• 安全牛-无线渗透


    无线渗透                                                 
    与其他节章独立,涵盖面广,可独立成课                          
    无线技术变化快,难度大                                        
    既新鲜4
    刺激有压力山大                                          
        我们不会研究很深                                          
    一半理论 一半实践                                             
        理论是本章最有价值的部分(aircrack-ng suite作者写的一本书)
    无线技术是本课程难度最大的一章                                
        协议结构

    无线技术特点
    行业迅猛发展
    互联网的重要入口
    边界模糊
    安全实施缺失而且困难
    对技术不了解而造成配置不当
    企业网络私自接入AP破坏网络边界


    802.11标准
    IEE                                                                       
    Intitue of Electrical and Electronics Engineers                           
    由通信航天生物电气电子等方面的科学家组成,目的是制定标准,指导行业技术的发展,目前成员近40万人                                              
    IEEE分为不同的技术委员会(Committees),其中80委员会复制lan、man标准的制定
        以太网                                                                
        令牌环网                                                             
        无线局域网                                                            
        网桥


    无线                    

    应用层                  
    表示层                  
    会话层                 
    传输层                  
    网络层                  
    数据链路层              
        逻辑链路控制子层LLC
        媒体访问控制子层MAC
    物理层

    注意:802.11工作在物理层与数据链路层





    IEEE 802.11标准                                                             
    802委员会下第11组负责开发无线局域网标准                                     
    IEEE 802.1 1 The Original WLAN Standard- 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/w,2.4GHz RF and IR                                                                          
    IEEE 802.11 a 54 Mbit/s,5 GHz                                               
    IEEE 802.11 b 802.11 Enhancements to Support 5.5 Mbit/s and 11 Mbit/s       
    IEEE 802.11 c Bridge Operation Procedure                                    
    IEEE 802.11 d International (Country to Country) Roaming Extensions         
    IEEE 802.11 e Quality of Service (Qos),Including Packet Bursting            
    IEEE 802.11 F Inter -Access Point Protocol                                  
    IEEE 802.11 g 54 Mbit/s,2.4 GHz                                             
    IEEE 802.11 h Spectrum Managed 802.11 a (5 GHz) for European Compatibility  
    IEEE 802.11 i Enhanced Security


    无线                                                                
    IEEE 802.11 j Extensions for Japan                                  
    IEEE 802.11 k Radio Resource Measurement Enhancements               
    IEEE 802.11 n Higher Throughput Using Multiple Input,Multiple Ouput  (MIMO) Antennas                                                    
    IEEE 802.11 p Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment (WAVE)  
    IEEE 802.11 r Fast BSS Transition (FT)                             
    IEEE 802.11 s Mesh Networking,Extended Service Set (ESS)            
    IEEE 802.11 T Wireless Performance Prediction (WPP)                 
    IEEE 802.11 u Internetworking with Non -802 Networks (i.e.:Cellular)
    IEEE 802.11 v wrieless Network Management


    无线                                                                
    IEEE 802.11 w Protected Management Frames                           
    IEEE 802.11 y 3650 - 3700 MHz Operation in the US                   
    IEEE 802.11 z Direct Link Setup (DLS) Extensions                    
    IEEE 802.11 zm Maintenance of the Standard                          
    IEEE 802.11 aa Robust Streatming of Audio Video Transport Streams   
    IEEE 802.11 ac Very High Troughput < 6 GHz                          
    IEEE 802.11 ad Very High Troughput, 60 GHz                          
    IEEE 802.11 ae Qos Management                                       
    IEEE 802.11 af TV Whitespace                                        
    IEEE 802.11 ah SUb 1 GHz                                            
    IEEE 802.11 ai Fast Initial Link Setip


    日常使用                                                                             
    IEEE 802.11 - The original WLAN standard                                              
    IEEE 802.11 a - UP to 54 Mbit/s on 5 GHz                                              
    IEEE 802.11 b - 5.5 Mbit/s and 11 Mbit/s  on 2.4 GHz                                  
    IEEE 802.11 g - Up to 54 Mbit/s  on 2.4 GHz.Backward compatible with 802.11b          
    IEEE 802.11 i - Provides enhanced security                                            
    IEEE 802.11 n - Provides higher throughput with Multiple Input/Multiple Output (MIMO)


    802.11                                                    
    发布于1997年                                              
    速率1Mbps或2Mbps                                          
    红外线传输介质(未实现)                                  
    无线射频信号编码(调制)(radio frequencies)             
        Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum (DSSS)-----直序扩频   
        Frequency Hopping Spread-Spectrum (FHSS)-----跳频扩频
    媒体访问方式-----CSMA/CA c=b+log2 (1+s/n)                 
        根据算法侦听一定时长                                  
        发送数据前发包声明                                    
    Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS)



    802.11b                                       
    Complementary Code Keying (CCK)-----补充代码键
        5.5 and 11 Mbit/s                         
        2.4GHz band (2.4GHz - 2.485GHz)           
        14个重叠的信道channels                    
        每个信道22MHz宽带                         
        只有三个完全不重叠的信道                  
    美国 -1 to 11 (2.412 GHz - 2.462 GHz)         
    欧洲 -1 to 13 (2.412 GHz - 2.472 GHz)         
    日本 -1 to 14 (2.412 GHz - 2.482 GHz)


    802.11A                                                           
    与802.11b几乎同时发布                                             
        因设备价格问题一直没有得到广泛使用                            
    使用5GHz宽带                                                      
        2.4GHz宽带干扰源多(微波、蓝牙、无绳电话)                    
        5HGz频率有更多宽带空间,可容纳更多不重叠的信道                
        Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM)信号调制方法
            正交频分复用技术                                          
      更高速率54Mbps,每个信道20MHz宽带                             
      变频                                                          
           5.15-5.35GHz室内                                          
            5.7-5.8GHz室外


    802.11G                                                      
    2.4GHz                                                        
    Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM)信号调制方法
    与802.11a速率相同                                             
    可全局江苏,向后兼容802.11b,并切换为CCK信号调制方法           
    每个信号20/22MHz宽带

    802.11N                                                   
    2.4或5 GHz频率                                            
        300Mbps最高600Mbps                                    
        Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)多进多出通信技术
        多天线,多无线电波,独立收发信号                      
        可以使用40MHz信道款单是数据传输速率翻倍               
    全802.11n设备网络中,可以使用新报文格式,是速率达到最大   
    每个信道20/40MHz宽带



    无线网运行模式和无线网硬件设备及基本概念

    无线网络运行模式                      
    Infrastructure                        
        AP 维护SSID                       
    Ad-Hoc                                
        STA 维护SSID                      
    Service Set Identifier(SSID)          
        AP每秒钟约10次通过Beacon帧广播SSID
        客户端连接到无线网络后也会宣告SSID


    802.11                                                          
    Infrastructure                                                  
        至少包含一个AP和一个STAT    ION,形成一个Basic Service Set (BSS)
        AP练级到有限网络,称为Distribution System (DS)              
        连接到同一个DS的多个AP形成一个Extend Service Set (ESS)


    AD-HOC                                      
    也被称为Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)
    有至少2个STAs直接通信组成                   
    也称为peer to peer模式                      
    其中一个STA负责AP的工作                     
        通过beacon广播SSID                      
        对其他STAs进行身份验证


    WIRELESS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (WDS)          
    与有线DS类似,只是通过无线连接的多个AP组成的网络
        Bridging------只有AP间彼此通信              
        Repeating-----允许所有AP和STA进行通信


    MONITOR MODR                                        
    Monitor不是一种真的无线模式                         
        但是对无线渗透至关重要                          
        允许无线网卡没有任何筛选的(802.11包头)          
        与有线网络的混杂模式可以类比                    
        合适的网卡和驱动不但可以monitor,更可以injection


    Ommnipeek  抓包软件
    抓不到802.11的


    无线网硬件设备及基础概念
    1.无线网卡准备              
    物理机运行kali           
    虚拟机运行kali            
      外置USB无线网卡       
        TL-WN722N (个人建议)
        dmesg                
        iwconfig


    查看系统变化的信息
    dmesg -T

    查看无线网卡
    iwconfig

    2.选择无线网卡                      
    这是个痛苦或受挫的过程            
    无线网卡的芯片信号成败的关键      
    台式机                            
        USB无线网卡(不支持扩展天线)
        PCMCIA (16bit已停产802.11b)   
        Cardbus (32bit PCMCIA 8.0标准)
        Express Cards                 
        MiniPCI                       
        MINIpCI Express               
        PCI接口卡


    选择无线网卡                                                                        
    发送功率:远程连接                                                                     
    接收灵敏性:适当降低灵敏度,接收效果更佳                                                
    经验但不是铁律                                                                          
       Atheros或Realtek芯片                                                                
        没有神器                                                                            
        兼容aircrack-ng suite                                                               
    http://www.aircrack-ng.org/doku.php?id=compatibility_drivers#list_of_compatible_adapters


    选择无线网卡                                                
    无线渗透网卡没有所谓标准,但是Aircrack-ng suite 作者给出建议
    Alfa Networks AWUS036H无线网卡                              
        Realtek 8187芯片                                        
        1000mW发送功率                                          
        天线: RP-SMA                                            
            可扩展

    芯片。驱动。



    无线技术概念





     Linux无线协议栈及配置命令
    802.11协议栈                    
    leee80211                       
        iwconfig                    
        iwlist                      
    mac80211                        
        iw


    无线网卡配置                    
    查看无线网卡                    
        ifconfig                    
        iwconfig                    
        iw list                     
    信道频道                        
        iwlist wlan2 frequency      
        iw list

    实战
    iw list  

    无线网卡配置                                            
    扫描附近AP                                              
        iw dev wlan2 scan | grep SSID                       
        iw dev wlan2 scan | egrep "DS Parameter set|SSID"
        iwlist wlan2 scanning | egrep "ESSID|Channel"       
    添加删除帧听端口                                        
        service network-manager stop                        
        iw dev wlan2 interface add wlan2mon type monitor    
            tcpdump -s 0 -i wlan2mon -p                     
        iw dev wlan2mon interface del


    实战
    扫描周围无线
    iw dev wlan2 scan
    扫描周围ssid的名称
    iw dev wlan0 scan | grep SSID
    扫描周围无线所处的信道,名称
    iw dev wlan2 scan | egrep "DS Parameter set|SSID"
    扫描周围无线所处的信道,频率,名称
    iwlist wlan2 scanning | egrep "ESSID|Channel"
    设置monitor模式
    service network-manager stop   
    iw dev wlan2 interface add wlan2mon type monitor    
    查看monitor模式是否设置成功
    iwconfig
    ifconfig
    ifconfig -a
    ifconfig wlan0 up
    ifconfig wlan0mon up
    ifconfig
    tcpdump -i wlan0mon -s 0 -w dump.cap
    删除网卡
    iw dev wlan0mon interface del

    查看当前状态
    service network-manager status
    关闭
    service network-manager stop
    添加到启动文件
    vi  .bashrc
    重启之后,查看是否自启
    reboot
    service network-manager status

    步骤
    ifconfig
    ifconfig -a
    ifconfig wlan0 up
    iw dev wlan0 interface add wlan0mon type monitor
    ifconfig wlan0mon up
    iwconfig

    802.11                                                  
    协议栈                                                  
        http://www.kernel.org/doc/htmldocs/80211/index.html
    无线驱动                                                
        http://linuxwireless.org/en/users/Drivers/

    任务54  radiotap

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/-lyr/p/11010429.html
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