c++11开始支持闭包,闭包:与函数A调用函数B相比较,闭包中函数A调用函数B,可以不通过函数A给函数B传递函数参数,而使函数B可以访问函数A的上下文环境才可见(函数A可直接访问到)的变量;比如:
函数B(void) {
......
}
函数A {
int a = 10;
B(); //普通调用函数B
}
函数B无法访问a;但如果是按闭包的方式,则可以访问变量a:
函数A() {
int a = 10;
auto closure_B = [a]() {
......
}
}
所以闭包的优缺点很清晰,都是同一个:可以不通过传参获取调用者的上下文环境;
下面开始介绍c++11的闭包所涉及的内容:
1、lambda
1.1、lambda的定义
1.2、lambda的应用
1.3、lambda的使用注意事项
2、function
2.1、通过lambda的function
2.2、通过函数的function
1、lambda
1.1、lambda的定义:
匿名表达式的结构:auto lambda = [捕获列表] (参数列表) (修饰符) {匿名函数体};
关于捕获列表:捕获调用者上下文环境的需要访问的变量,可按值捕获或按引用捕获,其规则如下:
[]:什么也不捕获
[=]:捕获所有一切变量,都按值捕获
[&]:捕获所有一切变量,都按引用捕获
[=, &a]:捕获所有一切变量,除了a按引用捕获,其余都按值捕获
[&, =a]:捕获所有一切变量,除了a按值捕获,其余都按引用捕获
[a]:只按值捕获a
[&a]:只按引用捕获a
[a, &b]:按值捕获a,按引用捕获b
关于参数列表:
和函数调用的参数列表含义完全一样;
关于修饰符:
mutable:必须注意加入mutable可以修改的是:在lambda匿名函数体里边,按值捕获到的变量,实质上是调用者函数中变量的只读拷贝(read-only),加入了mutable后,匿名函数体内部可以修改这个拷贝的值,也就是说调用者函数中该变量的值依然不会被改变;
关于匿名函数体:
和函数没有区别;
1.2、lambda的应用:
a. 最简单的使用:
1 TEST (test1, lambda_1) { 2 //capture list is empty, all the args is value, so variable b will not change. 3 int a = 1, b = 2; 4 auto lambda = [](int a, int b) { 5 b = a + a + a; 6 return a + b; 7 }; 8 9 std::cout << lambda(a, b) << std::endl; 10 std::cout << b << std::endl; 11 }
这里捕获列表为空,完全相当于调用普通函数
b. 捕获列表非空:
1 TEST (test1, lambda_2) { 2 //capture list is not empty, x is value, y is reference, and arg z is reference 3 //so y will change to 1, z will change to 1 4 //x is value, so x is read-only in lambda, should not modify x in lambda 5 int x = 1, y = 2; 6 auto lambda = [x, &y](int &z) { 7 z = x; 8 y = x; 9 //x = y; 10 return y; 11 }; 12 13 int z = 0; 14 std::cout << lambda(z) << std::endl; 15 std::cout << y << std::endl; 16 std::cout << z << std::endl; 17 }
捕获列表非空,变量x传值,变量y传引用,并且传一个参数z;
c. 捕获全部变量 & 使用mutable修饰符:
1 TEST (test1, lambda_3) { 2 //'=' in capture list means that all the variables will as value in lambda, so should not modify a, a is read-only in lambda 3 int a = 1; 4 auto lambda_val = [=]() { 5 //a = 10; 6 return a + 1; 7 }; 8 std::cout << lambda_val() << std::endl; 9 std::cout << a << std::endl; 10 11 //'&' '=' in capture list means that all the variables will as reference in lambda, so could modify a 12 auto lambda_ref = [&]() { 13 a = a + 1; 14 return a + 1; 15 }; 16 std::cout << lambda_ref() << std::endl; 17 std::cout << a << std::endl; 18 19 //though '=' in capture list means all the variables as value in lambda_val_mutable, but lambda_val_mutable is mutable, so also could modify a 20 auto lambda_val_mutable = [=]() mutable { 21 a = 10; 22 return a + 1; 23 }; 24 std::cout << lambda_val_mutable() << std::endl; 25 std::cout << a << std::endl; 26 }
使用[=]按值、[&]按引用捕获一切变量;使用mutable修饰符,在匿名函数体内部修改按值传入的变量,注意在调用者函数不会被修改生效;
d. lambda的定义时初始化:
1 TEST (test1, lambda_4) { 2 //all capture variables will value in lambda, so a will not change, return a + 1 = 2 3 int a = 1; 4 5 a = 3; 6 auto lambda_val = [=]() { 7 //a = b; 8 return a + 1; 9 }; 10 11 int b = 10; 12 std::cout << lambda_val() << std::endl; 13 std::cout << a << std::endl; 14 15 //a is change to 10, but for lambda_val, a is inited(read-only), will not change to 10, forever is 1 16 a = 10; 17 std::cout << lambda_val() << std::endl; 18 std::cout << a << std::endl; 19 }
lambda表达式定义时,调用者上下文环境中的变量有哪些、值都是什么,是"一次性"初始化的,也就是说即便后面值被修改,但lambda是无法获知的,后面再创建的新的变量,lambda是无法访问的;
e. 部分变量传引用或者传值:
1 TEST (test1, lambda_5) { 2 //exclude b is reference in lambda, all the other variables in capture list will be value in lambda 3 int a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4, e = 5; 4 auto lambda = [=, &b](int f) { 5 b = a + c + d + e; 6 return a + b + c + d + e; 7 }; 8 9 std::cout << lambda(6) << std::endl; 10 std::cout << b << std::endl; 11 }
f. 类成员函数使用lambda:
1 TEST (test1, lambda_6) { 2 //in a class-function, lambda's capture list is this point, so could access and modify the class non-const variable 3 class cls { 4 int a; 5 int b; 6 int c; 7 const int d; 8 public: 9 cls():a(1), b(2), c(3), d(5) {} 10 ~cls(){} 11 void testlambda() { 12 auto lambda = [this]() { 13 a = 10; 14 //d = 1; 15 return a + b + c + d; 16 }; 17 18 std::cout << a << std::endl; 19 std::cout << lambda() << std::endl; 20 std::cout << a << std::endl; 21 } 22 }; 23 24 cls c; 25 c.testlambda(); 26 }
this指针进入捕获列表,匿名函数体内部即可调用类成员变量;
g. c++11风格的lambda的使用:
TEST (test1, lambda_7) { std::vector<int> v = {3,5,2,1,7,8,6,4,10,9}; std::sort(begin(v), end(v), [](int i, int j) { return i > j; }); std::for_each(begin(v), end(v), [](int i) { std::cout << i << " "; }); std::cout << std::endl; int total = 0; for_each (begin(v), end(v), [&](int i) { total += i; }); std::cout << total << std::endl; int base = 2; for_each (begin(v), end(v), [=](int i) mutable { total += (i * base); std::cout << total << "," << i << "," << base << std::endl; }); std::cout << total << std::endl; for_each (begin(v), end(v), [&](int i) mutable { total += (i * base); std::cout << total << "," << i << "," << base << std::endl; }); std::cout << total << std::endl; }
像python一样的使用;
1.3、lambda使用的注意事项:
lambda常常作为线程执行函数使用,这时尤其要注意调用者上下文环境的变量(及其指向的内存空间)的生命周期,是否能够和以lambda作为线程执行函数的线程的生命周期一样长,如下面的两个例子:
会导致出问题的:
TEST (test3, closure_wrong) {
int *a = new int(10);
std::thread th = std::thread([&a] () {
while (1) {
std::cout << "a: " << a << ", *a: " << *a << std::endl;
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
}
});
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(3));
delete a;
a = nullptr;
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(30));//closure will collapse...
}
动态变量a申请了4字节的动态空间,作为线程执行函数的匿名函数使用了变量a指向的动态空间;然后a在调用者函数内部释放了动态空间,但匿名函数依然访问该动态空间,此时导致发生程序崩溃;
不会导致出问题的:
TEST (test3, closure_right) {
int *a = new int(10);
std::thread th = std::thread([a] () {
while (1) {
std::cout << "a: " << a << std::endl;
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
}
});
th.detach();
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(3));
delete a;
a = nullptr;
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(30));//closure will not collapse
}
上面的程序不会出现问题,因为匿名函数内部没有访问变量a指向的动态空间。但依然是不推荐的方式。应确保匿名函数访问的外部捕获变量,不会在线程生命周期内失效;
2、function:
掌握了lambda,function就非常容易掌握;c++11定义一个函数std::function,可以绑定一个匿名函数表达式lambda,也可以绑定一个普通函数(包括类成员函数);
2.1、绑定lambda匿名函数:
TEST (test2, function_lambda) {
int a = 1, b = 2;
std::function<int (const int &)> func1 = std::function<int (const int &)>([a, &b] (const int &i) {
b = a + i;
return a + b;
});
int c = 10;
std::cout << func1(std::cref(c)) << std::endl;
std::cout << a << std::endl;
std::cout << b << std::endl;
std::function<int (const int &, int &)> func2 = std::function<int (const int &, int &)>([a, &b] (const int &i, int &j) {
int k = i + j;
b = a + k;
j = a + b;
return a + b + j;
});
int d = 10, e = 20;
std::cout << func2(d, e) << std::endl;
std::cout << b << std::endl;
std::cout << e << std::endl;
class cls {
int a;
int b;
int c;
public:
cls(int x, int y, int z):a(x), b(y), c(z){}
~cls(){}
double CalcAverage() {
auto calcer = std::function<double ()>([this] {
return (a + b + c)/3.0;
});
return calcer();
}
};
std::vector<int> v;
std::random_device rd;
for (auto idx: common::Range(0, 3)) {
int i = rd() % 10;
v.push_back(i);
std::cout << "input " << i << std::endl;
}
cls cl(v[0], v[1], v[2]);
double average = cl.CalcAverage();
std::cout << std::fixed << std::setprecision(6) << average << std::endl;
}
函数func1、func2就是绑定lambda的匿名函数;而cls的类成员函数CalcAverage,就是编写了一个匿名函数calcer再调用的闭包方式;
2.2、绑定普通函数(包括类成员函数):
int func1 (const int &i, const int j, int &k) {
k = i - j;
return i + j;
}
int func2 (int &i, double j, const std::string k) {
return i + (int)j;
}
TEST (test2, function_simple_and_bind) {
int i = 0, j = 1, k = 2;
auto f1 = std::function<int (const int &, const int, int &)>(func1);
std::cout << f1(std::cref(i), j, std::ref(k)) << std::endl;
std::cout << k << std::endl;
//if use bind and adjust the arg order, such as: arg_3 is actively arg_1, arg_1 is actively arg_2, arg_2 is actively arg_3,
//the std::function's arg define, must obey to the active datastruct,
//for example as follow, arg_1 is const int, arg_2 is int&, arg_3 is const int &, so f2's arg order is "const int + int & + const int &", and also when call f2.
auto f2 = std::function<int (const int, int &, const int &)>(std::bind(func1, std::placeholders::_3, std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2));
std::cout << f2(k, std::ref(j), std::cref(i)) << std::endl;//equal: func1(k, j, i)
std::cout << k << std::endl;
auto f3 = std::function<int (double)>(std::bind(func2, std::ref(j), std::placeholders::_1, "aaa"));
std::cout << f3(1.1) << std::endl;
class cls {
int a;
int b;
int c;
public:
cls(int x, int y, int z):a(x), b(y), c(z){}
~cls(){}
void Run() {
int i = 4;
auto func = std::function<void (int &)>([this, i] (int &base){
int times = 8;
while (times--) {
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
std::cout << std::fixed << std::setprecision(6) << (a + b + c + base)/i << std::endl;
base = a + b + c + base;
}
});
int base = 10;
func(std::ref(base));
}
};
cls cl(1, 2, 3);
cl.Run();
class cls2 {
int a;
int b;
int c;
public:
cls2(int x, int y, int z):a(x), b(y), c(z){}
~cls2(){}
void RealRun (int &base) {
int times = 8;
while (times--) {
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
std::cout << (a + b + c + base) << std::endl;
base = a + b + c + base;
}
}
void Run () {
int base = 10;
auto f = std::bind(&cls2::RealRun, this, base);
f();
}
};
cls2 cl2(1, 2, 3);
cl2.Run();
}
f1是直接绑定一个普通函数;
f2是通过std::bind绑定一个普通函数,并且修改了函数传参顺序;
f3也是通过std::bind绑定一个普通函数,进一步修改了函数传参个数;
这里描述下std::bind的传参个数和顺序,通过bind修改传参的个数或者顺序,实现对同一个普通函数实现(包括类成员函数),有任意的自定义传参的函数变体,如对于下面的函数A:
函数A (int, double, string) {......},可以实现如下变体:
f1 = std::bind(&A, 1, 1.1, std::placeholders::_1) //f1("abc") == A(1,1.1,"abc")
f2 = std::bind(&A, std::placeholders::_2, 1.1, std::placeholders::_1) //f2("abc",1) == A(1,1.1,"abc")
f3 = std::bind(&A, std::placeholders::_3,std::placeholders::_1,std::placeholders::_2) //f3(1.1,"abc",1) == A(1,1.1,"abc")
int b =1;
f4 = std::bind(&A, b,std::placeholders::_1,"abc") //f4(1.1) == A(1,1.1,"abc")
f1、f2、f3对应的函数定义都是函数A的函数定义,但是实现了不同形态的函数调用"变体",方便根据具体情况自定义;
cls类成员函数Run,通过lambda实现闭包;
cls2类成员函数Run,通过bind另一个成员函数RealRun实现闭包;