• 11 Numpy多维数组与矩阵运算-科学计算库


      numpy是一个数组分析工具。

    • python获取函数的帮助文档,通过help()函数
    help(numpy.genfromtxt)
    Help on function genfromtxt in module numpy:
    
    genfromtxt(fname, dtype=<class 'float'>, comments='#', delimiter=None, skip_header=0, skip_footer=0, converters=None, missing_values=None, filling_values=None, usecols=None, names=None, excludelist=None, deletechars=" !#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^{|}~", replace_space='_', autostrip=False, case_sensitive=True, defaultfmt='f%i', unpack=None, usemask=False, loose=True, invalid_raise=True, max_rows=None, encoding='bytes', *, like=None)
        Load data from a text file, with missing values handled as specified.
        
        Each line past the first `skip_header` lines is split at the `delimiter`
        character, and characters following the `comments` character are discarded.
        
        Parameters
        ----------
        fname : file, str, pathlib.Path, list of str, generator
            File, filename, list, or generator to read.  If the filename
            extension is `.gz` or `.bz2`, the file is first decompressed. Note
            that generators must return byte strings. The strings
            in a list or produced by a generator are treated as lines.
    。。。

    1、numpy.genfromtxt()函数,从文件中读取数据,并解析成多维数组。

    import numpy
    
    # 当NumPy不能将非数值型值转换为float或integer类型,数据会标识为nan
    # 从文件中读取数据到多维数组中
    world_alcohol = numpy.genfromtxt('world_alcohol.txt', delimiter=',',skip_header=1)  # 返回多维数组
    print(type(world_alcohol))  # <class 'numpy.ndarray'> 多维数组
    
    # 查看[0,8)行的数据
    print(world_alcohol[0:8])

    2、numpy.array() 构造一维或多维数组

    # numpy.array()函数,可以生成一维数组和多维数组,当入参是一个list时,我们生成一维数组
    vector = numpy.array([5, 10, 15, 20])
    print(vector)        # [ 5 10 15 20]
    print(type(vector))  # <class 'numpy.ndarray'>
    # 通过shape属性,可以查看向量的大小
    print(vector.shape)  # (4,)
    
    # 传入多层嵌套list,得到是矩阵
    matrix = numpy.array([[[5,10,15],[20,25,30],[35,40,45]],[[5,10,15],[20,25,30],[35,40,45]]])
    # 通过shape属性,可以查看矩阵数组的维度大小(形状)
    print(matrix.shape)  # (2, 3, 3)
    print(type(matrix))  # <class 'numpy.ndarray'>
    print('----------')
    print(matrix)----------
    [[[ 5 10 15]
      [20 25 30]
      [35 40 45]]
    
     [[ 5 10 15]
      [20 25 30]
      [35 40 45]]]

    3、属性dtype可以查看多维数组元素的数据类型

    numbers = numpy.array([1,2,3,4])
    numbers.dtype    # dtype('int32')

    4、numpy.genfromtxt(dtype='U75')指定值类型,默认是float。

      在不指定dtype=‘’参数时,默认是float值类型。在文本字符串值场景下,需要指定值类型。

    # 指定值类型‘U75’
    world_alcohol = numpy.genfromtxt("world_alcohol.txt",delimiter=',',dtype='U75',skip_header=1)
    print(world_alcohol)
    print('--------------')
    
    # 值类型默认float,会导致非数值型转换成nan 
    world_alcohol_nan = numpy.genfromtxt('world_alcohol.txt', delimiter=',',skip_header=1)  # 返回多维数组
    print(type(world_alcohol_nan))  # <class 'numpy.ndarray'> 多维数组
    print(world_alcohol_nan[0:3])
    [['1986' 'Western Pacific' 'Viet Nam' 'Wine' '0']
     ['1986' 'Americas' 'Uruguay' 'Other' '0.5']
     ['1985' 'Africa' "Cte d'Ivoire" 'Wine' '1.62']
     ...
     ['1987' 'Africa' 'Malawi' 'Other' '0.75']
     ['1989' 'Americas' 'Bahamas' 'Wine' '1.5']
     ['1985' 'Africa' 'Malawi' 'Spirits' '0.31']]
    --------------
    <class 'numpy.ndarray'>
    [[1.986e+03       nan       nan       nan 0.000e+00]
     [1.986e+03       nan       nan       nan 5.000e-01]
     [1.985e+03       nan       nan       nan 1.620e+00]]
    
    
    # 查看22-28行的float值,可见[24行,4列]的值为空'',即nan
    sub_world_alcohol_nan = world_alcohol_nan[22:28]
    print(sub_world_alcohol_nan)   
    #help(numpy.isnan)
    [[1.984e+03       nan       nan       nan 2.670e+00]
     [1.984e+03       nan       nan       nan 4.400e-01]
     [1.985e+03       nan       nan       nan       nan]
     [1.984e+03       nan       nan       nan 0.000e+00]
     [1.985e+03       nan       nan       nan 1.360e+00]
     [1.984e+03       nan       nan       nan 2.220e+00]]
    # 第四列所有行是否nan值,返回vector
    vector_is_value_empty = numpy.isnan(sub_world_alcohol_nan[:,4]) print(vector_is_value_empty)
    [False False  True False False False]
    # 将nan批量替换为0
    sub_world_alcohol_nan[vector_is_value_empty,4] = '0'
    print(sub_world_alcohol_nan)
    [[1.984e+03       nan       nan       nan 2.670e+00]
     [1.984e+03       nan       nan       nan 4.400e-01]
     [1.985e+03       nan       nan       nan 0.000e+00]
     [1.984e+03       nan       nan       nan 0.000e+00]
     [1.985e+03       nan       nan       nan 1.360e+00]
     [1.984e+03       nan       nan       nan 2.220e+00]]
    # 矩阵第4列,全量进行批量替换为0
    vector_all_is_value_empty = numpy.isnan(world_alcohol_nan[:,4])
    world_alcohol_nan[vector_all_is_value_empty,4] = '0'
    # 取出矩阵第4列(酒精消费),函数astype(float)转换为float,sum()求和,mean()求均值
    alcohol_consumption = world_alcohol_nan[:,4]
    alcohol_consumption = alcohol_consumption.astype(float)
    total_alcohol = alcohol_consumption.sum()
    len_alcohol = len(alcohol_consumption)
    average_alcohol = alcohol_consumption.mean()
    #print(total_alcohol, len_alcohol, average_alcohol)
    print(total_alcohol)         # 1137.7800000000002
    print(len_alcohol)           # 997
    print(average_alcohol)       # 1.1412036108324977
    1137.7800000000002
    997
    1.1412036108324977


    5、寻址一个值,用[n,m]方式。 区别于分片子集的操作,[n:m,x:y]。

    uruguay_other_1986 = world_alcohol[1,4]
    print(uruguay_other_1986)           # 0.5
    print(type(uruguay_other_1986))     # <class 'numpy.str_'>
    
    third_country = world_alcohol[2,2]
    print(third_country)                # Cte d'Ivoire
    # 分片子集[a:b]
    vector = numpy.array([5,10,15,20])
    print(vector[0:3])     # [ 5 10 15]
    print(type(vector))    # <class 'numpy.ndarray'>
    print(vector.dtype)    # int32

    6、矩阵,子集分片

    matrix = numpy.array([
        [5,10,15],
        [20,25,30],
        [35,40,45]
    ])
    
    # 矩阵截取所有行,1列的值
    print(matrix[:,1])
    
    print('---------')
    
    # 矩阵所有行,[0,2)列的值
    print(matrix[:, 0:2])
    
    
    print('---------')
    
    # 矩阵[1,3)行,[0,2)列的值
    print(matrix[1:3,0:2])
     
    [10 25 40]
    ---------
    [[ 5 10]
     [20 25]
     [35 40]]
    ---------
    [[20 25]
     [35 40]]

    7、numpy值计算: 变量 操作符 值

    matrix = numpy.array([
        [5,10,15],
        [20,25,30],
        [35,40,45]
    ])
    new_matrix = matrix % 10 == 0
    print(new_matrix)
    [[False  True False]
     [ True False  True]
     [False  True False]]
    
    

    7.1 寻址所有true的值,到一个vector中

      matrix[ bool_matrix ]

    print(matrix[new_matrix])   # [10 20 30 40]

    7.2 列运算   

    matrix[:,1]      第[1]列
    matrix = numpy.array([
        [5,10,15],
        [20,25,30],
        [35,40,45]
    ])
    # 对比列[1]值是否等于25
    second_column_25 = (matrix[:,1] == 25)
    print(matrix[:,1])                   # [10 25 40]
    print(second_column_25)              # [False  True False]
    
    # 寻址true的行,所有列
    print(matrix[second_column_25, :])   # [[20 25 30]]

    7.3 多条件判断

    # 多条件判断
    vector = numpy.array([5,10,15,20])
    # 条件 与
    equal_to_ten_and_five = (vector == 10) & (vector == 5)
    print(equal_to_ten_and_five)  # [False False False False]
    
    # 条件 或
    equal_to_ten_or_five = (vector == 10) | (vector == 5)
    print(equal_to_ten_or_five)   # [ True  True False False]

    7.4 通过bool类型的矩阵或者向量,进行批量操作True位置的元素

    # 将true位置的值进行,批量修改
    vector = numpy.array([5,10,15,20])
    equal_to_ten_or_five = (vector == 10) | (vector == 5)  # [ True  True False False]
    vector[equal_to_ten_or_five] = 50
    print(vector)  #[50 50 15 20]

     7.5 通过bool类型的矩阵或者向量,进行批量操作True位置的元素:取出所有true位置的的值

    matrix = numpy.array([
        [5,10,15],
        [20,25,30],
        [35,40,45]
    ])
    new_matrix = matrix % 10 == 0
    print(new_matrix)
    
    print('----------------')
    
    # 寻址所有true的值,到一个vector中
    print(matrix[new_matrix])   # [10 20 30 40]
    [[False  True False]
     [ True False  True]
     [False  True False]]
    ----------------
    [10 20 30 40]

     7.6 matrix[:,1] 语义操作矩阵第[1]列(一维数组)   和   matrix[ vector_bool , : ] 语义操作vector_bool为Tru的行所有列(多维数组)

    matrix = numpy.array([
        [5,10,15],
        [20,25,30],
        [35,40,45]
    ])
    # 对比列[1]值是否等于25
    second_column_25 = (matrix[:,1] == 25)
    print(matrix[:,1])                   # [10 25 40]
    print(second_column_25)              # [False  True False]
    
    # 寻址true的行,所有列
    print(matrix[second_column_25, :])   # [[20 25 30]]

    7.6.1 matrix[start:end:step, 1] 语义:操作第[1]列,[start, end)步长为stetp的元素; 

    8*8棋盘矩阵,其中1、3、5、7行&&0、2、4、6列的元素置为1   1 ,3,5,7列&&0,2,4,6行也是1

    import numpy as np
    # 8*8棋盘矩阵,其中1、3、5、7行&&0、2、4、6列的元素置为1   1 ,3,5,7列&&0,2,4,6行也是1
    z = np.zeros((8,8),dtype=int)
    # 1、3、5、7行&&0、2、4、6列的元素置为1 
    z[1::2,::2] = 1
    # 0、2、4、6行&&1、3、5、7列的元素置为1
    z[::2,1::2] = 1
    #print ("z:
    ",z)
    z
    array([[0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1],
           [1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0],
           [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1],
           [1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0],
           [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1],
           [1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0],
           [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1],
           [1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0]])

    7.6.2  arr[[k0,k1,..,ki],:]数组[k0,k1,..,ki]行,arr[:,[l0,l1,..,li]]数组[l0,l1,..,li]]列

    import numpy as np
    #交换矩阵的其中两行
    a = np.arange(25).reshape(5,5)
    print ("a:
    ",a)
    print("数组2、0行 a[[2,0]] : 
    ",a[[2,0]])
    print("数组2、0列 a[:,[2,0]] : 
    ",a[:,[2,0]])
    #0、1行,赋值为3、0行的值
    a[[0,1]] = a[[3,0]]
    print ("0、1行,赋值为3、0行的值:
    ",a)
    a:
     [[ 0  1  2  3  4]
     [ 5  6  7  8  9]
     [10 11 12 13 14]
     [15 16 17 18 19]
     [20 21 22 23 24]]
    数组2、0行 a[[2,0]] : 
     [[10 11 12 13 14]
     [ 0  1  2  3  4]]
    数组2、0列 a[:,[2,0]] : 
     [[ 2  0]
     [ 7  5]
     [12 10]
     [17 15]
     [22 20]]
    0、1行,赋值为3、0行的值:
     [[15 16 17 18 19]
     [ 0  1  2  3  4]
     [10 11 12 13 14]
     [15 16 17 18 19]
     [20 21 22 23 24]]

    7.7 vector.astype(float): 多维数组类型转换之string转float

     # dtype数据类型有:

    # b       boolean
    # i        signed integer
    # u       unsigned integer
    # f        floating-point
    # c       complex floating-point
    # m      timedelta
    # M      datetime
    # O      object
    # S      (byte-)string
    # U      Unicode
    # V      void

    vector = numpy.array(["123","2","3"])  
    print(vector.dtype)                    # <U3   :Unicode 3位
    #help(numpy.dtype)
    print(vector)                          # ['123' '2' '3']
    
    print('------------')
    
    vector_conv = vector.astype(float)
    print(vector_conv.dtype)                    # float64   :float 64位
    print(vector_conv)                          #[123.   2.   3.]

    7.8 多维数组求和:vector.sum() matrix.sum()

    # axis指示我们在哪个维度上执行操作
    # axis=1表示我们想在每一行上执行操作,axis=0表示在每列上执行操作

    # 多维数组求和:vector.sum()   matrix.sum()
    # axis指示我们在哪个维度上执行操作
    # axis=1表示我们想在每一行上执行操作,axis=0表示在每列上执行操作
    # 向量 vector = numpy.array([5, 10, 15, 20]) print(vector.shape) # (4,) 向量 print(vector.sum()) # 50 #等同于vector.sum(axis=0) print(vector.sum(axis=0)) # 50 #等同于vector.sum() #print(vector.sum(axis=1)) # vector向量不可axis=1按行执行操作

    # 矩阵 matrix_4_1 = numpy.array([[5], [10], [15], [20]]) print(matrix_4_1.shape) # (4,1) 矩阵 print(matrix_4_1.sum(axis=0)) # [50] 按列加 print(matrix_4_1.sum(axis=1)) # [ 5 10 15 20] 按行加 print(matrix_4_1.sum()) # 50 matrix_3_3 = numpy.array([ [5, 10, 15], [20, 25, 30], [35, 40, 45] ]) print(matrix_3_3.sum()) # 225 print(matrix_3_3.sum(axis=0)) # [60 75 90] 按列加 print(matrix_3_3.sum(axis=1)) # [ 30 75 120] 按行加

    7.8.1 矩阵的运算:2x3x3矩阵

    matrix_2_3_3 = numpy.array([
        [
                    [5, 10, 15], 
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                 ],
        [
                    [5, 10, 15], 
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                 ]
    ])
    print(matrix_2_3_3.sum(axis=0).shape)
    print(matrix_2_3_3.sum(axis=0))
    
    print(matrix_2_3_3.sum(axis=1).shape)
    print(matrix_2_3_3.sum(axis=1))  
    (3, 3)
    [[10 20 30]
     [40 50 60]
     [70 80 90]]
    (2, 3)
    [[60 75 90]
     [60 75 90]]
    

     7.8.2 矩阵的运算:4x3x3矩阵 

    matrix_4_3_3 = numpy.array([
        [
            [5, 10, 15], 
            [20, 25, 30],
            [35, 40, 45]
        ],
        [
            [5, 10, 15],
            [20, 25, 30],
            [35, 40, 45]
        ]
        ,
        [
            [5, 10, 15],
            [20, 25, 30],
            [35, 40, 45]
        ]
        ,
        [
            [5, 10, 15],
            [20, 25, 30],
            [35, 40, 45]
        ]
    ])
    print(matrix_4_3_3.shape)
    print('------------------')
    print(matrix_4_3_3.sum(axis=0))
    print('------------------')
    print(matrix_4_3_3.sum(axis=0).shape)
    print('------------------')
    print(matrix_4_3_3.sum(axis=1))
    print('------------------')
    print(matrix_4_3_3.sum(axis=1).shape)
    (4, 3, 3)
    ------------------
    [[ 20  40  60]
     [ 80 100 120]
     [140 160 180]]
    ------------------
    (3, 3)
    ------------------
    [[60 75 90]
     [60 75 90]
     [60 75 90]
     [60 75 90]]
    ------------------
    (4, 3)
    

      7.8.3 矩阵的运算:2x4x3x3矩阵 

    matrix_2_4_3_3_3 = numpy.array([
        [
            [
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ],
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ],
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ]
            ],
            [
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ],
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ],
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ]
            ],
            [
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ],
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ],
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ]
            ],
            [
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ],
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ],
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ]
            ]
        ],
        [
            [
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ],
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ],
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ]
            ],
            [
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ],
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ],
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ]
            ],
            [
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ],
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ],
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ]
            ],
            [
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ],
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ],
                [
                    [5, 10, 15],
                    [20, 25, 30],
                    [35, 40, 45]
                ]
            ]
        ]
    ])
    print(matrix_2_4_3_3_3.shape)
    print('------------------')
    #print(matrix_2_4_3_3_3.sum(axis=0))
    print('------------------')
    print(matrix_2_4_3_3_3.sum(axis=0).shape)
    print('------------------')
    #print(matrix_2_4_3_3_3.sum(axis=1))
    print('------------------')
    print(matrix_2_4_3_3_3.sum(axis=1).shape)
    (2, 4, 3, 3, 3)
    ------------------
    ------------------
    (4, 3, 3, 3)
    ------------------
    ------------------
    (2, 3, 3, 3)

    8、数组变维

    8.1 数组变维函数 reshape()

    reshape:在不改变原数组数据的情况下,将它reshape成一个新的维度。

                  如果给定的数组数据和需要reshape的形状不符合时,将会报错。

    import numpy as np
    a = np.arange(30).reshape(2,3, 5)
    a
    array([[[ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4],
            [ 5,  6,  7,  8,  9],
            [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]],
    
           [[15, 16, 17, 18, 19],
            [20, 21, 22, 23, 24],
            [25, 26, 27, 28, 29]]])
    b = a.reshape(5,6)
    b
    array([[ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5],
           [ 6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11],
           [12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17],
           [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23],
           [24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29]])

    reshape重定义形状赋值-1,会自动计算维度
    import numpy as np
    a = np.arange(24).reshape(2,3,4)
    print("a: 
    ",a)
    # reshape重定义形状赋值-1,会自动计算维度:注意的是必须被整除
    b = a.reshape(6,-1)
    print("b: 
    ",b)
    a: 
     [[[ 0  1  2  3]
      [ 4  5  6  7]
      [ 8  9 10 11]]
    
     [[12 13 14 15]
      [16 17 18 19]
      [20 21 22 23]]]
    b: 
     [[ 0  1  2  3]
     [ 4  5  6  7]
     [ 8  9 10 11]
     [12 13 14 15]
     [16 17 18 19]
     [20 21 22 23]]

    8.2 数组形状属性shape(维度)

    # 数组形状(维度)
    a.shape
    (2, 3, 5)

    8.3  ndim属性:数组坐标轴数(维度)

    a.ndim
    3

    8.4 dtypes属性:数组的数据类型

    a.dtype.name
    'int32'

    8.5  size属性:数组中元素的总数

    a.size
    15

    8.6 zeros()构建一个由0填充的给定形状(3,4)和类型的新数组

    #help(np.zeros)
    np.zeros ((3,4))

    array([[0., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., 0.]])

     8.7 ones()构建一个由1填充的给定形状(2,,3,4)和类型 int32 的新数组 

    #help(np.ones)
    np.ones( (2,3,4), dtype=np.int32 )
    array([[[1, 1, 1, 1],
            [1, 1, 1, 1],
            [1, 1, 1, 1]],
    
           [[1, 1, 1, 1],
            [1, 1, 1, 1],
            [1, 1, 1, 1]]])

     8.9 arrange(end) / arrange(start,end,step) 创建数值序列数值

    # 10-30范围内,步长为5,构建序列
    np.arange( 10, 30, 5 )
    array([10, 15, 20, 25])
    # 0-2范围内,步长为0.3,构建序列
    np.arange( 0, 2, 0.3 )
    array([ 0. ,  0.3,  0.6,  0.9,  1.2,  1.5,  1.8])
    # 0-12,构建(4行,3列)数组
    np.arange(12).reshape(4,3)
    array([[ 0,  1,  2],
           [ 3,  4,  5],
           [ 6,  7,  8],
           [ 9, 10, 11]])

    8.10  numpy.random.random( (n,m) )  构建(n行,m列)随机值 [0.0, 1.0) 数组 

    print(np.random.random((2,3)))
    #help(np.random.random)
    [[0.75551497 0.12664133 0.66382302]
     [0.17664593 0.59902515 0.79439341]]

     8.11  linspace(start, end, num) 构建[start, end)区间内均匀num个元素的数组

    np.linspace主要用来创建等差数列。

    from numpy import pi
    np.linspace( 0, 2*pi, 100 )
    #help(np.linspace)
    array([0.        , 0.06346652, 0.12693304, 0.19039955, 0.25386607,
           0.31733259, 0.38079911, 0.44426563, 0.50773215, 0.57119866,
           0.63466518, 0.6981317 , 0.76159822, 0.82506474, 0.88853126,
           0.95199777, 1.01546429, 1.07893081, 1.14239733, 1.20586385,
           1.26933037, 1.33279688, 1.3962634 , 1.45972992, 1.52319644,
           1.58666296, 1.65012947, 1.71359599, 1.77706251, 1.84052903,
           1.90399555, 1.96746207, 2.03092858, 2.0943951 , 2.15786162,
           2.22132814, 2.28479466, 2.34826118, 2.41172769, 2.47519421,
           2.53866073, 2.60212725, 2.66559377, 2.72906028, 2.7925268 ,
           2.85599332, 2.91945984, 2.98292636, 3.04639288, 3.10985939,
           3.17332591, 3.23679243, 3.30025895, 3.36372547, 3.42719199,
           3.4906585 , 3.55412502, 3.61759154, 3.68105806, 3.74452458,
           3.8079911 , 3.87145761, 3.93492413, 3.99839065, 4.06185717,
           4.12532369, 4.1887902 , 4.25225672, 4.31572324, 4.37918976,
           4.44265628, 4.5061228 , 4.56958931, 4.63305583, 4.69652235,
           4.75998887, 4.82345539, 4.88692191, 4.95038842, 5.01385494,
           5.07732146, 5.14078798, 5.2042545 , 5.26772102, 5.33118753,
           5.39465405, 5.45812057, 5.52158709, 5.58505361, 5.64852012,
           5.71198664, 5.77545316, 5.83891968, 5.9023862 , 5.96585272,
           6.02931923, 6.09278575, 6.15625227, 6.21971879, 6.28318531])
    #生成0~10之间均匀分布的11个数,包括0和10
    
    z = np.linspace(0,10,11,endpoint=True,retstep=True)
    print (z)
    (array([ 0.,  1.,  2.,  3.,  4.,  5.,  6.,  7.,  8.,  9., 10.]), 1.0)

     8.12 np.sin()对ndarray多维数组中每个元素取正弦

    print(np.linspace( 0, 2*pi, 10 ))
    np.sin(np.linspace( 0, 2*pi, 10 ))
    # help(np.sin)
    [0.         0.6981317  1.3962634  2.0943951  2.7925268  3.4906585
     4.1887902  4.88692191 5.58505361 6.28318531]
    
    array([ 0.00000000e+00,  6.42787610e-01,  9.84807753e-01,  8.66025404e-01,
            3.42020143e-01, -3.42020143e-01, -8.66025404e-01, -9.84807753e-01,
           -6.42787610e-01, -2.44929360e-16])

     8.13  np.array( array_like )生成多维数组,多维数组计算:向量计算

    a = np.array( [20,30,40,50] )
    b = np.arange( 4 )
    print('a : ', a )
    print('b : ', b )
    #b
    c = a-b
    print ('c : ',c)
    b**2
    print ('b**2 : ',b**2)
    print('(a<35 : ', a<35)
    # help(np.array)
    a :  [20 30 40 50]
    b :  [0 1 2 3]
    c :  [20 29 38 47]
    b**2 :  [0 1 4 9]
    (a<35 :  [ True  True False False]

    8.14  np.array( array_like )生成多维数组,多维数组计算:矩阵计算

    8.14.1   矩阵叉乘  : 必须是 (n,m) 叉乘 (n,m)  得到(n,m)

    A = np.array( [[1,1],
                   [2,2],
                   [0,1]] )
    B = np.array( [[2,0],
                   [2,0],
                   [3,4]] )
    print ('A : 
    
    ', A)
    print ('B : 
    
    ', B)
    # 矩阵 叉 乘  : 必须是 (n,m) 叉乘 (n,m)  得到(n,m)
    print ('A*B : 
    
    ', A*B)
    A : 
    
     [[1 1]
     [2 2]
     [0 1]]
    B : 
    
     [[2 0]
     [2 0]
     [3 4]]
    A*B : 
    
     [[2 0]
     [4 0]
     [0 4]]

    8.14.2  矩阵点乘   : 必须是 (i,k) 点乘 (k,j)  得到(i, j)

    A = np.array( [[1,1],
                   [2,2],
                   [0,1]] )
    B = np.array( [[2,0,1],
                   [3,4,1]] )
    print ('A : 
    
    ', A)
    print ('B : 
    
    ', B)
    # 矩阵 点 乘   : 必须是 (i,k) 点乘 (k,j)  得到(i, j)
    print('A.dot(B) : 
    
    ', A.dot(B))
    print('np.dot(A, B) : 
    
    ', np.dot(A, B)) 
    A : 
    
     [[1 1]
     [2 2]
     [0 1]]
    B : 
    
     [[2 0 1]
     [3 4 1]]
    A.dot(B) : 
    
     [[ 5  4  2]
     [10  8  4]
     [ 3  4  1]]
    np.dot(A, B) : 
    
     [[ 5  4  2]
     [10  8  4]
     [ 3  4  1]]

    9  数组运算

    9.1 numpy.exp(B):返回e的幂次方,e是一个常数为2.71828 : e的B次方

    import numpy as np
    B = np.arange(3)
    print(B)                       # [0   1    2]
    print(np.exp(B))               # [1.         2.71828183 7.3890561 ]

    9.2  np.sqrt(B):求B的开方,根号B

    print(B)                       # [0   1    2]
    print(np.sqrt(B))              # [0.         1.         1.41421356]

    9.3  求B的平方

    # 对B求平方
    print(B**2)          # [0 1 4]

    9.4 np.floor()返回不大于输入参数的最大整数。(向下取整)

    # numpy.random.random( (n,m) )  构建(n行,m列)随机值 [0.0, 1.0) 数组 
    # 构建(3行,4列)随机值的多维数组,值乘以10,用floor向下取整
    a = np.floor(10*np.random.random(3,4))
    print(a)
    [[8. 8. 1. 5.]
     [1. 7. 7. 0.]
     [3. 3. 6. 9.]]
    # 数组a的形状  : (3行,4列)
    print(a.shape)  # (3, 4)
    # 重新设置多维数组a的形状
    a.shape = (6, 2)
    print (a) 
    ndarray.T   数组属性:矩阵的置
    print(a.T)

    9.5 numpy.ravel()  数组扁平化

    # arr.ravel()
    b = a.ravel() print(b) # [0. 0. 2. 1. 8. 9. 0. 0. 7. 0. 6. 6.]

    9.6 numpy.resize( arr, (n,m) )新建  和 arr.resize( (n,m) )自定义形状

    如果新数组比源数组大,则将会copy原数组的值对新数组进行填充
    # a.resize是重塑自己的形状,返回None;希望返回新数组用np.resize(a, (2,6))
    print (a.resize((2,7)))    
    print(a)
    # 如果新数组比源数组大,则将会copy原数组的值对新数组进行填充
    b = np.array([[0,1],[2,3]])
    # np.resize : 给定一个数组,和特定维度,将返回一个给定维度形式的新数组
    c = np.resize(b,(3,2))

    9.7 np.vstack()和np.hstack()

    import numpy as np
    arr1 = np.array([1,2,3])
    arr2 = np.array([4,5,6])
    
    # np.hstack():在水平方向上平铺
    print("np.hstack : 
    ", np.hstack((arr1, arr2)))
    
    # np.vstack():在竖直方向上堆叠
    print("np.vstack : 
    ", np.vstack((arr1, arr2)))
    np.hstack : 
     [1 2 3 4 5 6]
    np.vstack : 
     [[1 2 3]
     [4 5 6]]

    9.8 np.hsplit(a,x) 和 np.vsplit(a,x)

    np.hsplit(a,x)函数的作用是将数组a横向等分成x个数组。列数必须能平分

    np.vsplit(a,x)函数的作用是将数组a纵向等分成x个数组。行数必须能平分

    import numpy as np
    #help(np.arange)
    a = np.arange(40).reshape((10,-1))
    print(a)
    [[ 0  1  2  3]
     [ 4  5  6  7]
     [ 8  9 10 11]
     [12 13 14 15]
     [16 17 18 19]
     [20 21 22 23]
     [24 25 26 27]
     [28 29 30 31]
     [32 33 34 35]
     [36 37 38 39]]
    # 将a等分为2列,列数必须能平分
    b = np.hsplit(a,2)
    b
    [array([[ 0,  1],
            [ 4,  5],
            [ 8,  9],
            [12, 13],
            [16, 17],
            [20, 21],
            [24, 25],
            [28, 29],
            [32, 33],
            [36, 37]]),
     array([[ 2,  3],
            [ 6,  7],
            [10, 11],
            [14, 15],
            [18, 19],
            [22, 23],
            [26, 27],
            [30, 31],
            [34, 35],
            [38, 39]])]
    # 将a等分为4列,列数必须能平分
    b = np.hsplit(a,4)
    b
    [array([[ 0],
            [ 4],
            [ 8],
            [12],
            [16],
            [20],
            [24],
            [28],
            [32],
            [36]]),
     array([[ 1],
            [ 5],
            [ 9],
            [13],
            [17],
            [21],
            [25],
            [29],
            [33],
            [37]]),
     array([[ 2],
            [ 6],
            [10],
            [14],
            [18],
            [22],
            [26],
            [30],
            [34],
            [38]]),
     array([[ 3],
            [ 7],
            [11],
            [15],
            [19],
            [23],
            [27],
            [31],
            [35],
            [39]])]
    # 将a等分为2行,行必须能平分
    b = np.vsplit(a,2)
    b
    [array([[ 0,  1,  2,  3],
            [ 4,  5,  6,  7],
            [ 8,  9, 10, 11],
            [12, 13, 14, 15],
            [16, 17, 18, 19]]),
     array([[20, 21, 22, 23],
            [24, 25, 26, 27],
            [28, 29, 30, 31],
            [32, 33, 34, 35],
            [36, 37, 38, 39]])]
    # 将a等分为5行,行必须能平分
    b = np.vsplit(a,5)
    b
    [array([[0, 1, 2, 3],
            [4, 5, 6, 7]]),
     array([[ 8,  9, 10, 11],
            [12, 13, 14, 15]]),
     array([[16, 17, 18, 19],
            [20, 21, 22, 23]]),
     array([[24, 25, 26, 27],
            [28, 29, 30, 31]]),
     array([[32, 33, 34, 35],
            [36, 37, 38, 39]])]

    9.9 id(obj, /) 返回一个对象的标识

    a = np.arange(12)
    b = a
    # a和b是同一个ndarray对象的两个名称
    print(b is a)
    b.shape = 3,4
    print (a.shape)
    # 对象的标识
    print (id(a))  
    print (id(b))
    True
    (3, 4)
    2212586013488
    2212586013488

    9.10 view()方法创建一个查看相同数据的新数组对象。

    view方法创建一个相同数据的新数组对象。且,指向同一个数据存储的内存地址。

    # view方法创建一个相同数据的新数组对象。且,指向同一个数据存储的内存地址
    a = np.arange(12)
    c = a.view()
    print(c is a)
    c.shape = 2,6
    print ("a.shape: ",a.shape)
    print("c.shape:",c.shape)
    c[0,4] = 1234
    print("c: 
    ", c)
    print("a: 
    ", a)
    
    print("a~c 共享内存:", np.may_share_memory(a,c))
    False
    a.shape:  (12,)
    c.shape: (2, 6)
    c: 
     [[   0    1    2    3 1234    5]
     [   6    7    8    9   10   11]]
    a: 
     [   0    1    2    3 1234    5    6    7    8    9   10   11]
    a~c 共享内存: True

    9.11 copy()方法对数组及其数据进行完整的复制。不共享内存。

    a = np.arange(12).reshape(3,4)
    d = a.copy() 
    print("d is a : ",d is a)
    d[0,0] = 9999
    print ("d: 
    ", d) 
    print ("a: 
    ", a)
    d is a :  False
    d: 
     [[9999    1    2    3]
     [   4    5    6    7]
     [   8    9   10   11]]
    a: 
     [[ 0  1  2  3]
     [ 4  5  6  7]
     [ 8  9 10 11]]

    9.12 numpy.argmax(array, axis)、numpy.argmin(array, axis)  用于返回一个numpy数组中最大(小)值的索引值。

    axis=0每列最大值索引,axis=1每行最大值索引

    axis=None  : 给出水平方向最小(大)值的下标;即数组拉平后水平方向。

    import numpy as np
    # numpy.argmax(array, axis)  用于返回一个numpy数组中最大值的索引值。axis=0每列最大值索引,axis=1每行最大值索引
    
    # 一维数组:直接返回索引值
    one_dim_arr = np.array([1,4,5,3,7,2,6])
    print(np.argmax(one_dim_arr))
    4
    # 引用博客:https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_42755982/article/details/104542538
    #
    多维argmax: 以三维为例,三维计算之后降维,将返回一个二维数组。 # 一个(m×n×p)维的矩阵, # axis为0,舍去m,返回一个 n×p 维的矩阵 # axis为1,舍去n,返回一个 m×p 维的矩阵 # axis为2,舍去p,返回一个 m×n 维的矩阵 #three_dim_arr = np.floor(10*np.random.random(24)).reshape((3,2,4)) three_dim_arr = [ [[1,2,3,5],[-3,0,6,8]], [[3,9,-3,6],[0,6,33,22]], [[62,1,0,18],[6,3,-2,16]] ] #print(three_dim_arr) a = np.argmax(three_dim_arr, axis=0) print("a: ", a) b = np.argmax(three_dim_arr, axis=1) print("b: ", b) c = np.argmax(three_dim_arr, axis=2) print("c: ", c)
    import numpy as np
    three_dim_arr = np.array([
        [[1,2,3,5],[-3,0,6,8]],
        [[3,9,-3,6],[0,6,33,22]],
        [[62,1,0,18],[6,3,-2,16]]
    ])
    print(three_dim_arr.argmin())
    print(three_dim_arr.argmax())
    4
    16

    找出数组中与给定值最接近的数的下标索引

    #找出数组中与给定值最接近的数的下标索引
    z = np.array([[0,1,8,2,3],[4,9,5,6,7]])
    a = 5.1
    #print (np.abs(z-a))
    print (np.abs(z-a).argmin())
    7

    9.13 np.tile() 将原矩阵横向、纵向地复制。

    tile 是瓷砖的意思,顾名思义,这个函数就是把数组像瓷砖一样铺展开来。

    a = np.arange(0, 40, 10)   # [0,10,20,30]
    b = np.tile(a, (2, 3, 3)) 
    print (b)
    [[[ 0 10 20 30  0 10 20 30  0 10 20 30]
      [ 0 10 20 30  0 10 20 30  0 10 20 30]
      [ 0 10 20 30  0 10 20 30  0 10 20 30]]
    
     [[ 0 10 20 30  0 10 20 30  0 10 20 30]
      [ 0 10 20 30  0 10 20 30  0 10 20 30]
      [ 0 10 20 30  0 10 20 30  0 10 20 30]]]

    9.14 np.sort() 对给定的数组的元素进行排序

    a = np.array([[4, 3, 5], [1, 2, 9], [8,6,7]])
    #a.sort(axis=1)  # 自排序
    #print (a)
    b = np.sort(a, axis=1)   # 等于np.sort(a,axis=-1)   # 等于 np.sort(a)
    print ("b : 
    ",b)
    
    c = np.sort(a, axis=0)
    print("c : 
    ", c)
     
    b : 
     [[3 4 5]
     [1 2 9]
     [6 7 8]]
    c : 
     [[1 2 5]
     [4 3 7]
     [8 6 9]]

    9.15  np.argsort() 输出排序后的下标索引

    a = np.array([4, 3, 1, 2, 9])
    j = np.argsort(a)
    print ("j: 
    ",j)
    print ("a[j]: 
    ",a[j])
    j: 
     [2 3 1 0 4]
    a[j]: 
     [1 2 3 4 9]

    9.16 np.min(z)、z.min()数组最小值 和 np.max(z)、z.max()数组最大值

    z = np.floor(np.random.random((3,5))*10)
    print("z:
    ",z)
    zmin,zmax = z.min(),z.max()
    print("zmin: ",zmin,"
    zmax: ",zmax)
    z:
     [[3. 9. 1. 6. 5.]
     [1. 8. 3. 6. 3.]
     [8. 6. 5. 9. 5.]]
    zmin:  1.0 
    zmax:  9.0

    归一化,将矩阵规格化到0~1,即最小的变成0,最大的变成1,最小与最大之间的等比缩放

    #归一化,将矩阵规格化到0~1,即最小的变成0,最大的变成1,最小与最大之间的等比缩放
    z = np.floor(10*np.random.random((5,5)))
    print ("z:
    ",z)
    
    zmin,zmax = z.min(),z.max()
    print("zmin: ",zmin,"
    zmax: ",zmax)
    z1 = (z-zmin)/(zmax-zmin)
    print ("z1:
    ",z1)
    z:
     [[1. 5. 6. 1. 7.]
     [6. 0. 0. 3. 4.]
     [9. 3. 1. 5. 4.]
     [4. 7. 7. 3. 9.]
     [3. 6. 4. 1. 6.]]
    zmin:  0.0 
    zmax:  9.0
    z1:
     [[0.11111111 0.55555556 0.66666667 0.11111111 0.77777778]
     [0.66666667 0.         0.         0.33333333 0.44444444]
     [1.         0.33333333 0.11111111 0.55555556 0.44444444]
     [0.44444444 0.77777778 0.77777778 0.33333333 1.        ]
     [0.33333333 0.66666667 0.44444444 0.11111111 0.66666667]]

    矩阵相加: 每行,对应列相加,列数必须相等

    #矩阵相加: 每行,对应列相加,列数必须相等
    z = np.ones((3,5))
    print ("z:
    ",z)
    z1 = z + np.arange(5)
    print ("np.arange(5):
    ",np.arange(5))
    print ("z1:
    ",z1)
    z:
     [[1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
     [1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
     [1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]]
    np.arange(5):
     [0 1 2 3 4]
    z1:
     [[1. 2. 3. 4. 5.]
     [1. 2. 3. 4. 5.]
     [1. 2. 3. 4. 5.]]

     9.17 np.random.randint()函数

    # numpy.random.randint(low, high=None, size=None, dtype=’l’)
    # 返回随机整数或整型数组,范围区间为[low,high),包含low,不包含high;
    # high没有填写时,默认生成随机数的范围是[0,low)

    # low=1  输出[0,1)内的一个整数
    print(np.random.randint(1))  # 0
    
    # low=1, high=none, size=2行2列,输出范围[0,1)内的一个整数数组
    print(np.random.randint(1,size=(2,2)))   # array([[0,0],[0,0]])
    
    print(np.random.randint(0,2))   # 输出[0,2)之间的整数
    
    np.random.randint(1,20,size=(4,4),dtype='uint8')
    array([[16,  8, 15,  4],
           [ 3,  3,  8,  8],
           [ 5,  5,  7,  6],
           [19, 14,  8, 15]], dtype=uint8)

    9.18 NumPy.all()与any()函数

    9.18.1  all(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue)

    判断给定轴向上的***所有元素是否都为True***
    零为False,其他情况为True
    如果axis为None,返回单个布尔值True或False

    9.18.2 any(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue)

    判断给定轴向上***是否有任意一个元素为True***
    如果axis为None,返回单个布尔值True或False

    # numpy all()判断矩阵中所有元素是否都为True
    # numpy any()判断矩阵中任意一元素是否都为True
    a2 = np.arange(5)                    # array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
    print('np.all(a2): ', np.all(a2))    # 是否全为True,np.all(a2):  False
    print('np.any(a2): ', np.any(a2))    # 是否任意为True,np.any(a2):  True
    
    # 随手写一个矩阵 [0 3 0 0 0]
    a3 = np.array([0,3,0,0,0])
    print('np.all(a3): ', np.all(a3))    # 是否全为True,np.all(a3):  False
    print('np.any(a3): ', np.any(a3))    # 是否任意为True,np.any(a3):  True
    
    # 生产一个全是0的矩阵,形状与a3一样
    a4 = np.zeros_like(a3)               # [0 0 0 0 0]
    print('np.all(a4): ', np.all(a4))    # 是否全为True,np.all(a4):  False
    print('np.any(a4): ', np.any(a4))    # 是否任意为True,np.any(a4):  False
    
    # 生成一个全是False的矩阵,形状与a3一样
    a5 = np.full_like(a3, False)         # array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
    a5
    print('np.all(a5): ', np.all(a5))    # 是否全为True,np.all(a5):  False
    print('np.any(a5): ', np.any(a5))    # 是否任意为True,np.any(a5):  False
    
    # 生产一个全是True的矩阵,形状和a3一样
    a6 = np.full_like(a3, True)
    a6                                   # array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
    print('np.all(a6): ', np.all(a6))    # 是否全为True,np.all(a6):  True
    print('np.any(a6): ', np.any(a6))    # 是否任意为True,np.any(a6):  True

    9.19  numpy.meshgrid(*xi, **kwargs)  从两个或多个坐标向量返回坐标矩阵。

    import numpy as np
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    
    #x = np.array([[0,1,2],[0,1,2]])
    #y = np.array([[0,0,0],[1,1,1]])
    x,y = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-1,1,10),np.linspace(-1,1,10))
    plt.plot(x,y,
            color='red',
            marker='.',
            linestyle='')
    plt.grid(True)
    plt.show()
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