• Vue源码解析(二):数据驱动


    一、数据驱动:

      数据驱动是vue.js最大的特点。在vue.js中,数据驱动就是当数据发生变化的时候,用户界面发生相应的变化,开发者不需要手动的去修改dom。数据驱动还有一部分是数据更新驱动视图变化。下面我们来分析vue.js中模板和数据如何渲染成最终的DOM的。

    二、Vue初始化发生了什么:

      当我们new Vue的时候,发生了什么?

      在上一节中,我们分析了vue初始化的代码在'src/core/instance/index.js'中,可以看到,Vue实例里面调用了this._init方法

    function Vue (options) {
      if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' &&
        !(this instanceof Vue)
      ) {
        warn('Vue is a constructor and should be called with the `new` keyword')
      }
      this._init(options)
    }
    
    initMixin(Vue)
    stateMixin(Vue)
    eventsMixin(Vue)
    lifecycleMixin(Vue)
    renderMixin(Vue)
    
    export default Vue
    

      而 _init 方法是在'src/core/instance/init.js'中定义的

    Vue.prototype._init = function (options?: Object) {
        const vm: Component = this
        // a uid
        vm._uid = uid++
        let startTag, endTag
        /* istanbul ignore if */
        if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && config.performance && mark) {
          startTag = `vue-perf-start:${vm._uid}`
          endTag = `vue-perf-end:${vm._uid}`
          mark(startTag)
        }
        
        // a flag to avoid this being observed
        vm._isVue = true
        // merge options
        if (options && options._isComponent) {
          // optimize internal component instantiation
          // since dynamic options merging is pretty slow, and none of the
          // internal component options needs special treatment.
          initInternalComponent(vm, options)
        } else {
          vm.$options = mergeOptions(
            resolveConstructorOptions(vm.constructor),
            options || {},
            vm
          )
        }
        /* istanbul ignore else */
        if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
          initProxy(vm)
        } else {
          vm._renderProxy = vm
        }
        // expose real self
        vm._self = vm
        initLifecycle(vm)
        initEvents(vm)
        initRender(vm)
        callHook(vm, 'beforeCreate')
        initInjections(vm) // resolve injections before data/props
        initState(vm)
        initProvide(vm) // resolve provide after data/props
        callHook(vm, 'created')
    
        /* istanbul ignore if */
        if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && config.performance && mark) {
          vm._name = formatComponentName(vm, false)
          mark(endTag)
          measure(`vue ${vm._name} init`, startTag, endTag)
        }
    
        if (vm.$options.el) {
          vm.$mount(vm.$options.el)
        }
      }
    

      也就是说,在vue初始化的时候主要就干了这些事情:合并配置,初始化生命周期,初始化事件中心,初始化渲染,初始化 data、props、computed、watcher 等等;

      各种初始化逻辑完成之后,判断vm.$options.el是否存在,如果存在,就调用vm.$mount方法挂载vm,将模版渲染成最终的DOM;

      这里我们暂时不管初始化的逻辑,先来分析Vue 的挂载过程。

    三、$mount实例挂载:

      $mount 这个方法的实现是和平台、构建方式都相关的,这里我们重点分析带 compiler 版本的 $mount 实现,打开'src/platform/web/entry-runtime-with-compiler.js'文件

    const mount = Vue.prototype.$mount
    Vue.prototype.$mount = function (
      el?: string | Element,
      hydrating?: boolean
    ): Component {
      el = el && query(el)
    
      /* istanbul ignore if */
      if (el === document.body || el === document.documentElement) {
        process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
          `Do not mount Vue to <html> or <body> - mount to normal elements instead.`
        )
        return this
      }
    
      const options = this.$options
      // resolve template/el and convert to render function
      if (!options.render) {
        let template = options.template
        if (template) {
          if (typeof template === 'string') {
            if (template.charAt(0) === '#') {
              template = idToTemplate(template)
              /* istanbul ignore if */
              if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && !template) {
                warn(
                  `Template element not found or is empty: ${options.template}`,
                  this
                )
              }
            }
          } else if (template.nodeType) {
            template = template.innerHTML
          } else {
            if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
              warn('invalid template option:' + template, this)
            }
            return this
          }
        } else if (el) {
          template = getOuterHTML(el)
        }
        if (template) {
          /* istanbul ignore if */
          if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && config.performance && mark) {
            mark('compile')
          }
    
          const { render, staticRenderFns } = compileToFunctions(template, {
            shouldDecodeNewlines,
            shouldDecodeNewlinesForHref,
            delimiters: options.delimiters,
            comments: options.comments
          }, this)
          options.render = render
          options.staticRenderFns = staticRenderFns
    
          /* istanbul ignore if */
          if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && config.performance && mark) {
            mark('compile end')
            measure(`vue ${this._name} compile`, 'compile', 'compile end')
          }
        }
      }
      return mount.call(this, el, hydrating)
    }
    

      这里首先引入了原生的$mount方法,然后对这个方法进行改写;

      从上往下读,首先如果是body或者html元素,就会报错,Vue 不能挂载在 bodyhtml 这样的根节点上;

      然后, 如果没有定义 render 方法,则会把 el 或者 template 字符串转换成 render 方法,在 Vue 2.0 版本中,所有 Vue 的组件的渲染最终都需要 render 方法,它是调用 compileToFunctions 方法实现的;

      最后,调用原先原型上的 $mount 方法挂载。

    四、_render方法:

      _render 方法是实例的一个私有方法,它用来把实例渲染成一个虚拟 Node。它的定义在 src/core/instance/render.js 文件中

    Vue.prototype._render = function (): VNode {
        const vm: Component = this
        const { render, _parentVnode } = vm.$options
    
        if (_parentVnode) {
          vm.$scopedSlots = normalizeScopedSlots(
            _parentVnode.data.scopedSlots,
            vm.$slots,
            vm.$scopedSlots
          )
        }
    
        // set parent vnode. this allows render functions to have access
        // to the data on the placeholder node.
        vm.$vnode = _parentVnode
        // render self
        let vnode
        try {
          // There's no need to maintain a stack becaues all render fns are called
          // separately from one another. Nested component's render fns are called
          // when parent component is patched.
          currentRenderingInstance = vm
          vnode = render.call(vm._renderProxy, vm.$createElement)
        } catch (e) {
          handleError(e, vm, `render`)
          // return error render result,
          // or previous vnode to prevent render error causing blank component
          /* istanbul ignore else */
          if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && vm.$options.renderError) {
            try {
              vnode = vm.$options.renderError.call(vm._renderProxy, vm.$createElement, e)
            } catch (e) {
              handleError(e, vm, `renderError`)
              vnode = vm._vnode
            }
          } else {
            vnode = vm._vnode
          }
        } finally {
          currentRenderingInstance = null
        }
        // if the returned array contains only a single node, allow it
        if (Array.isArray(vnode) && vnode.length === 1) {
          vnode = vnode[0]
        }
        // return empty vnode in case the render function errored out
        if (!(vnode instanceof VNode)) {
          if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && Array.isArray(vnode)) {
            warn(
              'Multiple root nodes returned from render function. Render function ' +
              'should return a single root node.',
              vm
            )
          }
          vnode = createEmptyVNode()
        }
        // set parent
        vnode.parent = _parentVnode
        return vnode
      }
    

      vm._render 最终是通过执行 createElement 方法并返回的是 vnode,它是一个虚拟 Node。下面我们先来分析一下Virtual DOM

    五、Virtual DOM

      Virtual DOM产生的前提是,浏览器中真正的 DOM 元素是非常庞大的,因为浏览器的标准就把 DOM 设计的非常复杂。当我们频繁的去做 DOM 更新,会产生一定的性能问题;

      Virtual DOM 就是用一个原生的 JS 对象去描述一个 DOM 节点,所以它比创建一个 DOM 的代价要小很多。在 Vue.js 中,Virtual DOM 是用 VNode 这么一个 Class 去描述,它定义在 src/core/vdom/vnode.js 中

    export default class VNode {
      tag: string | void;
      data: VNodeData | void;
      children: ?Array<VNode>;
      text: string | void;
      elm: Node | void;
      ns: string | void;
      context: Component | void; // rendered in this component's scope
      key: string | number | void;
      componentOptions: VNodeComponentOptions | void;
      componentInstance: Component | void; // component instance
      parent: VNode | void; // component placeholder node
    
      // strictly internal
      raw: boolean; // contains raw HTML? (server only)
      isStatic: boolean; // hoisted static node
      isRootInsert: boolean; // necessary for enter transition check
      isComment: boolean; // empty comment placeholder?
      isCloned: boolean; // is a cloned node?
      isOnce: boolean; // is a v-once node?
      asyncFactory: Function | void; // async component factory function
      asyncMeta: Object | void;
      isAsyncPlaceholder: boolean;
      ssrContext: Object | void;
      fnContext: Component | void; // real context vm for functional nodes
      fnOptions: ?ComponentOptions; // for SSR caching
      devtoolsMeta: ?Object; // used to store functional render context for devtools
      fnScopeId: ?string; // functional scope id support
    
      constructor (
        tag?: string,
        data?: VNodeData,
        children?: ?Array<VNode>,
        text?: string,
        elm?: Node,
        context?: Component,
        componentOptions?: VNodeComponentOptions,
        asyncFactory?: Function
      ) {
        this.tag = tag
        this.data = data
        this.children = children
        this.text = text
        this.elm = elm
        this.ns = undefined
        this.context = context
        this.fnContext = undefined
        this.fnOptions = undefined
        this.fnScopeId = undefined
        this.key = data && data.key
        this.componentOptions = componentOptions
        this.componentInstance = undefined
        this.parent = undefined
        this.raw = false
        this.isStatic = false
        this.isRootInsert = true
        this.isComment = false
        this.isCloned = false
        this.isOnce = false
        this.asyncFactory = asyncFactory
        this.asyncMeta = undefined
        this.isAsyncPlaceholder = false
      }
    
      // DEPRECATED: alias for componentInstance for backwards compat.
      /* istanbul ignore next */
      get child (): Component | void {
        return this.componentInstance
      }
    }
    

      Virtual DOM 除了它的数据结构的定义,映射到真实的 DOM 实际上要经历 VNode 的 create、diff、patch 等过程。那么在 Vue.js 中,VNode 的 create 是通过之前提到的 createElement 方法创建的,我们接下来分析这部分的实现

    六、createElement

      Vue.js使用createElement 方法创建 VNode,它定义在 'src/core/vdom/create-elemenet.js' 中:

    export function createElement (
      context: Component,
      tag: any,
      data: any,
      children: any,
      normalizationType: any,
      alwaysNormalize: boolean
    ): VNode | Array<VNode> {
      if (Array.isArray(data) || isPrimitive(data)) {
        normalizationType = children
        children = data
        data = undefined
      }
      if (isTrue(alwaysNormalize)) {
        normalizationType = ALWAYS_NORMALIZE
      }
      return _createElement(context, tag, data, children, normalizationType)
    }
    

      createElement实际上是对 _createElement 方法的封装,它允许传入的参数更加灵活,在处理这些参数后,调用真正创建 VNode 的函数 _createElement:

    export function _createElement (
      context: Component,
      tag?: string | Class<Component> | Function | Object,
      data?: VNodeData,
      children?: any,
      normalizationType?: number
    ): VNode | Array<VNode> {
      if (isDef(data) && isDef((data: any).__ob__)) {
        process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
          `Avoid using observed data object as vnode data: ${JSON.stringify(data)}
    ` +
          'Always create fresh vnode data objects in each render!',
          context
        )
        return createEmptyVNode()
      }
      // object syntax in v-bind
      if (isDef(data) && isDef(data.is)) {
        tag = data.is
      }
      if (!tag) {
        // in case of component :is set to falsy value
        return createEmptyVNode()
      }
      // warn against non-primitive key
      if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' &&
        isDef(data) && isDef(data.key) && !isPrimitive(data.key)
      ) {
        if (!__WEEX__ || !('@binding' in data.key)) {
          warn(
            'Avoid using non-primitive value as key, ' +
            'use string/number value instead.',
            context
          )
        }
      }
      // support single function children as default scoped slot
      if (Array.isArray(children) &&
        typeof children[0] === 'function'
      ) {
        data = data || {}
        data.scopedSlots = { default: children[0] }
        children.length = 0
      }
      if (normalizationType === ALWAYS_NORMALIZE) {
        children = normalizeChildren(children)
      } else if (normalizationType === SIMPLE_NORMALIZE) {
        children = simpleNormalizeChildren(children)
      }
      let vnode, ns
      if (typeof tag === 'string') {
        let Ctor
        ns = (context.$vnode && context.$vnode.ns) || config.getTagNamespace(tag)
        if (config.isReservedTag(tag)) {
          // platform built-in elements
          vnode = new VNode(
            config.parsePlatformTagName(tag), data, children,
            undefined, undefined, context
          )
        } else if ((!data || !data.pre) && isDef(Ctor = resolveAsset(context.$options, 'components', tag))) {
          // component
          vnode = createComponent(Ctor, data, context, children, tag)
        } else {
          // unknown or unlisted namespaced elements
          // check at runtime because it may get assigned a namespace when its
          // parent normalizes children
          vnode = new VNode(
            tag, data, children,
            undefined, undefined, context
          )
        }
      } else {
        // direct component options / constructor
        vnode = createComponent(tag, data, context, children)
      }
      if (Array.isArray(vnode)) {
        return vnode
      } else if (isDef(vnode)) {
        if (isDef(ns)) applyNS(vnode, ns)
        if (isDef(data)) registerDeepBindings(data)
        return vnode
      } else {
        return createEmptyVNode()
      }
    }
    

      _createElement 方法有 5 个参数:

        context 表示 VNode 的上下文环境,它是 Component 类型;

        tag 表示标签,它可以是一个字符串,也可以是一个 Component

        data 表示 VNode 的数据,它是一个 VNodeData 类型,可以在 flow/vnode.js 中找到它的定义;

        children 表示当前 VNode 的子节点,它是任意类型的,它接下来需要被规范为标准的 VNode 数组;

        normalizationType 表示子节点规范的类型,类型不同规范的方法也就不一样,它主要是参考 render 函数是编译生成的还是用户手写的

      createElement 创建 VNode 的过程:每个 VNode 有 childrenchildren 每个元素也是一个 VNode,这样就形成了一个 VNode Tree,它很好的描述了我们的 DOM Tree

      回到 mountComponent 函数的过程,我们已经知道 vm._render 是如何创建了一个 VNode,接下来就是要把这个 VNode 渲染成一个真实的 DOM 并渲染出来,这个过程是通过 vm._update 完成的

    七、__patch__

      Vue 的 _update 是实例的一个私有方法,它被调用的时机有 2 个,一个是首次渲染,一个是数据更新的时候,这里我们只分析首次渲染部分;

      _update 方法的作用是把 VNode 渲染成真实的 DOM,它的定义在 src/core/instance/lifecycle.js 中

    Vue.prototype._update = function (vnode: VNode, hydrating?: boolean) {
        const vm: Component = this
        const prevEl = vm.$el
        const prevVnode = vm._vnode
        const restoreActiveInstance = setActiveInstance(vm)
        vm._vnode = vnode
        // Vue.prototype.__patch__ is injected in entry points
        // based on the rendering backend used.
        if (!prevVnode) {
          // initial render
          vm.$el = vm.__patch__(vm.$el, vnode, hydrating, false /* removeOnly */)
        } else {
          // updates
          vm.$el = vm.__patch__(prevVnode, vnode)
        }
        restoreActiveInstance()
        // update __vue__ reference
        if (prevEl) {
          prevEl.__vue__ = null
        }
        if (vm.$el) {
          vm.$el.__vue__ = vm
        }
        // if parent is an HOC, update its $el as well
        if (vm.$vnode && vm.$parent && vm.$vnode === vm.$parent._vnode) {
          vm.$parent.$el = vm.$el
        }
        // updated hook is called by the scheduler to ensure that children are
        // updated in a parent's updated hook.
      }
    

      _update 的核心就是调用 vm.__patch__ 方法,而在浏览器端渲染中,它指向了 patch 方法,它的定义在 src/platforms/web/runtime/patch.js

    import * as nodeOps from 'web/runtime/node-ops'
    import { createPatchFunction } from 'core/vdom/patch'
    import baseModules from 'core/vdom/modules/index'
    import platformModules from 'web/runtime/modules/index'
    
    // the directive module should be applied last, after all
    // built-in modules have been applied.
    const modules = platformModules.concat(baseModules)
    
    export const patch: Function = createPatchFunction({ nodeOps, modules })
    

      该方法的定义是调用 createPatchFunction 的返回值,createPatchFunction的实现定义在‘src/core/vdom/patch.js’中:

    export function createPatchFunction (backend) {
      let i, j
      const cbs = {}
    
      const { modules, nodeOps } = backend
    
      for (i = 0; i < hooks.length; ++i) {
        cbs[hooks[i]] = []
        for (j = 0; j < modules.length; ++j) {
          if (isDef(modules[j][hooks[i]])) {
            cbs[hooks[i]].push(modules[j][hooks[i]])
          }
        }
      }
    
      function emptyNodeAt (elm) {
        return new VNode(nodeOps.tagName(elm).toLowerCase(), {}, [], undefined, elm)
      }
    
      function createRmCb (childElm, listeners) {
        function remove () {
          if (--remove.listeners === 0) {
            removeNode(childElm)
          }
        }
        remove.listeners = listeners
        return remove
      }
        //...
    }
    

      createPatchFunction 内部定义了一系列的辅助方法,最终返回了一个 patch 方法,这个方法就赋值给了 vm._update 函数里调用的 vm.__patch__

      patch 方法本身,它接收 4个参数:

        oldVnode 表示旧的 VNode 节点,它也可以不存在或者是一个 DOM 对象;

        vnode 表示执行 _render 后返回的 VNode 的节点;

        hydrating 表示是否是服务端渲染;

        removeOnly 是给 transition-group 用的

    return function patch (oldVnode, vnode, hydrating, removeOnly) {
        if (isUndef(vnode)) {
          if (isDef(oldVnode)) invokeDestroyHook(oldVnode)
          return
        }
    
        let isInitialPatch = false
        const insertedVnodeQueue = []
    
        if (isUndef(oldVnode)) {
          // empty mount (likely as component), create new root element
          isInitialPatch = true
          createElm(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
        } else {
          const isRealElement = isDef(oldVnode.nodeType)
          if (!isRealElement && sameVnode(oldVnode, vnode)) {
            // patch existing root node
            patchVnode(oldVnode, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, null, null, removeOnly)
          } else {
            if (isRealElement) {
              // mounting to a real element
              // check if this is server-rendered content and if we can perform
              // a successful hydration.
              if (oldVnode.nodeType === 1 && oldVnode.hasAttribute(SSR_ATTR)) {
                oldVnode.removeAttribute(SSR_ATTR)
                hydrating = true
              }
              if (isTrue(hydrating)) {
                if (hydrate(oldVnode, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue)) {
                  invokeInsertHook(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, true)
                  return oldVnode
                } else if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
                  warn(
                    'The client-side rendered virtual DOM tree is not matching ' +
                    'server-rendered content. This is likely caused by incorrect ' +
                    'HTML markup, for example nesting block-level elements inside ' +
                    '<p>, or missing <tbody>. Bailing hydration and performing ' +
                    'full client-side render.'
                  )
                }
              }
              // either not server-rendered, or hydration failed.
              // create an empty node and replace it
              oldVnode = emptyNodeAt(oldVnode)
            }
    
            // replacing existing element
            const oldElm = oldVnode.elm
            const parentElm = nodeOps.parentNode(oldElm)
    
            // create new node
            createElm(
              vnode,
              insertedVnodeQueue,
              // extremely rare edge case: do not insert if old element is in a
              // leaving transition. Only happens when combining transition +
              // keep-alive + HOCs. (#4590)
              oldElm._leaveCb ? null : parentElm,
              nodeOps.nextSibling(oldElm)
            )
    
            // update parent placeholder node element, recursively
            if (isDef(vnode.parent)) {
              let ancestor = vnode.parent
              const patchable = isPatchable(vnode)
              while (ancestor) {
                for (let i = 0; i < cbs.destroy.length; ++i) {
                  cbs.destroy[i](ancestor)
                }
                ancestor.elm = vnode.elm
                if (patchable) {
                  for (let i = 0; i < cbs.create.length; ++i) {
                    cbs.create[i](emptyNode, ancestor)
                  }
                  // #6513
                  // invoke insert hooks that may have been merged by create hooks.
                  // e.g. for directives that uses the "inserted" hook.
                  const insert = ancestor.data.hook.insert
                  if (insert.merged) {
                    // start at index 1 to avoid re-invoking component mounted hook
                    for (let i = 1; i < insert.fns.length; i++) {
                      insert.fns[i]()
                    }
                  }
                } else {
                  registerRef(ancestor)
                }
                ancestor = ancestor.parent
              }
            }
    
            // destroy old node
            if (isDef(parentElm)) {
              removeVnodes(parentElm, [oldVnode], 0, 0)
            } else if (isDef(oldVnode.tag)) {
              invokeDestroyHook(oldVnode)
            }
          }
        }
    
        invokeInsertHook(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, isInitialPatch)
        return vnode.elm
      }
    

    八、总结

      至此我们从主线上把模板和数据如何渲染成最终的 DOM 的过程分析完毕了,我们可以看到从初始化 Vue 到最终渲染的整个过程:

      new Vue => init => $mount => compile => render => vnode => patch => dom

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/angelatian/p/10408306.html
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