实验十 泛型程序设计技术
实验时间 2018-11-1
1、实验目的与要求
(1) 理解泛型概念;
泛型:也称参数化类型,就是在定义类,接口和方法时,通过类型参数只是将要处理的类型对象。(如ArrayList类)
(2) 掌握泛型类的定义与使用;
一个泛型类,就是具有一个或者多个类型变量的类,即创建用类型作为参数的类。一个泛型类定义格式如下:
class Generics(K,V);
其中K和V是类中的可变类型的参数。
(3) 掌握泛型方法的声明与使用;
泛型方法:除了泛型类之外,还可以只单独定义一个方法作为泛型方法,用于指定泛型参数或者返回值为泛型类型。,留待方法调用时确定。
泛型方法可以声明在泛型类中,也可以声明在普通类中。
public class ArrayTool
{
public static <E> void insert (E[] ,int i)
{
......
}
Public static<E> E valueAt(E[] e,int i)
{
...
}
}
(4) 掌握泛型接口的定义与实现;
定义:
public interface IPool<T>
{
T get();
Int add(T t);
}
实现:
public class GenericPool<T> implements IPool<T>
{
...
}
public class GenericPool implements IPool<Account>
{
...
}
(5)了解泛型程序设计,理解其用途。
泛类型程序设计:编写代码可以被许多不同类型的对象使用。
2、实验内容和步骤
实验1: 导入第8章示例程序,测试程序并进行代码注释。
测试程序1:
l 编辑、调试、运行教材311、312页 代码,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
l 在泛型类定义及使用代码处添加注释;
l 掌握泛型类的定义及使用。
package pair1; /** * @version 1.00 2004-05-10 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class Pair<T> //T是类型变量 { private T first; private T second; public Pair() { first = null; second = null; } public Pair(T first, T second) { this.first = first; this.second = second; } public T getFirst() { return first; } public T getSecond() { return second; } public void setFirst(T newValue) { first = newValue; } public void setSecond(T newValue) { second = newValue; } }
package pair1; /** * @version 1.01 2012-01-26 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class PairTest1 { public static void main(String[] args) { String[] words = { "Mary", "had", "A", "little", "lamb" };//初始化一个String类型的数组 Pair<String> mm = ArrayAlg.minmax(words);//通过类名调用minmax方法。 //minmax的返回值是Pair<String>类型的 System.out.println("min = " + mm.getFirst()); System.out.println("max = " + mm.getSecond()); } } class ArrayAlg { /** * Gets the minimum and maximum of an array of strings. * @param a an array of strings * @return a pair with the min and max value, or null if a is null or empty */ public static Pair<String> minmax(String[] a)//定义静态方法minmax //实例化以后的Pair对象(普通方法) { if (a == null || a.length == 0) return null; String min = a[0]; String max = a[0]; for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++)//length:String类数组a[]的一个属性 { if (min.compareTo(a[i]) > 0) min = a[i];//compareTo:数组的遍历,通过Ascll码进行比较 if (max.compareTo(a[i]) < 0) max = a[i]; //按照字典排序(比较的是字母的ascll编码,大写字母的值比较小 } return new Pair<>(min, max);//返回一个Pair类型的对象。(将这两个数据打包) } }
运行结果:
测试程序2:
l 编辑、调试运行教材315页 PairTest2,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
l 在泛型程序设计代码处添加相关注释;
package pair2; /** * @version 1.00 2004-05-10 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class Pair<T> { private T first; private T second; public Pair() { first = null; second = null; } public Pair(T first, T second) { this.first = first; this.second = second; } public T getFirst() { return first; } public T getSecond() { return second; } public void setFirst(T newValue) { first = newValue; } public void setSecond(T newValue) { second = newValue; } }
package pair2; import java.time.*; /** * @version 1.02 2015-06-21 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class PairTest2 { public static void main(String[] args) { //初始化一个LocalDate类数组,数组名为birthdays LocalDate[] birthdays = { LocalDate.of(1906, 12, 9), // G. Hopper LocalDate.of(1815, 12, 10), // A. Lovelace LocalDate.of(1903, 12, 3), // J. von Neumann LocalDate.of(1910, 6, 22), // K. Zuse }; Pair<LocalDate> mm = ArrayAlg.minmax(birthdays);//静态方法,可以通过类名调用 System.out.println("min = " + mm.getFirst()); System.out.println("max = " + mm.getSecond()); } } class ArrayAlg//泛型类 { /** Gets the minimum and maximum of an array of objects of type T. @param a an array of objects of type T @return a pair with the min and max value, or null if a is null or empty */ public static <T extends Comparable> Pair<T> minmax(T[] a)//泛型方法 //使用extends关键字为类型变量设置上界 { if (a == null || a.length == 0) return null; T min = a[0]; T max = a[0]; for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++) { if (min.compareTo(a[i]) > 0) min = a[i]; if (max.compareTo(a[i]) < 0) max = a[i]; } return new Pair<>(min, max); } }
运行结果:
测试程序3:
l 用调试运行教材335页 PairTest3,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
l 了解通配符类型的定义及用途。
package pair3; /** * @version 1.00 2004-05-10 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class Pair<T> { private T first; private T second; public Pair()//无参数构造器 { first = null; second = null;//必须设置为null,否则会出现空指针异常 } public Pair(T first, T second)//构造器含参数,first和second不必置空 { this.first = first; this.second = second; } public T getFirst() { return first; } public T getSecond() { return second; } public void setFirst(T newValue) { first = newValue; } public void setSecond(T newValue) { second = newValue; } }
package pair3; /** * @version 1.01 2012-01-26 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class PairTest3 { public static void main(String[] args) { //创建了manger类对象 Manager ceo = new Manager("Gus Greedy", 800000, 2003, 12, 15); Manager cfo = new Manager("Sid Sneaky", 600000, 2003, 12, 15); Pair<Manager> buddies = new Pair<>(ceo, cfo); printBuddies(buddies); ceo.setBonus(1000000); cfo.setBonus(500000); Manager[] managers = { ceo, cfo }; Pair<Employee> result = new Pair<>(); minmaxBonus(managers, result); System.out.println("first: " + result.getFirst().getName() + ", second: " + result.getSecond().getName()); maxminBonus(managers, result); System.out.println("first: " + result.getFirst().getName() + ", second: " + result.getSecond().getName()); } public static void printBuddies(Pair<? extends Employee> p) //Pair<? extends Employee>表示任何泛型Pair类型,它的类型参数是Emplooy的子类。? 通配符 { Employee first = p.getFirst(); Employee second = p.getSecond(); System.out.println(first.getName() + " and " + second.getName() + " are buddies."); } public static void minmaxBonus(Manager[] a, Pair<? super Manager> result) { if (a.length == 0) return; Manager min = a[0]; Manager max = a[0]; for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++) { if (min.getBonus() > a[i].getBonus()) min = a[i]; if (max.getBonus() < a[i].getBonus()) max = a[i]; } result.setFirst(min); result.setSecond(max); } public static void maxminBonus(Manager[] a, Pair<? super Manager> result) { minmaxBonus(a, result); PairAlg.swapHelper(result); // OK--swapHelper captures wildcard type swapHelper通配符类型 } // Can't write public static <T super manager> ... } class PairAlg { public static boolean hasNulls(Pair<?> p) { return p.getFirst() == null || p.getSecond() == null; } public static void swap(Pair<?> p) { swapHelper(p); } public static <T> void swapHelper(Pair<T> p) { T t = p.getFirst(); p.setFirst(p.getSecond()); p.setSecond(t); } }
package pair3; import java.time.*; public class Employee { private String name; private double salary; private LocalDate hireDay; public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day) { this.name = name; this.salary = salary; hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day); } public String getName() { return name; } public double getSalary() { return salary; } public LocalDate getHireDay() { return hireDay; } public void raiseSalary(double byPercent) { double raise = salary * byPercent / 100; salary += raise; } }
package pair3; public class Manager extends Employee { private double bonus; /** @param name the employee's name @param salary the salary @param year the hire year @param month the hire month @param day the hire day */ public Manager(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day) { super(name, salary, year, month, day); bonus = 0; } public double getSalary() { double baseSalary = super.getSalary(); return baseSalary + bonus; } public void setBonus(double b) { bonus = b; } public double getBonus() { return bonus; } }
运行结果:
实验2:编程练习:
编程练习1:实验九编程题总结
l 实验九编程练习1总结(从程序总体结构说明、模块说明,目前程序设计存在的困难与问题三个方面阐述)。
程序结构:
Indentity 和 使用了接口的Student类
package 小陈9; public class Student implements Comparable<Student> { private String name; private String number ; private String sex ; private int age; private String province; public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public String getnumber() { return number; } public void setnumber(String number) { this.number = number; } public String getsex() { return sex ; } public void setsex(String sex ) { this.sex =sex ; } public int getage() { return age; } public void setage(int age ) { this.age=age ; } public String getprovince() { return province; } public void setprovince(String province) { this.province=province ; } @Override public int compareTo(Student other) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.name.compareTo(other.getName()); }//compareTo方法比较姓名 public String toString() { return name+" "+sex+" "+age+" "+number+" "+province+" "; } }
package 小陈9; import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStreamReader; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.Scanner; public class Identity{ private static ArrayList<Student> studentlist; public static void main(String[] args) { studentlist = new ArrayList<>(); Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in); File file = new File("C:/身份证号.txt"); try { //利用try 。。 catch 语句进行异常处理 FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file); BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fis)); String temp = null; while ((temp = in.readLine()) != null) { Scanner linescanner = new Scanner(temp); linescanner.useDelimiter(" "); String name = linescanner.next(); String number = linescanner.next(); String sex = linescanner.next(); String age = linescanner.next(); String province =linescanner.nextLine(); Student student = new Student(); student.setName(name); student.setnumber(number); student.setsex(sex); int a = Integer.parseInt(age); student.setage(a); student.setprovince(province); studentlist.add(student); } } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { System.out.println("学生信息文件找不到"); e.printStackTrace(); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("学生信息文件读取错误"); e.printStackTrace(); //捕获异常 } //读取文件内容 boolean isTrue = true; while (isTrue) { System.out.println("选择你的操作,输入正确格式的选项"); System.out.println("1.字典排序"); System.out.println("2.输出年龄最大和年龄最小的人"); System.out.println("3.寻找老乡"); System.out.println("4.寻找年龄相近的人"); System.out.println("0.退出"); int status = scanner.nextInt(); switch (status) { case 1: Collections.sort(studentlist); //对姓名字典排序 System.out.println(studentlist.toString()); break; case 2: int max=0,min=100; int j,k1 = 0,k2=0; for(int i=1;i<studentlist.size();i++) { j=studentlist.get(i).getage(); if(j>max) { max=j; k1=i; } if(j<min) { min=j; k2=i; } } System.out.println("年龄最大:"+studentlist.get(k1)); System.out.println("年龄最小:"+studentlist.get(k2)); break; case 3: System.out.println("老家?"); String find = scanner.next(); String place=find.substring(0,3); for (int i = 0; i <studentlist.size(); i++) { if(studentlist.get(i).getprovince().substring(1,4).equals(place)) System.out.println("老乡"+studentlist.get(i)); } break; case 4: System.out.println("年龄:"); int yourage = scanner.nextInt(); int near=agenear(yourage); int value=yourage-studentlist.get(near).getage(); System.out.println(""+studentlist.get(near)); break; case 0: status = 0; System.out.println("程序已退出!"); break; default: System.out.println("输入错误"); } } }//选择具体操作 public static int agenear(int age) { int min=53,value=0,k=0; for (int i = 0; i < studentlist.size(); i++) { value=studentlist.get(i).getage()-age; if(value<0) value=-value; if (value<min) { min=value; k=i; } } return k; }//找到年龄最大和最小者 }
程序设计存在的困难与问题:
(1)编程能力差,对代码的熟悉和了解远远不够,应该多加练习。
(2)看到问题不会分析,不能很快从中提取出主要的变量和要进行的操作
l 实验九编程练习2总结(从程序总体结构说明、模块说明,目前程序设计存在的困难与问题三个方面阐述)。
程序结构:
yunsuan类 和 jieguo类
public class yunsuan { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in); Pair student=new Pair(); PrintWriter out = null; try { out = new PrintWriter("text.txt"); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i <=10; i++) { int a = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); int b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); int c= (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 3); //生成随机数 , 用于生成四则运算题目 ,其中c 用于switch语句,生成四则运算的种类
switch(c) { case 0: System.out.println(i+": "+a+"/"+b+"="); while(b==0) { b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); } int C = in.nextInt(); out.println(a+"/"+b+"="+C); if (C == student.division(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("right"); } else { System.out.println("false"); } break; case 1: System.out.println(i+": "+a+"*"+b+"="); int D = in.nextInt(); out.println(a+"*"+b+"="+D); if (D == student.multiply(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("right"); } else { System.out.println("false"); } break; case 2: System.out.println(i+": "+a+"+"+b+"="); int E = in.nextInt(); out.println(a+"+"+b+"="+E); if (E == student.plus(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("right"); } else { System.out.println("false"); } break ; case 3: System.out.println(i+": "+a+"-"+b+"="); int F = in.nextInt(); out.println(a+"-"+b+"="+F); if (F == student.minus(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("right"); } else { System.out.println("false"); } break ; } }//生成四则运算题目,并判断回答是否正确 System.out.println("成绩"+sum); out.println("成绩:"+sum); out.close();
//输出结果
} }
*public class jieguo { private int a; private int b; public int add(int a,int b) { return a+b; } public int reduce(int a,int b) { return a-b; } public int multiplication(int a,int b) { return a*b; } public int division(int a,int b) { if(b!=0) return a/b; else return 0; } }
程序设计存在的困难与问题:
(1)text文件的输出存在问题
(2)接口应用存在问题,对于使用接口设计程序不能熟练掌握。
编程练习2:采用泛型程序设计技术改进实验九编程练习2,使之可处理实数四则运算,其他要求不变。
package 小陈1; public class Pair<T> { private T a; private T b; public Pair() { a = null; b = null; } public Pair(T a,T b) { this.a = a; this.b = b; } public T getA() { return a; } public T getB() { return b; } public int plus(int a,int b) { return a+b; } public int minus(int a,int b) { return a-b; } public int multiply(int a,int b) { return a*b; } public int division(int a,int b) { if(b!=0 && a%b==0) return a/b; else return 0; } }
package 小陈1; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.PrintWriter; import java.util.Scanner; public class yunsuan { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in); Pair student=new Pair(); PrintWriter out = null; try { out = new PrintWriter("text.txt"); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i <=10; i++) { int a = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); int b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); int c= (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 3); switch(c) { case 0: System.out.println(i+": "+a+"/"+b+"="); while(b==0) { b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); } int C = in.nextInt(); out.println(a+"/"+b+"="+C); if (C == student.division(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("right"); } else { System.out.println("false"); } break; case 1: System.out.println(i+": "+a+"*"+b+"="); int D = in.nextInt(); out.println(a+"*"+b+"="+D); if (D == student.multiply(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("right"); } else { System.out.println("false"); } break; case 2: System.out.println(i+": "+a+"+"+b+"="); int E = in.nextInt(); out.println(a+"+"+b+"="+E); if (E == student.plus(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("right"); } else { System.out.println("false"); } break ; case 3: System.out.println(i+": "+a+"-"+b+"="); int F = in.nextInt(); out.println(a+"-"+b+"="+F); if (F == student.minus(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("right"); } else { System.out.println("false"); } break ; } }//生成四则运算题目,并判断回答是否正确 System.out.println("成绩"+sum); out.println("成绩:"+sum); out.close(); } }
总结:本周学习了泛类型程序设计,了解到泛型的主要目标是实现Java的类型安全。其主要使用在类,接口,方法中。提高了代码的重用性。存在的问题在于对泛型程序设计的使用不太熟练,还需要继续进行学习。