• xgzc— math 专题训练(一)


    Lucas定理

    (p)是质数时,有((^n_m)equiv(^{n/p}_{m/p}) * (^{n\%p}_{m\%p}) pmod{p})

    狄利克雷卷积

    定义:((f*g)(n)=sum_{d|n}f(d)g(frac{n}{d}))
    然后满足交换律,结合律,分配律

    单位元:(e=[n=1]),即(f*e=e*f=f)

    逆元:对于每一个(f(1) e0)的函数(f),存在逆元(g)使得(f*g=e)

    那么(g(n))满足递推式:
    (g(n)=frac{1}{f(1)}([n=1]-sum_{i|n,i e1}f(i)g(frac{n}{i})))

    Extra

    定义1:((foplus g)(x)=sum_{x|d}f(frac{d}{x})g(d))
    那么有,((f*g)oplus h =f oplus (g oplus h))

    定义2:((fcdot g)(x)=f(x)g(x))
    那么当(f)是完全积性函数时,有((fcdot g)*(fcdot h)=fcdot (g*h))

    常见数论函数

    (1(x)=1)
    (id^k(x)=x^k)
    (phi(x)=sum_{i=1}^{x}[gcd(i,x)=1])
    (d(x)=sum_{d|x}1)
    (sigma(x)=sum_{d|x}d)
    (mu:1)的逆元

    其中的一些关系:
    (d = 1*1)
    (id = 1*phi)
    (sigma=1*id=1*1*phi=d*phi)
    (phi=id*mu)
    (1=d*mu)
    (id=sigma*mu)

    莫比乌斯反演

    如果(g=f*1),则(g*mu=f)

    如果(g=1oplus f),则(f=mu oplus g)
    证明:(mu oplus g=mu oplus (1 oplus f)=(mu * 1)oplus f = f)

    例题

    [SDOI2015] 约数个数和

    (sum_{i=1}^nsum_{i=1}^md(ij))

    (d(ij)=sum_{a|i}sum_{b|j}[gcd(a,b)=1])
    那么,原式等于

    [sum_{i=1}^nsum_{i=1}^msum_{a|i}sum_{b|j}[gcd(a,b)=1]= sum_{i=1}^nsum_{j=1}^mlfloorfrac{n}{i} floorlfloorfrac{m}{j} floor[gcd(i,j)=1] ]

    [sum_{d=1}^nmu(d)sum_{i=1}^{lfloorfrac{n}{d} floor}lfloorfrac{n}{id} floorsum_{i=1}^{lfloorfrac{m}{d} floor}lfloorfrac{m}{id} floor ]

    定义:(S(n)=sum_{i=1}^nlfloorfrac{n}{i} floor)

    void init() {
    	mu[1] = 1;
    	for (int i = 2; i <= 50000; i++) {
    		if (!np[i]) { p[++tot] = i; mu[i] = -1; }
    		for (int j = 1; j <= tot && p[j] * i <= 50000; j++) {
    			np[p[j] * i] = 1;
    			if (!(i % p[j])) break;
    			mu[p[j] * i] = -mu[i];
    		}
    	}
    	for (int i = 2; i <= 50000; i++) mu[i] += mu[i - 1];
    	for (int i = 1; i <= 50000; i++)
    		for (int l = 1, r; l <= i; l = r + 1) {
    			r = i / (i / l);
    			S[i] += (r - l + 1) * (i / l);
    		}
    	return ;
    }
     main() {
    	init();
    	int T;
    	scanf("%lld", &T);
    	while (T--) {
    		int n, m;
    		scanf("%lld%lld", &n, &m);
    		if (n > m) swap(n, m);
    		int ans = 0;
    		for (int l = 1, r; l <= n; l = r + 1) {
    			r = min(m / (m / l), n / (n / l));
    			ans += (mu[r] - mu[l - 1]) * S[n / l] * S[m / l];
    		}
    		printf("%lld
    ", ans);
    	}
    	return 0;
    }
    

    [SHOI2015]超能粒子炮·改

    (sum_{i=0}^{k}(^n_i))
    根据(Lucas)定理
    可以通过对模数相同的放在一块计算
    再递归求解即可。

    int Lucas(LL n, LL m) {
    	if (!n || !m) return 1;
    	return Lucas(n / P, m / P) * C[n % P][m % P] % P;
    }
    int f(LL n, LL k) {
    	if (n <= 3000 && k <= 3000) return F[n][k];
    	return (f(n % P, P - 1) * f(n / P, k / P - 1) % P + 
    	f(n % P, k % P) * Lucas(n / P, k / P) % P) % P;
    }
    void init() {
    	for (int i = 0; i <= 3000; i++) C[i][0] = 1;
    	for (int i = 1; i <= 3000; i++)
    		for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++)
    			C[i][j] = (C[i - 1][j - 1] + C[i - 1][j]) % P;
    	for (int i = 0; i <= 3000; i++) {
    		F[i][0] = C[i][0];
    		for (int j = 1; j <= 3000; j++)
    			F[i][j] = (F[i][j - 1] + C[i][j]) % P;
    	}
    	return ;
    }
    

    CF1097F Alex and a TV Show

    因为只关心奇偶性,我们考虑使用(bitset)维护因子集合(g(x))
    操作2是异或
    操作3是并
    因为(g=1oplus f)
    (f(x))(x)在集合出现的次数
    反演一下就是,(f=muoplus g)

    void prework(int n) {
    	Mu.set();
    	for (int i = 2; i * i <= n; i++)
    		for (int j = 1; j * i * i <= n; j++)
    			Mu[i * i * j] = 0;
    	for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
    		for (int j = 1; j * i <= n; j++)
    			mu[i][j * i] = Mu[j], p[j * i][i] = 1;
    }
    int main() {
    	prework(7000);
    	int n, Q;
    	scanf("%d%d", &n, &Q);
    	while (Q--) {
    		int op, x, y, z;
    		scanf("%d%d%d", &op, &x, &y);
    		if (op == 1) S[x] = p[y];
    		else if (op == 2) {
    			scanf("%d", &z);
    			S[x] = S[y] ^ S[z];
    		}
    		else if (op == 3) {
    			scanf("%d", &z);
    			S[x] = S[y] & S[z];
    		}
    		else printf("%d", (mu[y] & S[x]).count() & 1);
    	}
    	return 0;
    }
    

    Luogu5176 公约数

    首先,(gcd(ij,jk,ik)=frac{gcd(i,j)gcd(j,k)gcd(i,k)}{gcd(i,j,k)})
    那么,
    (Ans=sum_isum_jsum_k(i,j)^2(j,k)^2(i,k)^2)
    (=sum_isum_jsum_k(i,j)^2(j,k)^2+sum_isum_jsum_k^2(j,k)^2(i,k)^2+sum_isum_jsum_k(i,j)^2(i,k)^2)
    那么定义(F(n,m)=sum_isum_j(i,j)^2),则(Ans=F(n,m)*p+F(n,p)*m+F(m,p)*n)
    现在问题就是求(F(n,m))
    (F(n,m)=sum_isum_j(i,j)^2)
    (=sum_{d=1}^nd^2sum_{i=1}^{lfloorfrac{n}{d} floor}sum_{j=1}^{lfloorfrac{m}{d} floor}[gcd(i,j)=1])
    (=sum_{d=1}^nd^2sum_{i=1}^{lfloorfrac{n}{d} floor}sum_{j=1}^{lfloorfrac{m}{d} floor}sum_{k|i,k|j}mu(k))
    (=sum_{d=1}^nd^2sum_{k=1}^{lfloorfrac{n}{d} floor}mu(k)lfloorfrac{n}{kd} floorlfloorfrac{m}{kd} floor)
    到这一步已经可以做到(O(n ^ frac{3}{4}))
    考虑优化,
    (T=kd)
    原式(=sum_{T=1}^nlfloorfrac{n}{T} floorlfloorfrac{m}{T} floorsum_{d|T}d^2mu(frac{T}{d}))
    可以发现后面就是(id^2*mu)
    显然是个积性函数,考虑线性筛
    (f(p^0)=1)
    (f(p)=p^2-1)
    (f(p^k)=(p^2-1)p^{2(k-1)}=p^2f(p^{k-1}))

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zzy2005/p/11521130.html
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