• 时间序列分析之ARIMA模型预测__R篇


    相关文章:时间序列分析之ARIMA模型预测__SAS篇

    之前一直用SAS做ARIMA模型预测,今天尝试用了一下R,发现灵活度更高,结果输出也更直观。现在记录一下如何用R分析ARIMA模型。

    1. 处理数据

    1.1. 导入forecast包

    forecast包是一个封装的ARIMA统计软件包,在默认情况下,R没有预装forecast包,因此需要先安装该包

    > install.packages("forecast')

    导入依赖包zoo,再导入forecast包

    > library("zoo")
    > library("forecast")

    1.2. 导入数据

    博主使用的数据是一组航空公司的销售数据,可在此下载数据:airline.txt,共有132条数据,是以月为单位的销售数据。

    > airline <- read.table("airline.txt")
    > airline

        V1 V2
      1 1 112
      2 2 118
      3 3 132
      4 4 129
      5 5 121
      6 6 135
      7 7 148
      8 8 148
      9 9 136
      10 10 119

    (........)

    1.3. 将数据转化为时间序列格式(ts)

     由于将数据转化为时间序列格式,我们并不需要时间字段,因此只取airline数据的第二列,即销售数据,又因为该数据是以月为单位的,因此Period是12。

    > airline2 <- ariline[2]
    > airts <- ts(airline2,start=1,frequency=12)

    2. 识别模型

    2.1. 查看趋势图

    > plot.ts(airts)

    由图可见,该序列还不平稳,先做一次Log平滑,再做一次差分:

    > airlog <- log(airts)
    > airdiff <- diff(airlog, differences=1)
    > plot.ts(airdiff)

     

    这次看上去就比较平稳了,现在看看ACF和PACF的结果

    2.2. 查看ACF和PACF

    > acf(airdff, lag.max=30)
    > acf(airdff, lag.max=30,plot=FALSE)
    Autocorrelations of series ‘airdiff’, by lag
    0.0000 0.0833 0.1667 0.2500 0.3333 0.4167 0.5000 0.5833 0.6667 0.7500 0.8333 1.000 0.188 -0.127 -0.154 -0.326 -0.066 0.041 -0.098 -0.343 -0.109 -0.120 0.9167 1.0000 1.0833 1.1667 1.2500 1.3333 1.4167 1.5000 1.5833 1.6667 1.7500 0.199 0.833 0.198 -0.143 -0.110 -0.288 -0.046 0.036 -0.104 -0.313 -0.106 1.8333 1.9167 2.0000 2.0833 2.1667 2.2500 2.3333 2.4167 2.5000 -0.085 0.185 0.714 0.175 -0.126 -0.077 -0.214 -0.046 0.029

    > pacf(airdff, lag.max=30)
    > pacf(airdff, lag.max=30,plot=FALSE)
    Partial autocorrelations of series ‘airdiff’, by lag
    0.0833 0.1667 0.2500 0.3333 0.4167 0.5000 0.5833 0.6667 0.7500 0.8333 0.9167 0.188 -0.169 -0.101 -0.317 0.018 -0.072 -0.199 -0.509 -0.171 -0.553 -0.300 1.0000 1.0833 1.1667 1.2500 1.3333 1.4167 1.5000 1.5833 1.6667 1.7500 1.8333 0.551 0.010 -0.200 0.164 -0.052 -0.037 -0.108 0.094 0.005 -0.095 -0.001 1.9167 2.0000 2.0833 2.1667 2.2500 2.3333 2.4167 2.5000 0.057 -0.074 -0.048 0.024 0.073 0.047 0.010 0.033

    从ACF和PACF可以看出来,该序列在lag=12和lag=24处有明显的spike,说明该序列需要再做一次diff=12的差分。且PACF比ACF呈现更明显的指数平滑的趋势,因此先猜测ARIMA模型为:ARIMA(0,1,1)(0,1,1)[12].

    2.3. 利用auto.arima

    > auto.arima(airlog,trace=T)
    
     ARIMA(2,1,2)(1,1,1)[12]                    : -354.4719
     ARIMA(0,1,0)(0,1,0)[12]                    : -316.8213
     ARIMA(1,1,0)(1,1,0)[12]                    : -356.4353
     ARIMA(0,1,1)(0,1,1)[12]                    : -359.7679
     ARIMA(0,1,1)(1,1,1)[12]                    : -354.9069
     ARIMA(0,1,1)(0,1,0)[12]                    : -327.5759
     ARIMA(0,1,1)(0,1,2)[12]                    : -357.6861
     ARIMA(0,1,1)(1,1,2)[12]                    : -363.2418
     ARIMA(1,1,1)(1,1,2)[12]                    : -359.6535
     ARIMA(0,1,0)(1,1,2)[12]                    : -346.1537
     ARIMA(0,1,2)(1,1,2)[12]                    : -361.1765
     ARIMA(1,1,2)(1,1,2)[12]                    : 1e+20
     ARIMA(0,1,1)(1,1,2)[12]                    : -363.2418
     ARIMA(0,1,1)(2,1,2)[12]                    : -368.8244
     ARIMA(0,1,1)(2,1,1)[12]                    : -368.1761
     ARIMA(1,1,1)(2,1,2)[12]                    : -367.0903
     ARIMA(0,1,0)(2,1,2)[12]                    : -363.7024
     ARIMA(0,1,2)(2,1,2)[12]                    : -366.6877
     ARIMA(1,1,2)(2,1,2)[12]                    : 1e+20
     ARIMA(0,1,1)(2,1,2)[12]                    : -368.8244
    
     Best model: ARIMA(0,1,1)(2,1,2)[12]                    
    
    Series: airlog 
    ARIMA(0,1,1)(2,1,2)[12]                    
    
    Coefficients:
              ma1     sar1     sar2     sma1     sma2
          -0.2710  -0.4764  -0.1066  -0.0098  -0.1987
    s.e.   0.0995   0.1432   0.1087   0.1567   0.1130
    
    sigma^2 estimated as 0.001188:  log likelihood=231.88
    AIC=-369.57   AICc=-368.82   BIC=-352.9

    auto.arima提供的最佳模型为ARIMA(0,1,1)(2,1,2)[12],我们可以同时测试两个模型,看看哪个更适合。

    3. 参数估计

    > airarima1 <- arima(airlog,order=c(0,1,1),seasonal=list(order=c(0,1,1),period=12),method="ML")
    > airarima1 Series: airlog ARIMA(
    0,1,1)(0,1,1)[12] Coefficients: ma1 sma1 -0.3484 -0.5622 s.e. 0.0943 0.0774 sigma^2 estimated as 0.001313: log likelihood=223.63 AIC=-441.26 AICc=-441.05 BIC=-432.92
    > airarima2 <- arima(airlog,order=c(0,1,1),seasonal=list(order=c(2,1,2),period=12),method="ML")
    > airarima2 Series: airlog ARIMA(
    0,1,1)(2,1,2)[12] Coefficients: ma1 sar1 sar2 sma1 sma2 -0.3546 1.0614 -0.1211 -1.9130 0.9962 s.e. 0.0995 0.1094 0.1844 0.3887 0.3812 sigma^2 estimated as 0.0009811: log likelihood=225.56 AIC=-439.12 AICc=-438.37 BIC=-422.44

    两个ARIMA模型都采用极大似然方法估计,计算系数对应的t值:

    ARIMA(0,1,1)(0,1,1)[12] :t(ma1)=-39.1791, t(sma1)=-93.8445

    ARIMA(0,1,1)(2,1,2)[12] : t(ma1)=-35.8173,t(sar1)=88.68383,t(sar2)=-3.56141,t(sma1)=-12.6615,t(sma2)= 6.855526

    可见两个模型的系数都是显著的,而ARIMA(0,1,1)(0,1,1)[12]的AIC和BIC比ARIMA(0,1,1)(2,1,2)[12]的要小,因此选择模型ARIMA(0,1,1)(0,1,1)[12]。

    4. 预测

     预测五年后航空公司的销售额:

    > airforecast <- forecast.Arima(airarima1,h=5,level=c(99.5))
    > airforecast
    Point Forecast Lo 99.5 Hi 99.5
    Jan 12 6.038649 5.936951 6.140348
    Feb 12 5.988762 5.867380 6.110143
    Mar 12 6.145428 6.007137 6.283719
    Apr 12 6.118993 5.965646 6.272340
    May 12 6.159657 5.992605 6.326709

    > plot.forecast(airforecast)

     

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/bicoffee/p/3838049.html
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