本节是前一节的延续,上一节中我们已经为我们的Web API项目创建必要的基础设施。
在本节中,我们将在我们的控制器类中实现操作方法,这些方法用来处理HTTP GET请求。
根据Web API命名约定,以“Get”开头的操作方法将用来处理HTTP Get请求。这个方法的名称可以直接叫“Get”,或者以“Get”开头。添加我们的第一个Action方法,给它一个名字GetAllStudents,因为它将从DB返回所有的学生信息。以一个适当的命名方法可以增加可读性,任何人都可以轻易理解方法的作用。
以下StudentController控制器(我们在上一节中创建)的GetAllStudents()操作方法使用实体框架从数据库中返回所有的学生。
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public class StudentController : ApiController { public IHttpActionResult GetAllStudents () { using (var ctx = new SchoolDBEntities()) { students = ctx.Students.Include( "StudentAddress" ) .Select(s => new StudentViewModel() { Id = s.StudentID, FirstName = s.FirstName, LastName = s.LastName }).ToList<StudentViewModel>(); } if (students.Count == 0) { return NotFound(); } return Ok(students); } } |
正如你在上面的例子中所看到的,GetAllStudents()方法使用EF返回所有的学生。
如果DB中没有任何学生信息,那么它将返回404 NotFound响应,否则它将返回200 OK响应和学生数据。
ApiController中定义的NotFound()和Ok()用来返回响应码,分别为404和200。
在数据库中,每个学生都有0或1个地址。
假设,你想实现另一个方法来获取所有的学生的地址,你可以创建另一个GET方法如下所示。
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public class StudentController : ApiController { public IHttpActionResult GetAllStudents () { using (var ctx = new SchoolDBEntities()) { students = ctx.Students.Include( "StudentAddress" ) .Select(s => new StudentViewModel() { Id = s.StudentID, FirstName = s.FirstName, LastName = s.LastName }).ToList<StudentViewModel>(); } if (students.Count == 0) { return NotFound(); } return Ok(students); } public IHttpActionResult GetAllStudentsWithAddress() { IList<StudentViewModel> students = null ; using (var ctx = new SchoolDBEntities()) { students = ctx.Students.Include( "StudentAddress" ).Select(s => new StudentViewModel() { Id = s.StudentID, FirstName = s.FirstName, LastName = s.LastName, Address = s.StudentAddress == null ? null : new AddressViewModel() { StudentId = s.StudentAddress.StudentID, Address1 = s.StudentAddress.Address1, Address2 = s.StudentAddress.Address2, City = s.StudentAddress.City, State = s.StudentAddress.State } }).ToList<StudentViewModel>(); } if (students.Count == 0) { return NotFound(); } return Ok(students); } } |
上述web API示例编译没有错误,但是当你执行HTTP GET请求时就会回复以下发现多个操作错误。
这是因为你不能有多个操作方法拥有相同类型和相同数量的参数。以上两种操作方法都不包括任何参数。所以Web API不懂哪个方法执行HTTP GET请求http://localhost:64189/api/student。
下面的例子说明了如何处理这种情况。
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public class StudentController : ApiController { public StudentController() { } public IHttpActionResult GetAllStudents( bool includeAddress = false ) { IList<StudentViewModel> students = null ; using (var ctx = new SchoolDBEntities()) { students = ctx.Students.Include( "StudentAddress" ) .Select(s => new StudentViewModel() { Id = s.StudentID, FirstName = s.FirstName, LastName = s.LastName, Address = s.StudentAddress == null || includeAddress == false ? null : new AddressViewModel() { StudentId = s.StudentAddress.StudentID, Address1 = s.StudentAddress.Address1, Address2 = s.StudentAddress.Address2, City = s.StudentAddress.City, State = s.StudentAddress.State } }).ToList<StudentViewModel>(); } if (students.Count == 0) { return NotFound(); } return Ok(students); } } |
如您所见,GetAllStudents动作方法包括一个参数includeAddress,默认值为false。
如果HTTP请求在查询字符串中包含includeAddress参数的值为true,那么它将返回所有的学生并带上学生的地址信息否则它将返回学生但不会有地址信息。
例如,http://localhost:64189/api/student(64189是一个端口号,可以在你的环境中不同)将返回所有的学生信息不带地址信息如下所示。
一个HTTP请求http://localhost:64189/api/student?includeAddress=true将返回所有的学生及地址如下所示。
实现多个Get方法
如前所述,Web API控制器可以包括多个Get方法,但这些Get方法需要有不同的参数列表。
让我们添加以下Action方法StudentController演示Web API如何处理多个HTTP GET请求。
Action方法 | 作用 |
GetStudentById(int id) | 返回与id相匹配的学生信息 |
GetAllStudents(string name) | 返回名称与name相匹配的学生列表 |
GetAllStudentsInSameStandard(int standardId) | 返回指定标准的学生信息列表 |
下面是实现上述操作方法的示例。
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public class StudentController : ApiController { public StudentController() { } public IHttpActionResult GetAllStudents( bool includeAddress = false ) { IList<StudentViewModel> students = null ; using (var ctx = new SchoolDBEntities()) { students = ctx.Students.Include( "StudentAddress" ).Select(s => new StudentViewModel() { Id = s.StudentID, FirstName = s.FirstName, LastName = s.LastName, Address = s.StudentAddress == null || includeAddress == false ? null : new AddressViewModel() { StudentId = s.StudentAddress.StudentID, Address1 = s.StudentAddress.Address1, Address2 = s.StudentAddress.Address2, City = s.StudentAddress.City, State = s.StudentAddress.State } }).ToList<StudentViewModel>(); } if (students == null ) { return NotFound(); } return Ok(students); } public IHttpActionResult GetStudentById( int id) { StudentViewModel student = null ; using (var ctx = new SchoolDBEntities()) { student = ctx.Students.Include( "StudentAddress" ) .Where(s => s.StudentID == id) .Select(s => new StudentViewModel() { Id = s.StudentID, FirstName = s.FirstName, LastName = s.LastName }).FirstOrDefault<StudentViewModel>(); } if (student == null ) { return NotFound(); } return Ok(student); } public IHttpActionResult GetAllStudents( string name) { IList<StudentViewModel> students = null ; using (var ctx = new SchoolDBEntities()) { students = ctx.Students.Include( "StudentAddress" ) .Where(s => s.FirstName.ToLower() == name.ToLower()) .Select(s => new StudentViewModel() { Id = s.StudentID, FirstName = s.FirstName, LastName = s.LastName, Address = s.StudentAddress == null ? null : new AddressViewModel() { StudentId = s.StudentAddress.StudentID, Address1 = s.StudentAddress.Address1, Address2 = s.StudentAddress.Address2, City = s.StudentAddress.City, State = s.StudentAddress.State } }).ToList<StudentViewModel>(); } if (students.Count == 0) { return NotFound(); } return Ok(students); } public IHttpActionResult GetAllStudentsInSameStandard( int standardId) { IList<StudentViewModel> students = null ; using (var ctx = new SchoolDBEntities()) { students = ctx.Students.Include( "StudentAddress" ).Include( "Standard" ).Where(s => s.StandardId == standardId) .Select(s => new StudentViewModel() { Id = s.StudentID, FirstName = s.FirstName, LastName = s.LastName, Address = s.StudentAddress == null ? null : new AddressViewModel() { StudentId = s.StudentAddress.StudentID, Address1 = s.StudentAddress.Address1, Address2 = s.StudentAddress.Address2, City = s.StudentAddress.City, State = s.StudentAddress.State }, Standard = new StandardViewModel() { StandardId = s.Standard.StandardId, Name = s.Standard.StandardName } }).ToList<StudentViewModel>(); } if (students.Count == 0) { return NotFound(); } return Ok(students); } } |
现在,上面的Web API将处理对应的HTTP GET请求。
HTTP GET请求url | 描述 |
http://localhost:64189/api/student | 返回所有学生的列表,没有相关地址。 |
http://localhost:64189/api/student?includeAddress=false | 返回所有学生的列表,没有相关地址。 |
http://localhost:64189/api/student?includeAddress=true | 返回所有学生的列表,包括地址。 |
http://localhost:64189/api/student?id=123 | 返回指定id的学生信息 |
http://localhost:64189/api/student?name=steve | 返回指定name的学生信息 |
http://localhost:64189/api/student?standardId=5 | 返回指定standardid的学生列表 |
你可以用同样的方式来实现Get方法,用来处理Web API的不同的HTTP Get请求。
下面的图显示了Fiddler操作HTTP GET请求。
下图显示了Fidder中以上Http Get请求的响应结果。
接下来,我们将学习如何在Web API中实现Post操作方法来处理HTTP Post请求。