = 0;
              unordered_map<char, int> flag_val;
              flag_val['I'] = 1;
              flag_val['X'] = 10;
              flag_val['C'] = 100;
              flag_val['V'] = 5;
              flag_val['L'] = 50;
              flag_val['D'] = 500;
              flag_val['M'] = 1000;
              
              for(int i = 0; i < s.size(); ++i)
              {
                  if(i+1 < s.size())
                  {
                      if(flag_val[s[i]] >= flag_val[s[i+1]])
                          res += flag_val[s[i]];
                      else res -= flag_val[s[i]];
                  }
                  else res += flag_val[s[i]];
              }
              return res;
          }
      };
    • 初解结果:
    • 反思:。。。

    2.4 Integer to English Words

    • 题目:
       
      Convert a non-negative integer to its english words representation. Given input is guaranteed to be less than 231 - 1.For example,
      123 -> "One Hundred Twenty Three"
      12345 -> "Twelve Thousand Three Hundred Forty Five"
      1234567 -> "One Million Two Hundred Thirty Four Thousand Five Hundred Sixty Seven"
    • 分析:英文中是以1000为倍率单位向上增长的,低于1000的单位是0*1000,一百万到1000之间的单位是n×1000,高于一百万但低于10亿的单位是n×1000*1000*1000。其次提取每一个范围内各个位的数即可。
    • 初解:从1000以内开始提取个位,十位,百位上面的数,然后截断低三位的数,重新提取低三位的值,更新此范围的大单位值。
      class Solution {
      public:
          string numberToWords(int num) {
              if(num == 0)
                  return string("Zero");
              
              string unit[] = {"Zero"," One", " Two", " Three", " Four"," Five"," Six"," Seven"," Eight"," Nine"," Ten"," Eleven"," Twelve"," Thirteen"," Fourteen"," Fifteen"," Sixteen"," Seventeen"," Eighteen"," Nineteen"};
              string decade[] = {"Zero"," Ten"," Twenty"," Thirty"," Forty"," Fifty"," Sixty"," Seventy"," Eighty"," Ninety"};
              string radix[] = {""," Thousand"," Million"," Billion"};
              int radix_index = 0;
              string res = "";
              while(num != 0)
              {
                  int a = num % 100, b = num % 10, c = (num / 10) % 10, d = (num / 100) % 10;
                  string tmp = "";
                  if(a < 20 && a != 0)
                  {
                      tmp = unit[a];
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      if(b != 0)
                          tmp = unit[b];
                      if(c != 0)
                          tmp = decade[c] + tmp;
                  }
                  if(d != 0)
                      tmp = unit[d] + string(" Hundred") + tmp;
                  if(a !=0 || b!=0 || c!=0 || d!=0)
                      res = tmp + radix[radix_index] + res;
                  num = num / 1000;
                  ++radix_index;
              }
              return res.substr(1,res.size());
          }
      };
    • 初解结果:
    • 反思:数学类型的题目要抓住数字规律即可。
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/burningTheStar/p/8545631.html
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