• protobuf学习


    1、在.proto文件中定义消息格式
    2、使用protobuf编译器
    3、使用c++ api来读写消息
    
    0、为何使用protobuf?
    
    1、原始内存数据结构,可以以二进制方式sent/saved.这种方式需要相同的内存布局和字节序。
    2、以ad-hoc方式将数据项编码成一个简单字符串----比如,将4个int类型编码成"12:3:-23:67"。这种方式简灵活。适用于简单数据。
    3、将数据序列化为XML。这种方式很流行,因为xml可读性好,编码解码方便,性能也好。仅仅XML dom树比较复杂。
    
    protobuf可以很好的解决上述问题。你编写一个.proto文件来描述数据结构。protobuf编译器使用它创建一个类,使用二进制方式自动编码/解码该数据结构。生成的类提供getter/setter方法。
    
    最重要的是,protobuf支持在此基础上进行格式扩展。
    
    示例
    
    1、定义协议格式
    
    package tutorial;  message Person {
       required string name = 1;
       required int32 id = 2;
       optional string email = 3;
       
        enum PhoneType {
            MOBILE = 0;
            HOME = 1;
            WORK = 2;
       }
    
       message PhoneNumber {
            required string number = 1;
            optional PhoneType type = 2 [default = HOME];   
       }
    
       repeated PhoneNumber phone = 4; 
    }  
    
    message AddressBook {
       repeated Person person = 1; 
    }
    
    
    该结构与c++或java很像.
    
    .proto文件以包声明开始,防止名字冲突。
    简单类型:bool, int32, float, double, string.
    其它类型:如上述的Person, PhoneNumber
    
    类型可以嵌套。
    “=1”, “=2”标识唯一“tag”.tag数1-15需要至少一个字节。
    
    required: 必须设置它的值
    optional: 可以设置,也可以不设置它的值
    repeated: 可以认为是动态分配的数组
    google工程师认为使用required威害更大, 他们更喜欢使用optional, repeated.
    
    
    2、编译你的协议
    
    运行protoc 来生成c++文件:
    protoc -I=$SRC_DIR --cpp_out=$DST_DIR $SRC_DIR/addressbook.proto
    生成的文件为:
    addressbook.pb.h, 
    addressbook.pb.cc
    
    3、protobuf API
    
    生成的文件中有如下方法:
    // name
      inline bool has_name() const;
      inline void clear_name();
      inline const ::std::string& name() const;
      inline void set_name(const ::std::string& value);
      inline void set_name(const char* value);
      inline ::std::string* mutable_name();
    
      // id
      inline bool has_id() const;
      inline void clear_id();
      inline int32_t id() const;
      inline void set_id(int32_t value);
    
      // email
      inline bool has_email() const;
      inline void clear_email();
      inline const ::std::string& email() const;
      inline void set_email(const ::std::string& value);
      inline void set_email(const char* value);
      inline ::std::string* mutable_email();
    
      // phone
      inline int phone_size() const;
      inline void clear_phone();
      inline const ::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField< ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber >& phone() const;
      inline ::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField< ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber >* mutable_phone();
      inline const ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber& phone(int index) const;
      inline ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber* mutable_phone(int index);
      inline ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber* add_phone();
    4、枚举与嵌套类
    
    生成的代码包含一个PhoneType枚举。Person::PhoneType, Person:MOBILE, Person::HOME, Person:WORK.
    
    编译器生成的嵌套类称为Person::PhoneNumber. 实际生成类为Person_PhoneNumber.
    
    5、标准方法
    
    bool IsInitialized() const:                确认required字段是否被设置
    
    string DebugString() const:                返回消息的可读表示,用于调试
    
    void CopyFrom(const Person& from):         使用给定消息值copy
    
    void Clear():                              清除所有元素为空状态
    
    
    6、解析与序列化
    
    bool SerializeToString(string* output) const:        序列化消息,将存储字节的以string方式输出。注意字节是二进制,而非文本;
    
    bool ParseFromString(const string& data):            解析给定的string     
    
    bool SerializeToOstream(ostream* output) const:      写消息给定的c++  ostream中
    
    bool ParseFromIstream(istream* input):               从给定的c++ istream中解析出消息
    
    7、protobuf和 oo设计
    不要继承生成类并在此基础上添加相应的行为
    
    8、写消息
    
    示例:它从一个文件中读取AddressBook,基于io添加一个新的Person,并将新的AddressBook写回文件。
    #include <iostream>
    #include <fstream>
    #include <string>
    #include "addressbook.pb.h"
    using namespace std;
    
    // This function fills in a Person message based on user input.
    void PromptForAddress(tutorial::Person* person) {
      cout << "Enter person ID number: ";
      int id;
      cin >> id;
      person->set_id(id);
      cin.ignore(256, '
    ');
    
      cout << "Enter name: ";
      getline(cin, *person->mutable_name());
    
      cout << "Enter email address (blank for none): ";
      string email;
      getline(cin, email);
      if (!email.empty()) {
        person->set_email(email);
      }
    
      while (true) {
        cout << "Enter a phone number (or leave blank to finish): ";
        string number;
        getline(cin, number);
        if (number.empty()) {
          break;
        }
    
        tutorial::Person::PhoneNumber* phone_number = person->add_phone();
        phone_number->set_number(number);
    
        cout << "Is this a mobile, home, or work phone? ";
        string type;
        getline(cin, type);
        if (type == "mobile") {
          phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::MOBILE);
        } else if (type == "home") {
          phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::HOME);
        } else if (type == "work") {
          phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::WORK);
        } else {
          cout << "Unknown phone type.  Using default." << endl;
        }
      }
    }
    
    // Main function:  Reads the entire address book from a file,
    //   adds one person based on user input, then writes it back out to the same
    //   file.
    int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
      // Verify that the version of the library that we linked against is
      // compatible with the version of the headers we compiled against.
      GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION;
    
      if (argc != 2) {
        cerr << "Usage:  " << argv[0] << " ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE" << endl;
        return -1;
      }
    
      tutorial::AddressBook address_book;
    
      {
        // Read the existing address book.
        fstream input(argv[1], ios::in | ios::binary);
        if (!input) {
          cout << argv[1] << ": File not found.  Creating a new file." << endl;
        } else if (!address_book.ParseFromIstream(&input)) {
          cerr << "Failed to parse address book." << endl;
          return -1;
        }
      }
    
      // Add an address.
      PromptForAddress(address_book.add_person());
    
      {
        // Write the new address book back to disk.
        fstream output(argv[1], ios::out | ios::trunc | ios::binary);
        if (!address_book.SerializeToOstream(&output)) {
          cerr << "Failed to write address book." << endl;
          return -1;
        }
      }
    
      // Optional:  Delete all global objects allocated by libprotobuf.
      google::protobuf::ShutdownProtobufLibrary();
    
      return 0;
    }
    注意使用GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION宏。每一个.pb.cc文件在启动时都将自动调用该宏。
    
    注意在程序结尾处调用ShutdownProtobufLibrary()。
    
    9、读消息 
    #include <iostream>
    #include <fstream>
    #include <string>
    #include "addressbook.pb.h"
    using namespace std;
    
    // Iterates though all people in the AddressBook and prints info about them.
    void ListPeople(const tutorial::AddressBook& address_book) {
      for (int i = 0; i < address_book.person_size(); i++) {
        const tutorial::Person& person = address_book.person(i);
    
        cout << "Person ID: " << person.id() << endl;
        cout << "  Name: " << person.name() << endl;
        if (person.has_email()) {
          cout << "  E-mail address: " << person.email() << endl;
        }
    
        for (int j = 0; j < person.phone_size(); j++) {
          const tutorial::Person::PhoneNumber& phone_number = person.phone(j);
    
          switch (phone_number.type()) {
            case tutorial::Person::MOBILE:
              cout << "  Mobile phone #: ";
              break;
            case tutorial::Person::HOME:
              cout << "  Home phone #: ";
              break;
            case tutorial::Person::WORK:
              cout << "  Work phone #: ";
              break;
          }
          cout << phone_number.number() << endl;
        }
      }
    }
    
    // Main function:  Reads the entire address book from a file and prints all
    //   the information inside.
    int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
      // Verify that the version of the library that we linked against is
      // compatible with the version of the headers we compiled against.
      GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION;
    
      if (argc != 2) {
        cerr << "Usage:  " << argv[0] << " ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE" << endl;
        return -1;
      }
    
      tutorial::AddressBook address_book;
    
      {
        // Read the existing address book.
        fstream input(argv[1], ios::in | ios::binary);
        if (!address_book.ParseFromIstream(&input)) {
          cerr << "Failed to parse address book." << endl;
          return -1;
        }
      }
    
      ListPeople(address_book);
    
      // Optional:  Delete all global objects allocated by libprotobuf.
      google::protobuf::ShutdownProtobufLibrary();
    
      return 0;
    }
    10、扩展protobuf
    
    如果希望向后兼容,必须遵循:
    a、不必更改tag数
    b、不必添加或删除任何required字段
    c、可以删除optional或repeated字段
    d、可以添加新的optional或repeated字段,但你必须使用新的tag数。
    
    11、优化
    c++的protobuf库,已经极大地优化了。合理使用可以改善性能。
    a、如果可能,复用message对象。
    b、关于多线程的内存分配器
    
    12、高级用法
    
    protobuf的消息类的一个关键特性是,反射(reflection)。可以使用xml或json来实现。参考。
    
    
    ================================================================
    常见问题:
    1、undefined reference to `pthread_once' 
    使用-lpthread:
    
    2、error while loading shared libraries: libprotobuf.so.7: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
    使用-Wl,-Bstatic -lprotobuf -Wl,-Bdynamic -lpthread
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zzyoucan/p/4453545.html
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