Docker安装、命令详情、层级架构、docker服务启动失败解决方法

容器背景：

层级架构：

容器对比传统化虚拟机：

可以把docker理解成是一款自带软件(比如：nignx、tomcat。。。。。)的镜像操作系统（首先是要下载镜像）

以下是Windows环境安装Docker

===========================================================================================================

本次使用CentOS系统进行试验，两台都进行如图配置

系统LinuxDocker安装：

环境：

docker-1	192.168.200.113

安装docker-ce------》这种是新版本的 #ce表示社区版、ee表示企业版

如果已经有了老版本的docker直接使用yum -y remove docker移除老版本的docker

两台主机都执行本次操作

[root@localhost ~]# hostname docker-1
[root@localhost ~]# bash

[root@docker-1 ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/

[root@docker-1 yum.repos.d]#wget http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo
[root@docker-1 yum.repos.d]# ls
a Centos-7.repo local.repo
[root@docker-1 yum.repos.d]# mv a/CentOS-Base.repo ./
[root@docker-1 yum.repos.d]# ls
a Centos-7.repo CentOS-Base.repo local.repo

[root@docker-1 yum.repos.d]# yum install yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2 -y #底层依赖包

[root@docker-1 yum.repos.d]# curl https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo -o /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo

[root@docker-1 yum.repos.d]# yum install docker-ce -y

设置启动docker服务并设置开机自启

[root@docker-1 yum.repos.d]# systemctl start docker
[root@docker-1 yum.repos.d]# systemctl enable docker
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/docker.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/docker.service.

dcoker服务启动失败解决方法：
[root@docker yum.repos.d]# systemctl start docker
Job for docker.service failed because the control process exited with error code. 
See "systemctl status docker.service" and "journalctl 
-xe" for details.
[root@docker yum.repos.d]# systemctl status docker.service
● docker.service - Docker Application Container Engine
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/docker.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: failed (Result: start-limit) since 四 2020-01-23 11:25:53 CST; 13s ago
     Docs: https://docs.docker.com
  Process: 8499 ExecStart=/usr/bin/dockerd -H fd:// --containerd=/run/containerd/containerd.sock
 (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE)
 Main PID: 8499 (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE)

1月 23 11:25:51 docker systemd[1]: docker.service: main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
1月 23 11:25:51 docker systemd[1]: Failed to start Docker Application Container Engine.
1月 23 11:25:51 docker systemd[1]: Unit docker.service entered failed state.
1月 23 11:25:51 docker systemd[1]: docker.service failed.
1月 23 11:25:53 docker systemd[1]: docker.service holdoff time over, scheduling restart.
1月 23 11:25:53 docker systemd[1]: Stopped Docker Application Container Engine.
1月 23 11:25:53 docker systemd[1]: start request repeated too quickly for docker.service
1月 23 11:25:53 docker systemd[1]: Failed to start Docker Application Container Engine.
1月 23 11:25:53 docker systemd[1]: Unit docker.service entered failed state.
1月 23 11:25:53 docker systemd[1]: docker.service failed.
[root@docker yum.repos.d]# rm -rf /etc/docker/daemon.json 
[root@docker yum.repos.d]# systemctl start docker

[root@docker-1 yum.repos.d]# cd
[root@docker-1 ~]# docker version #查看docker版本


有client和server表示安装成功

Client:
Version: 1.13.1
API version: 1.26
Package version: docker-1.13.1-103.git7f2769b.el7.centos.x86_64
Go version: go1.10.3
Git commit: 7f2769b/1.13.1
Built: Sun Sep 15 14:06:47 2019
OS/Arch: linux/amd64

Server:
Version: 1.13.1
API version: 1.26 (minimum version 1.12)
Package version: docker-1.13.1-103.git7f2769b.el7.centos.x86_64
Go version: go1.10.3
Git commit: 7f2769b/1.13.1
Built: Sun Sep 15 14:06:47 2019
OS/Arch: linux/amd64
Experimental: false

进入网址获取加速器地址

加速器用于在提高在网上下载镜像的速度(两台都执行本次操作)

地址：https://cr.console.aliyun.com/ #获取自己的加速器地址

Docker国内源说明：

Docker 官方中国区

https://registry.docker-cn.com

网易

http://hub-mirror.c.163.com

中国科技大学

https://docker.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn

阿里云

https://pee6w651.mirror.aliyuncs.com

加速配置文件：

[root@docker-1 ~]# cat << END > /etc/docker/daemon.json
> {
> "registry-mirrors"["https://pee6w651.mirror.aliyuncs.com"] #这个是阿里云的源
> }
> END
[root@docker-1 ~]# systemctl daemon-reload
[root@docker-1 ~]# systemctl start docker

Docker镜像操作：

[root@docker-1 ~]# docker search nginx #查看nginx镜像

NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED
nginx Official build of Nginx. 12221 [OK] 
jwilder/nginx-proxy Automated Nginx reverse proxy for docker con… 1690 [OK]
richarvey/nginx-php-fpm Container running Nginx + PHP-FPM capable of… 745 [OK]
linuxserver/nginx An Nginx container, brought to you by LinuxS… 82 
bitnami/nginx Bitnami nginx Docker Image 72 [OK]
tiangolo/nginx-rtmp Docker image with Nginx using the nginx-rtmp… 60 [OK]
nginxdemos/hello NGINX webserver that serves a simple page co… 32 [OK]
jc21/nginx-proxy-manager Docker container for managing Nginx proxy ho… 30 
jlesage/nginx-proxy-manager Docker container for Nginx Proxy Manager 28 [OK]
nginx/nginx-ingress NGINX Ingress Controller for Kubernetes 22 
privatebin/nginx-fpm-alpine PrivateBin running on an Nginx, php-fpm & Al… 19 [OK]
schmunk42/nginx-redirect A very simple container to redirect HTTP tra… 17 [OK]
blacklabelops/nginx Dockerized Nginx Reverse Proxy Server. 12 [OK]
centos/nginx-18-centos7 Platform for running nginx 1.8 or building n… 12 
raulr/nginx-wordpress Nginx front-end for the official wordpress:f… 12 [OK]
nginxinc/nginx-unprivileged Unprivileged NGINX Dockerfiles 10 
centos/nginx-112-centos7 Platform for running nginx 1.12 or building … 10 
nginx/nginx-prometheus-exporter NGINX Prometheus Exporter 8 
sophos/nginx-vts-exporter Simple server that scrapes Nginx vts stats a… 5 [OK]
1science/nginx Nginx Docker images that include Consul Temp… 5 [OK]
mailu/nginx Mailu nginx frontend 4 [OK]
pebbletech/nginx-proxy nginx-proxy sets up a container running ngin… 2 [OK]
ansibleplaybookbundle/nginx-apb An APB to deploy NGINX 1 [OK]
wodby/nginx Generic nginx 0 [OK]
centos/nginx-110-centos7 Platform for running nginx 1.10 or building … 0

查看好评在100以上的

[root@docker-1 ~]# docker search -s 100 nginx

Flag --stars has been deprecated, use --filter=stars=3 instead
NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED
nginx Official build of Nginx. 12221 [OK] 
jwilder/nginx-proxy Automated Nginx reverse proxy for docker con… 1690 [OK]
richarvey/nginx-php-fpm Container running Nginx + PHP-FPM capable of… 745 [OK]

操作命令：

查看版本信息：docker version

查看Docker详细信息：docker info

下载镜像：docker pull 仓库名/镜像名如docker pull docker.io/nginx,下载的是nginx镜像，下载完成后启动nginx服务就可以使用Nginx服务

上传镜像：docker push 仓库名/镜像名：标签

查看本地镜像：docker images【全部镜像】 docker images nginx【单独查看nginx镜像】

查看镜像的详细信息：docker inspect 镜像ID

修改镜像标签名：docker tag nginx:latest nginx:nginx 1 #此时标签名为nginx 1，用于区分多个nginx

删除镜像：docker rmi 镜像id docker rmi 镜像名:标签名

删除容器：docker rm -f 镜像ID

查找镜像：docker search 镜像名

退出容器：exit同时会停掉容器按ctrl+p+q退出不会结束容器

进入运行的容器：docker exec -it 容器ID/bin/bash 或者 docker attach 容器ID 都不会生成新的进程

查看容器：docker ps -a（显示全部信息）docker ps -aq（只显示前面ID信息）

容器启动和停止：docker start 容器ID docker stop 容器ID

查看容器内输出：docker logs 容器ID

创建并运行命令：docker run -it -p端口:端口镜像名:标签名 /bin/bash -c 操作

导出镜像包：docker export 镜像名 > 包名

导入镜像包：cat 包名 | docker import - 镜像名：标签

======================================================================================

镜像

下载nginx并开启nginx

[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker pull docker.io/nginx #下载Nginx镜像

[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker pull tomcat #下载tomcat镜像

[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker images #查看本地镜像仓库
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
nginx latest 231d40e811cd 7 hours ago 126MB
tomcat latest c81106060722 30 hours ago 507MB

[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker tag nginx:latest nginx:1 #修改镜像名
[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
nginx latest 231d40e811cd 7 hours ago 126MB
nginx 1 231d40e811cd 7 hours ago 126MB
tomcat latest c81106060722 30 hours ago 507MB

[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker rmi nginx:latest #删除镜像
Untagged: nginx:latest
[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker images #查看本地镜像仓库
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
nginx 1 231d40e811cd 7 hours ago 126MB
tomcat latest c81106060722 30 hours ago 507MB

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

容器

[root@git ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
[root@git ~]# docker run -it -p 80:80 nginx:1 /bin/bash
root@484cb75f4dd1:/# nginx
root@484cb75f4dd1:/# [root@git ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
484cb75f4dd1 nginx:1 "/bin/bash" 17 seconds ago Up 16 seconds 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp zealous_bell

[root@docker ~]# netstat -lnpt #查看80端口
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 980/sshd
tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 1749/docker-proxy

[root@docker ~]# docker attach 5bd3be54e193 #进入容器内开启服务
root@5bd3be54e193:/# nginx

===============================================================================================================

容器删除

[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
a0a225744381 nginx:1 "/bin/bash -c 'while…" 58 seconds ago Up 57 seconds 80/tcp beautiful_mestorf
0c2b714a0a93 nginx:1 "/bin/bash -s ls /" 4 minutes ago Exited (0) 4 minutes ago pensive_einstein
ea594b197fc9 nginx:1 "/bin/bash" 17 hours ago Up 17 hours 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp wizardly_aryabhata
f103725c8b30 nginx:1 "/bin/bash" 18 hours ago Up 18 hours 80/tcp lucid_swirles
[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker rm -f 0c2b714a0a93 #删除容器
0c2b714a0a93
[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker rm -f a0a #删除容器
a0a
[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID MAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
ea594b197fc9 nginx:1 "/bin/bash" 17 hours ago Up17 hours 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp wizardly_aryabhata
f103725c8b30 nginx:1 "/bin/bash" 18 hours ago Up 18 hours 80/tcp ucid_swirles

[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker run -it nginx /bin/bash #创建容器进入虚拟主机内部
root@75045f836eff:/# 此时退出有两种方法：exit同时会停掉容器 - ctrl+p+q退出不会结束容器进程

root@46097a0e50a7:/# ls
bin boot dev etc home lib lib64 media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var

=================================================================================================================

镜像导入导出

[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]#rz

[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker export 4880 > nginx-dtt.tar #导出一个nginx镜像包
[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# ls
[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# ls
apache-tomcat-9.0.14.tar.gz mysql-5.7.24-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz nginx-1.tar
jdk-8u191-linux-x64.tar.gz nginx-1.16.1.tar.gz nginx-dtt.tar
[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
4880f28fed4b nginx:1 "/bin/bash" About a minute ago Created youthful_ardinghelli
ea594b197fc9 nginx:1 "/bin/bash" 18 hours ago Up 18 hours 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp wizardly_aryabhata
f103725c8b30 nginx:1 "/bin/bash" 19 hours ago Up 19 hours 80/tcp lucid_swirles
[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# cat nginx-dtt.tar | docker import - nginx:dtt #将nginx-dtt.tar导入到images镜像源中
sha256:5fce17542029cdc0592a57ef7420211f0fdd13e346832579d913015c3b384865
[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
nginx dtt 5fce17542029 5 seconds ago 125MB
nginx 1 231d40e811cd 26 hours ago 126MB
nginx latest 231d40e811cd 26 hours ago 126MB

==========================================================================================

文件传输

[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# touch liuxiang #创建一个新文件夹
[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker cp liuxiang ea594b197fc9:/tmp #将文件传输到ea594b197fc9容器的/tmp下
[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker attach ea59 #进入容器内
root@ea594b197fc9:/# ls /tmp #查看文件传输效果
liuxiang
root@ea594b197fc9:/# read escape sequence

===============================================================================================

[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# mkdir -pv /opt/data/registry
mkdir: created directory ‘/opt/data’
mkdir: created directory ‘/opt/data/registry’
[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker run -d -p 5000:5000 -v /opt/data/registry/:/tmp/registry docker.io/registry

/opt/data/registry/:/tmp/registry #容器内和宿主机目录间做一个映射

docker.io/registry #要运行的镜像

Unable to find image 'registry:latest' locally
latest: Pulling from library/registry
c87736221ed0: Pull complete
1cc8e0bb44df: Pull complete
54d33bcb37f5: Pull complete
e8afc091c171: Pull complete
b4541f6d3db6: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:8004747f1e8cd820a148fb7499d71a76d45ff66bac6a29129bfdbfdc0154d146
Status: Downloaded newer image for registry:latest
9e8a1c45d0f386152a3276ef476db194f55a9ebe74fd1b7e113b810ffea020af

[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
9e8a1c45d0f3 registry "/entrypoint.sh /etc…" 21 hours ago Up 21 hours 0.0.0.0:5000->5000/tcp nifty_chaplygin
8b25538cedb8 nginx:1 "/bin/bash" 21 hours ago Created bold_neumann
4880f28fed4b nginx:1 "/bin/bash" 21 hours ago Created youthful_ardinghelli
ea594b197fc9 nginx:1 "/bin/bash" 40 hours ago Up 39 hours 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp wizardly_aryabhata
f103725c8b30 nginx:1 "/bin/bash" 40 hours ago Up 40 hours 80/tcp lucid_swirles

[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/docker.service

修改这一条

ExecStart=/usr/bin/dockerd -H fd:// --containerd=/run/containerd/containerd.sock --insecure-registry 111.231.11.193:5000

[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# systemctl daemon-reload
[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# systemctl start docker
[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
9e8a1c45d0f3 registry "/entrypoint.sh /etc…" 21 hours ago Up 21 hours 0.0.0.0:5000->5000/tcp nifty_chaplygin
[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker start 9e8a1c45d0f3
9e8a1c45d0f3

[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker tag nginx:latest 172.17.0.4:5000/nginx:latest #修改镜像名
[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
111.231.11.193:5000/nginx latest 231d40e811cd 2 days ago 126MB

[root@VM_0_4_centos ~]# docker push 111.231.11.193:5000/nginx:latest #上传到私有仓库

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原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/CMX_Shmily/p/11867757.html