• 数据库之表关系


    一 表的详细操作

    1.修改表名
    alter table 旧表名  rename  新表名;
    2.修改表中的引擎与字符编码
    alter table  表名  engine = "引擎名" charset ="编码名"3.复制表  
    #3.1只复制表结构以及约束条件
    create table 新表名 like  旧表名;
    eg1:
    select * from t1;
    +----+------------+
    | id | name       |
    +----+------------+
    |  0 | guer       |
    +----+------------+
    #================================================desc t1;
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)  | NO   | PRI | 0       |       |
    | name  | char(10) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    #================================================create table nt like t1;
    select * from nt;   #为空表,Empty set (0.04 sec)
    desc t;
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)  | NO   | PRI | 0       |       |
    | name  | char(10) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    #================================================
    
    #3.2只复制表的结构,约束不复制
    eg2: 
    create table nt1 select * from tt where 1=2;  #(where 后面时False的条件均可)
    select * from nt1;  #为空表
    desc nt1;
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)  | NO   |     | 0       |       |
    | name  | char(10) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    #================================================
    
    #3.3复制结构+数据,不复制约束
    create table 新表名 select * from 旧表名;
    eg3:
    create table nt2 select * from t1;
    select * from nt2;
    +----+------------+
    | id | name       |
    +----+------------+
    |  0 | guer       |
    +----+------------+
    #================================================
    desc nt2;
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)  | NO   |     | 0       |       |
    | name  | char(10) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    #================================================
    
    4.清空表
    truncate  表名;  #注意:表被重置后,自增字段也被重置,即重头开始。

    二 表中字段的详细操作

    #创建一个有主键并且主键自增的表t2
    create table t2(
        id int primary key auto_increment,
        x int,
        y int
    );
    #插入数据
    insert into t2(x,y) values (10,20),(100,200),(1000,2000);
    +----+------+------+
    | id | x    | y    |
    +----+------+------+
    |  1 |   10 |   20 |
    |  2 |  100 |  200 |
    |  3 | 1000 | 2000 |
    +----+------+------+
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id    | int(11) | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | x     | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | y     | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    #================================================
    1.修改字段信息
    alter table 表名 modify 字段名 类型[(宽度) 约束];
    alter table t2 modify x bigint default 0;  # 模式不同, 涉及精度问题
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id    | int(11)    | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | x     | bigint(20) | YES  |     | 0       |                |
    | y     | int(11)    | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    #================================================
    2.修改字段名及信息
    alter table 表名 change 旧字段名 新字段名 类型[(宽度) 约束];
    alter table t2 change y c char(10) not null; # 模式不同, 涉及类型转换问题
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id    | int(11)    | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | x     | bigint(20) | YES  |     | 0       |                |
    | c     | char(10)   | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    +----+------+------------+
    | id | x    | c          |
    +----+------+------------+
    |  1 |   10 | 20         |
    |  2 |  100 | 200        |
    |  3 | 1000 | 2000       |
    +----+------+------------+
    3.添加字段名
    # 末尾添加
    alter table 表名 add 字段名 类型[(宽度) 约束], ..., add 字段名 类型[(宽度) 约束];
    alter table t2 add age int, add gender enum("male", "female", "wasai") default "wasai";
    
    # 首尾添加
    alter table 表名 add 字段名 类型[(宽度) 约束] first;
    # 指定位添加:指定字段后
    alter table 表名 add 字段名 类型[(宽度) 约束] after 旧字段名;
    alter table t2 add y int after x;
    +----+------+------+------+--------+
    | id | x    | y    | age  | gender |
    +----+------+------+------+--------+
    |  1 |   10 |   20 | NULL | wasai  |
    |  2 |  100 |  200 | NULL | wasai  |
    |  3 | 1000 | 2000 | NULL | wasai  |
    +----+------+------+------+--------+
    +--------+-------------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field  | Type                          | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +--------+-------------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id     | int(11)                       | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | x      | bigint(20)                    | YES  |     | 0       |                |
    | y      | int(11)                       | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | age    | int(11)                       | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | gender | enum('male','female','wasai') | YES  |     | wasai   |                |
    +--------+-------------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    #================================================
    4.删除字段名
    alter table 表名 drop 字段名;
    alter table t2 drop y;
    +----+------+------+--------+
    | id | x    | age  | gender |
    +----+------+------+--------+
    |  1 |   10 | NULL | wasai  |
    |  2 |  100 | NULL | wasai  |
    |  3 | 1000 | NULL | wasai  |
    +----+------+------+--------+
    +--------+-------------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field  | Type                          | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +--------+-------------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id     | int(11)                       | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | x      | bigint(20)                    | YES  |     | 0       |                |
    | age    | int(11)                       | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | gender | enum('male','female','wasai') | YES  |     | wasai   |                |
    +--------+-------------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

    三 特殊表(mysql.user)=> 用户管理

    # 操作前提:登录root用户
    
    1.重要字段
    Host | User | Password
    root 用户查看当前所有的用户: select Host,User,Password from mysql.user;
    
    2.新建用户
    create user 用户名@主机名 identified by '密码'; # 正确
    create user zero@localhost identified by 'zero';
    +--------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    | Host                                                         | User             | Password                                  |
    +--------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    | localhost                                                    | root             | *23AE809DDACAF96AF0FD78ED04B6A265E05AA257 |
    | 127.0.0.1                                                    | root             |                                           |
    | ::1                                                          | root             |                                           |
    | localhost                                                    |                  |                                           |
    | localhost                                                    | zero             | *98F19B394B58FAC4B01A3D9037B93CA2A17199CF |
    +--------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    #================================================
    注:insert into mysql.user(Host,User,Password) values("主机名","用户名",password("密码")); #这种方法是错误
    
    3.设置用户权限
    grant 权限们 on 数据库名.表名 to 用户名@主机名 [with grant option];
    grant create on db1.* to zero@localhost with grant option;
    +--------------------+
    | Database           |
    +--------------------+
    | information_schema |
    | db1                |
    | test               |
    +--------------------+
    #=============================================
    注:权限有select,delete,update,insert,drop..., all代表所有权限
    注:数据库名,表名可以用*替换,代表所有
    注:设置权限时如果没有当前用户,会自动创建用户,提倡使用
    重点: grant all on db1.* to owen@localhost identified by 'owen'; # (创建用户)设置权限   (推荐使用这个)
    
    4.撤销权限
    revoke 权限名 on 数据库名.表名 from 用户名@主机名;
    revoke delete on db1.* from owen@localhost;
    
    5.修改密码
    set password for 用户名@主机名 = password('新密码'); #在root用户下
    set password for owen@localhost = password('123');
    
    set password = password("新密码")  #在当前用户修改自己的密码
    6.删除用户  #在root用户下
    drop user 用户名@主机名;

    四 表关系

    社会中存储需要可以构建成表的数据,它们形成的表,往往之间存储某种或某些社会关系,mysql数据库建立表结构就是社会中产生的各种数据,分门别类管理,但Mysql建立的(代码层次的)表之间,同样需要处理表与表之间的关系,形成了多对一|多对多|一对一  3种关系。

    多对一

    '''
    案例:员工employees表 | 部门department表
    
    建表规则:
    先建立主表,再建立从表,在从表中设置主表的唯一字段(通常为主键)作为外键
    
    建表语法:
    create table 主表(
        id int primary key auto_increment,
        ...
    );
    create table dep(
        id int primary key auto_increment,
        name varchar(16),
        work varchar(16)
    );
    create table 从表(
        id int primary key auto_increment,
        ...
        主表_id int, # 只是在从表中起了一个名字, 该名字和主表主键对应,所有起了个见名知义的名字
        foreign key(主表_id) references 主表(唯一字段名id)
        on update cascade
        on delete cascade
    );
    create table emp(
        id int primary key auto_increment,
        name varchar(16),
        salary float,
        dep_id int,
        foreign key(dep_id) references dep(id)
        on update cascade # 设置级联
        on delete cascade
    );
    
    插入记录规则:
    先插入主表数据,再插入从表数据
    insert into dep values(1, '市场部', '销售'), (2, '教学部', '授课');
    insert into emp(name, salary, dep_id) values('egon', 3.0, 2),('yanghuhu', 2.0, 2),('sanjiang', 10.0, 1),('owen', 88888.0, 2),('liujie', 8.0, 1);
    
    更新删除数据:
    两表间相互影响,先从依赖数据入手,再进行更新删除操作
    eg:1
    删除主表dep中一个部门
    delete from dep where id=1; => 从表emp中属于该部门的员工都被删除了
    
    更新从表emp中一个员工的部门
    update emp set dep_id=3 where name='egon'; <= 部门必须存在
    insert into dep values(3, '管理部', '吃饭睡觉打豆豆, 明确团队方针');
    '''

    多对多

    案例:作者author表 | 书book表
    建表规则:
    新建第三张表,通过两个外键形成多对多关系
    
    建表语法:
    create table 表1(
        id int primary key auto_increment,
        ...
    );
    create table book(
        id int primary key auto_increment,
        name varchar(16),
        price int
    );
    create table 表2(
        id int primary key auto_increment,
        ...
    );
    create table author(
        id int primary key auto_increment,
        name varchar(16)
    );
    create table 关系表(
        id int primary key auto_increment,
        表1_id int,
        表2_id int,
        foreign key(表1_id) references 表1(id)
        on update cascade
        on delete cascade,
        foreign key(表2_id) references 表2(id)
        on update cascade
        on delete cascade
    );
    create table book_author(
        id int primary key auto_increment,
        book_id int,
        author_id int,
        foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
        on update cascade
        on delete cascade,
        foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
        on update cascade
        on delete cascade
    );

    一对一

    案例:丈夫husband表 | 妻子wife表
    建表规则:
    未存放外键的表被依赖,称之为左表;存放外键的表示依赖表,称之为右表;先操作左边再操作右表
    
    建表语法:
    create table 左表(
        id int primary key auto_increment,
        ...
    );
    create table husband(
        id int primary key auto_increment,
        name varchar(16)
    );
    create table 右表(
        id int primary key auto_increment,
        ...
        左表_id int unique, # 一对一的外键需要唯一性
        foreign key(左表_id) references 左表(id)
        on update cascade
        on delete cascade
    );
    create table wife(
        id int primary key auto_increment,
        name varchar(16),
        husband_id int unique, # 一对一的外键需要唯一性
        foreign key(husband_id) references husband(id)
        on update cascade
        on delete cascade
    );
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/846617819qq/p/10245503.html
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