0.目录
1.动态内存申请一定成功吗?
2.new_handler() 函数
3.小结
1.动态内存申请一定成功吗?
问题:
动态内存申请一定成功吗?
常见的动态内存分配代码:
C代码:
C++代码:
必须知道的事实!
- malloc函数申请失败时返回NULL值
- new关键字申请失败时(根据编译器的不同)
- 返回NULL值
- 抛出 std::bad_alloc 异常
问题:
new语句中的异常是怎么抛出来的?
new关键字在C++规范中的标准行为:
- 在堆空间申请足够大的内存
- 成功:
- 在获取的空间中调用构造函数创建对象
- 返回对象的地址
- 失败:
- 抛出 std::bad_alloc 异常
- 成功:
- new在分配内存时
- 如果空间不足,会调用全局的 new_handler() 函数
- new_handler() 函数中抛出 std::bad_alloc 异常
- 可以自定义 new_handler() 函数
- 处理默认的new内存分配失败的情况
2.new_handler() 函数
new_handler() 的定义和使用:
问题:
如何跨编译器统一 new 的行为,提高代码移植性?
解决方案:
- 全局范围(不推荐)
- 重新定义 new / delete 的实现,不抛出任何异常
- 自定义 new_handler() 函数,不抛出任何异常
- 类层次范围
- 重载 new / delete,不抛出任何异常
- 单次动态内存分配
- 使用 nothrow 参数,指明 new 不抛出异常
示例1——证明存在 new_handler() 函数:
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
int m_value;
public:
Test()
{
cout << "Test()" << endl;
m_value = 0;
}
~Test()
{
cout << "~Test()" << endl;
}
void* operator new (unsigned long size)
{
cout << "operator new: " << size << endl;
// return malloc(size);
return NULL;
}
void operator delete (void* p)
{
cout << "operator delete: " << p << endl;
free(p);
}
void* operator new[] (unsigned long size)
{
cout << "operator new[]: " << size << endl;
return malloc(size);
}
void operator delete[] (void* p)
{
cout << "operator delete[]: " << p << endl;
free(p);
}
};
void my_new_handler()
{
cout << "void my_new_handler()" << endl;
}
void ex_func_1()
{
new_handler func = set_new_handler(my_new_handler);
try
{
cout << "func = " << func << endl;
if( func )
{
func();
}
}
catch(const bad_alloc&)
{
cout << "catch(const bad_alloc&)" << endl;
}
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
ex_func_1();
return 0;
}
运行结果为:
[root@bogon Desktop]# g++ test.cpp
test.cpp: In static member function ‘static void* Test::operator new(long unsigned int)’:
test.cpp:28: warning: ‘operator new’ must not return NULL unless it is declared ‘throw()’ (or -fcheck-new is in effect)
[root@bogon Desktop]# ./a.out
func = 0
(在g++编译器中没有设置这个全局的 new_handler() 函数,bcc编译器中实现了这个全局的 new_handler() 函数。)
示例2——动态内存申请失败的结果:
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
int m_value;
public:
Test()
{
cout << "Test()" << endl;
m_value = 0;
}
~Test()
{
cout << "~Test()" << endl;
}
void* operator new (unsigned long size)
{
cout << "operator new: " << size << endl;
// return malloc(size);
return NULL;
}
void operator delete (void* p)
{
cout << "operator delete: " << p << endl;
free(p);
}
void* operator new[] (unsigned long size)
{
cout << "operator new[]: " << size << endl;
return malloc(size);
}
void operator delete[] (void* p)
{
cout << "operator delete[]: " << p << endl;
free(p);
}
};
void ex_func_2()
{
Test* pt = new Test();
cout << "pt = " << pt << endl;
delete pt;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
ex_func_2();
return 0;
}
运行结果为:
[root@bogon Desktop]# g++ test.cpp
test.cpp: In static member function ‘static void* Test::operator new(long unsigned int)’:
test.cpp:28: warning: ‘operator new’ must not return NULL unless it is declared ‘throw()’ (or -fcheck-new is in effect)
[root@bogon Desktop]# ./a.out
operator new: 4
Test()
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
(g++编译器中报错:段错误。不同的编译器报错信息不同。)
示例3——统一不同编译器动态内存申请失败后的行为:
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
int m_value;
public:
Test()
{
cout << "Test()" << endl;
m_value = 0;
}
~Test()
{
cout << "~Test()" << endl;
}
void* operator new (unsigned long size) throw()
{
cout << "operator new: " << size << endl;
// return malloc(size);
return NULL;
}
void operator delete (void* p)
{
cout << "operator delete: " << p << endl;
free(p);
}
void* operator new[] (unsigned long size) throw()
{
cout << "operator new[]: " << size << endl;
// return malloc(size);
return NULL;
}
void operator delete[] (void* p)
{
cout << "operator delete[]: " << p << endl;
free(p);
}
};
void ex_func_2()
{
Test* pt = new Test();
cout << "pt = " << pt << endl;
delete pt;
pt = new Test[5];
cout << "pt = " << pt << endl;
delete[] pt;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
ex_func_2();
return 0;
}
运行结果为:
[root@bogon Desktop]# g++ test.cpp
[root@bogon Desktop]# ./a.out
operator new: 4
pt = 0
operator new[]: 28
pt = 0
显示的调用析构函数
示例4——让编译器申请失败后返回空指针而不是抛出异常:
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
int m_value;
public:
Test()
{
cout << "Test()" << endl;
m_value = 0;
}
~Test()
{
cout << "~Test()" << endl;
}
void* operator new (unsigned long size) throw()
{
cout << "operator new: " << size << endl;
// return malloc(size);
return NULL;
}
void operator delete (void* p)
{
cout << "operator delete: " << p << endl;
free(p);
}
void* operator new[] (unsigned long size) throw()
{
cout << "operator new[]: " << size << endl;
// return malloc(size);
return NULL;
}
void operator delete[] (void* p)
{
cout << "operator delete[]: " << p << endl;
free(p);
}
};
void ex_func_3()
{
int* p = new(nothrow) int[10];
// ... ...
delete[] p;
int bb[2] = {0};
struct ST
{
int x;
int y;
};
ST* pt = new(bb) ST(); // new():在指定空间上创建对象
pt->x = 1;
pt->y = 2;
cout << bb[0] << endl;
cout << bb[1] << endl;
pt->~ST(); // 显示的调用析构函数
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
ex_func_3();
return 0;
}
运行结果为:
[root@bogon Desktop]# g++ test.cpp
[root@bogon Desktop]# ./a.out
1
2
实验结论:
- 不是所有的编译器都遵循C++的标准规范
- 编译器可能重定义 new 的实现,并在实现中抛出 bad_alloc 异常
- 编译器的默认实现中,可能没有设置全局的 new_handler() 函数
- 对于移植性要求较高的代码,需要考虑 new 的具体细节
3.小结
- 不同的编译器在动态内存分配上的实现细节不同
- malloc 函数在内存申请失败时返回NULL值
- new 关键字在内存申请失败时
- 可能返回NULL值
- 可能抛出 bad_alloc 异常