• SQL语句-SELECT语句


    select语句

    Select语句是指从现存的一个或多个表中查看满足条件的数据

    Select语句常规用法:

    查看表中所有数据

    Select * from students;
    

    查看所有的sid和sname

    Select sid,sname from students;
    

    查看符合条件的数据

    Select sid,sname from students where sid=1;
    

    查看排序后的数据

    Select * from students order by sid; 
    

    查看分 组的数据

    Select sex,count(*) from students group by sex having count(*)>=2; 
    

    查看两个表 链接后的数据

    Select * from students a inner join students2 b on a.sid=b.sid; 
    

    字段使用别名的方法1

    Select sid as a,sname as b from students; 
    

    字段使用别名的方法2

    Select sid a,sname b from students; 
    

    Select_expr关键词

    代表要查询的字段,至少要有一个select_expr,或者如果 是查询所有的字段,则用*号代替
    Table_references关键词代表查询数据来自的一个或多个表
    Where子句代表只查询满足条件的表数据,如果没有where子句则代表查询
    查询t1和t2表中所有的字段

    SELECT * FROM t1 INNER JOIN t2 ...
    SELECT t1.*, t2.* FROM t1 INNER JOIN t2 ...
    

    Select_expr也可以使用MySQL内部的函数,另外字段也可以使用别名

    SELECT CONCAT(last_name,', ',first_name) AS full_name FROM mytable ORDER BY full_name;
    SELECT CONCAT(last_name,',',first_name)full_name FROM mytable ORDER BY full_name;
    

    Where条件中不能使用select_expr中定义的字段别名,因为语句执行顺序是 whereselect之前,所以where在执行时字段别名未知01表中所有的数据

    Select sid a,sname b from students where a>1;               -- 执行错误、 
    ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'a' in 'where clause'
    Select sid a,sname b from students where sid>1;             -- 正确的写法 
    +------+------+
    |a      | b        | 
    +------+------+ 
    | 2     | ccc      |
    +------+------+ 
    

    From table_references子句

    • 指定表名,tbl_name也可以指定别名, 当涉及的表不在当前的数据库时,需要使用db_name.tbl_name来 指定表和所在的数据库名
    SELECT t1.name, t2.salary FROM employee AS t1, info AS t2 WHERE t1.name = t2.name;
    SELECT t1.name, t2.salary FROM employee t1, info t2 WHERE t1.name = t2.name;
    
    -- 当多个表中有相同的字段名,且需要查询出来时,需要在 select_expr中使用tbl_name.column_name来显视指定要查询哪个表的字段
    
    • 查看另外的数据库的表数据
    Select * from test2.students;
    
    • 两个数据库里的表关联查询
    Select * from students a inner join test2.students b on a.sid=b.sid; 
    +------+-------+------+------+-------+
    |sid |sname|sex |sid |sname|
    +------+-------+------+------+-------+
    | 1 | aaa | 0 | 1 | abc | 
    | 2 | ccc | 1 | 2 | bcd |
    
    -- 有相同字段名时要指定表名,可以用表的别名(注意执行顺序)
    mysql> select sname from students a inner join test2.students b on a.sid=b.sid; 
    ERROR 1052 (23000): Column 'sname' in field list is ambiguous
    mysql> select a.sname from students a inner join test2.students b on a.sid=b.sid;
    +-------+
    | sname |
    +-------+
    |aaa |
    | ccc |
    

    Group by子句

    • 代表分组,通常和聚合函数配合使用,如最大值 max, 最小值min, 平均值avg, 个数count,求和sum
    insert into scores values(1,'english',88),(1,'chinese',86),(1,'math',90),(2,'english',95),(2,'chinese', 84);
    select sum(score) from scores;
    select sid,count(*),max(score),min(score),avg(score),sum(score) from scores group by sid;
    +------+----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
    | sid | count(*) | max(score) | min(score) | avg(score) | sum(score) |
    +------+----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
    | 1 | 3 | 90 | 86 | 88.0000 | 264 |
    | 2 | 2 | 95 | 84 | 89.5000 | 179 |
    

    Order by和group by子句

    • 可以引用select_expr中的列,通过以下三种方式:
    SELECT college,region,seed FROM tournament ORDER BY region, seed;
    SELECT college, region AS r, seed AS s FROM tournament ORDER BY r, s;
    SELECT college,region,seed FROM tournament ORDER BY 2, 3;
    -- Order by子句表示查询结果按照顺序排列,默认是升序排列,可以指定DESC
    

    Having子句

    *一般是跟在group by子句之后,代表限制分组之后的结果

    SELECT user, MAX(salary) FROM users GROUP BY user HAVING MAX(salary) > 10;    -- 表明按照降序排列
    
    • Limit子句用来限制查询结果的条数,其后可以带两位>0的整数,第一位代表offset,第二位代表取多少行
    SELECT * FROM tbl LIMIT 5; 		-- Retrieve first 5 rows,等同于select * from tbl limit 0,5 
    SELECT * FROM tbl LIMIT 5,10; 		-- Retrieve rows 6-15
    select sid,avg(score) from scores group by sid having avg(score)>88;
    +------+------------+
    | sid | avg(score) |
    +------+------------+
    | 2 | 89.5000 |
    +------+------------+
    select * from scores order by sid desc,score;
    +------+---------+-------+
    | sid | class | score |
    +------+---------+-------+
    
    2 | chinese |
    2 | english |
    1 | chinese |
    1 | english |
    1 | math | 90 |
    84 | 95 |
    86 | 88 |
    
    • Select ... into语句代表将查询结果写入文件中或者定义的参数变量 中
    • For update关键词代表将查询的数据行加上写锁,直到本事务提 交为止
    • Lock in share mode关键词代表将查询的数据行加上读锁,则其他 的链接可以读相同的数据但无法修改加锁的数据
    • ALL/Distinct关键词代表是否将查询结果中完全重复的行都查询出 来,ALL是默认值代表都查询出来,指定distinct代表重复行只显示 一次
    • HIGH_PRIORITY代表赋予读操作较高的操作优先级
    • Max_statement_time=N子句代表设置语句执行超时时间(毫秒)
    • Straight_join关键词代表强制优化器在表连接操作时按照语句中 from子句中的表的顺序执行
    • Sql_big_result/sql_small_result通常是和group by/distinct一起使用, 其作用是事先告诉优化器查询结果是大还是小,以便优化器事先
      准备好将查询结果存放在磁盘临时表或者快速临时表中以便后续
      操作
    • Sql_buffer_result强制将查询结果存入临时表中
    • Sql_calc_found_rows关键词代表要求查询结果的同时计算结果的行数,以便后续通过SELECT FOUND_ROWS()直接获取行数
      Sql_cache/sql_no_cache代表是否直接从query cache中获取查询结 果
    mysql> select count(*),count(all sid),count(distinct sid) from scores; 
    +----------+----------------+---------------------+
    | count(*) | count(all sid) | count(distinct sid) | 
    +----------+----------------+---------------------+ 
    |5|5|2|
    
    • sql Select ... into语句代表将查询结果存入定义的变量或者文件
    • SELECT ... INTO var_list将查询结果存入定义的变量
    • SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE将查询结果按照一定的格式写入到文件中
    • SELECT ... INTO DUMPFILE将查询结果以一行的格式写入到文件中,且只能 写入一行
    • 当使用存入变量方法是,需要保证查询结果返回一行,如果不返 回数据则报no data错误,如果返回多行则报Result consisted of more than one row错误,当返回行数不确定时,可以用limit 1强制 只返回一行
    SELECT id, data INTO @x, @y FROM test.t1 LIMIT 1;
    
    • 使用Select ... into outfile ‘file_name’时,文件会创建在本地服务器 上,所以要确保你的用户能创建文件,而且此file_name不能已经 存在在服务器上以免覆盖其他文件
    SELECT sid,sname,sex INTO OUTFILE '/tmp/students.txt' FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"' LINES TERMINATED BY '
    '
    FROM students;
    ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --secure-file-priv option so it cannot execute this statement
    
    • My.ini配置文件中添加secure_file_priv=/tmp/后重启再执行,成功
    select * into dumpfile '/tmp/students3.txt' from students;
    select * into dumpfile '/tmp/students4.txt' from students limit 1;
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    

    Select语句中的表连接

    • 当select语句中涉及到多表查询结果时,就会用到表连接操作
      在MySQL中,join/inner join/cross join三者的意思是一样的

    Join语句中表别名的用法

    SELECT t1.name, t2.salary
    FROM employee AS t1 INNER JOIN info AS t2 ON t1.name = t2.name; 
    SELECT t1.name, t2.salary FROM employee t1 INNER JOIN info t2 ON t1.name = t2.name;
    

    From子句后面还可以跟子查询,但子查询必须带别名
    SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1, 2, 3) AS t1;
    当inner join或者表之间用逗号隔开,且没有表之间的关联字段,则代
    表结果是两者的笛卡尔积
    conditional_expr子句一般代表指定两个表之间的关联条件,而where条
    件中指定查询结果的筛选条件
    STRAIGHT_JOIN和Join的用法大致相同,唯一不同是确保左表是先被读 取的,以保证优化器的读取顺序

    Select语句中的表连接

    SELECT * FROM students, scores;         -- 没有关联条件,表示笛卡尔积
    
    SELECT * FROM students INNER JOIN scores ON students.sid=scores.sid;
    
    SELECT * FROM students LEFT JOIN scores ON students.sid=scores.sid;
    
    SELECT * FROM students LEFT JOIN scores USING (sid);
    
    SELECT * FROM students LEFT JOIN students2 ON students.sid=students2.sid LEFT JOIN scores ON students2.sid=scores.sid;
    

    Select语句中的union

    Union用来将多个select语句的执行结果合并成一个结果,第一个select语句的column_name会被当做最后查询结果的列名, 接下来的每个select语句所一一对应的列应该和第一个语句的列的 数据类型最好保持一致
    默认情况下union语句会把最终结果中的重复行去掉,这和增加 distinct这个关键词的作用一样,如果使用union all则代表最终结 果中的重复行保留

    Select语句中的union

     mysql> select sid,sname from students 
     union
     select sid,gender from students2;
     +-----+-------+
     |sid|sname| 
     +-----+-------+ 
    |3|a| 
    |4|a| 
    |5|a|
    | 1|abc | 
    | 2|abc | 
    | 1|-2 | 
    | 2|-1 |
    

    Select语句中的union Select

    Union Select sid,sname from students all sid,sname from students2; 
    

    Select语句中的union

    • 如果相对union语句的最后结果做排序或者limit限制,则需要将每 个select语句用括号括起来,把order by或limit语句放在最后
    (Select sid,sname from students) Union (Select sid,sname from students2) order by sid limit 2;
    +------+-------+
    |sid |sname|
    +------+-------+
    | 1|aaa |
    | 2 | ccc |
    +------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

    查询一个字段中有重复的记录

    select user,count(*) as count from mysql.user group by user having count>1;
    

    例子

    有这么一个数据库course:
    Students表(学生表):sid整型自增主键,sname字符串64位,gender字符串12位,dept_id整型并外键到dept表的id字段
    Dept表(系表):id整型自增主键,dept_name字符串64位
    Course表(课程表):id整型自增字段主键,course_name字符串64位,teacher_id整型外键到teacher表的id字段
    Teacher表(老师表):id整型自增字段主键,name字符串64位,dept_id整型外键到dept表的id字段

    需要查看每个系里面所有的老师name和对应的学生的sname,结果按照dept_id升序排序
    select name,sname from teacher inner join students on teach-er.dept_id=students.dept_id order by teacher.dept_id;
    
    求出每个系的学生个数和每个系里的老师个数?如果只用一个SQL语句实现怎么写?
    每个系的学生个数:
    select dept_name as '系名称',count(*) as '学生个数' from dept inner join students on dept.id=students.dept_id group by dept_name;
    每个系的老师个数:
    select dept_name as '系名称',count(*) as '老师个数' from teacher inner join dept on teacher.dept_id=dept.id group by dept_name;
    
    通过老师表和课程表求出每个老师的课程个数,并且需要保证如果老师没有课程的时候则要显示课程为0
    select teacher.name as '老师名称',count(teacher_id) as '课程数' from teacher left join course on teacher.id=course.teacher_id group by teacher.name order by 课程数 desc;
    
    查看学生信息表里按照sid升序排序后的第7到第15行的学生数据
    select * from students where sid  between 7 and 15 order by sid;
    
    使用select into outfile将teacher表里的数据导出,注意字段之间用;号隔开,字符串用”号隔开
    SELECT * INTO OUTFILE '/tmp/teacher.txt'
    FIELDS TERMINATED BY ';' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
    LINES TERMINATED BY '
    '
    FROM teacher;
    
    创建一个包含每个老师姓名和对应的课程个数,且只显示所教课程个数在2个以上的视图view
    create view teacher_name_and_course_view as select name,course_name from (select teacher.id,teacher.name from (select name,count(course_name) from course in-ner join teacher on course.teacher_id=teacher.id group by name having count(course_name)>2) as s inner join teacher on s.name=teacher.name) as i inner join course on i.id=course.teacher_id;
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/Csir/p/7928090.html
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