• Django-restframework之路由控制、解析器及响应器

    django-restframework之路由控制、解析器及响应器

    一 前言

    本篇博客介绍 restframework 框架的剩下几个组件，路由控制有三种：传统路由、半自动路由及全自动路由；解析器是用来解析要响应的数据格式，比如是form-data、json、或是urlencoded等数据格式；响应器根据用户请求 url 或用户可以接受的数据格式来筛选出合适的渲染组件。

    二 路由控制

    一 传统路由

    urls.py

    from django.conf.urls import url
from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^books/$', views.BookView.as_view()),
    url(r'^books/(?P<pk>d+)$', views.BookDetailView.as_view()),
]

    views.py

    class BookView(APIView):

    def get(self, request):
        book_list = models.Book.objects.all()
        bs = BookSerializers(book_list, many=True)
        return Response(bs.data)

    def post(self, request):
        # 添加一条数据
        print(request.data)

        bs=BookSerializers(data=request.data)
        if bs.is_valid():
            bs.save()  # 生成记录
            return Response(bs.data)
        else:

            return Response(bs.errors)

class BookDetailView(APIView):
    def get(self,request,pk):
        book_obj=models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
        bs=BookSerializers(book_obj,many=False)
        return Response(bs.data)
    def put(self,request,pk):
        book_obj = models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()

        bs=BookSerializers(data=request.data,instance=book_obj)
        if bs.is_valid():
            bs.save() # update
            return Response(bs.data)
        else:
            return Response(bs.errors)
    def delete(self,request,pk):
        models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).delete()

        return Response("")

    二 半自动路由（视图类继承 ModelViewSet）

    原理就是重写 as_view方法，以致可以找到请求方法和响应视图方法的对应关系。

    urls.py

    from django.conf.urls import url
from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^publish/$', views.PublishView.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'})),
    url(r'^publish/(?P<pk>d+)/$', views.PublishView.as_view({'get':'retrieve','put':'update','delete':'destroy'})),

]

    views.py

    from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
class PublishView(ModelViewSet):
    queryset=models.Publish.objects.all()
    serializer_class=PublishSerializers

    三 全自动路由（自动生成路由）

    urls.py

    from django.conf.urls import url,include
from app01 import views
from rest_framework import routers
router=routers.DefaultRouter()
# 两个参数，一个是匹配的路由，一个是视图中写的CBV的类
router.register('publish',views.PublishView)
urlpatterns = [
    # http://127.0.0.1:8000/publish/format=json(渲染器通过这个判断，返回渲染的页面)
    # url(r'^publish/', views.PublishView.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'})),
    # http://127.0.0.1:8000/publish.json(渲染器通过这个判断，返回渲染的页面)
    # url(r'^publish.(?P<format>w+)$', views.PublishView.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'})),
    
    # 可以用 以下方式访问
    # 1 http://127.0.0.1:8000/publish/
    # 2 http://127.0.0.1:8000/publish.json
    # 3 http://127.0.0.1:8000/publish/3
    # 4 http://127.0.0.1:8000/publish/3.json   
    url(r'',include(router.urls))
]

    views.py

    from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
class PublishView(ModelViewSet):
    queryset=models.Publish.objects.all()
    serializer_class=PublishSerializers

    三 解析器

    一 解析器的作用

    根据请求头的Content-Type参数来选择对应的解析器对请求体内容进行处理，有application/json、x-www-form-urlencoded、form-data等格式。

    二 全局使用解析器

    settings.py

    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES':[
        'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser'
        'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser'
        'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser'
    ]

}

    urls.py

    urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view()),
]

    views.py

    from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response

class TestView(APIView):
    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.content_type)

        # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
        print(request.data)
        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

    三 局部使用解析器

    1. 仅处理请求头 content-type 为 application/json 的请求体

    urls.py

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s5_parser import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

    views.py

    from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser


class TestView(APIView):
    # 局部配置该参数
    parser_classes = [JSONParser, ]

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.content_type)

        # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
        print(request.data)

        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)

        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
    1. 仅处理请求头 content-type 为 application/x-www-form-urlencoded 的请求体

    urls.py

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

    views.py

    from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import FormParser


class TestView(APIView):
    parser_classes = [FormParser, ]

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.content_type)

        # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
        print(request.data)

        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)

        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
    1. 仅处理请求头 content-type 为 multipart/form-data 的请求体

    urls.py

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

    views.py

    from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import MultiPartParser


class TestView(APIView):
    parser_classes = [MultiPartParser, ]

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.content_type)

        # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
        print(request.data)
        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

    html

    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <input type="text" name="user" />
    <input type="file" name="img">

    <input type="submit" value="提交">

</form>
</body>
</html>
    1. 仅上传文件

    urls.py

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/(?P<filename>[^/]+)', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

    views.py

    from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import FileUploadParser


class TestView(APIView):
    parser_classes = [FileUploadParser, ]

    def post(self, request, filename, *args, **kwargs):
        print(filename)
        print(request.content_type)

        # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
        print(request.data)
        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

    html

    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/f1.numbers" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <input type="text" name="user" />
    <input type="file" name="img">

    <input type="submit" value="提交">

</form>
</body>
</html>
    1. 同时多个 parser

    当同时使用多个 parser 时，restframework 会根据请求头 content-ty 自动进行对应，并使用相应的 parset

    urls.py

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

    views.py

    from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser, FormParser, MultiPartParser


class TestView(APIView):
    parser_classes = [JSONParser, FormParser, MultiPartParser, ]

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.content_type)

        # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
        print(request.data)
        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

    四 解析器源码分析

    当调用request.data时才进行解析数据，这里的 request 是Request类对象。

    1. request.data

    2. request._load_data_and_files

    3. request._parse

    4. request._stream

    5. self.parsers

    6. self.parser_classes

    self.parser_classes就是设置在视图类中的一个列表

    7. self.negotiator.select_parser

    根据数据格式选择对应的数据解析器

    8. self.get_parser_context

    9. stream、media_type和 self.parser_context准备好

    10. 假设该解析器为 JSONParser

    四 响应器

    一 作用

    根据用户请求的 URL 或用户可接受的数据类型，筛选出合适的渲染组件。

    用户请求 URL：

    二内置渲染器

    显示 json 格式：JSONRenderer

    访问 url：

    默认显示格式：BrowsableAPIRenderer（可以修改 html 文件）

    访问 url：

    表格方式：AdminRenderer

    访问 url：

    form 表单方式：HTMLFormRenderer

    访问 url：

    三 局部使用

    from rest_framework.renderers import  HTMLFormRenderer,BrowsableAPIRenderer
class BookDetailView(APIView):
    renderer_classes = [HTMLFormRenderer,BrowsableAPIRenderer ]
    def get(self,request,pk):
        book_obj=models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
        bs=BookSerializers(book_obj,many=False)
        return Response(bs.data)
    def put(self,request,pk):
        book_obj = models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()

        bs=BookSerializers(data=request.data,instance=book_obj)
        if bs.is_valid():
            bs.save() # update
            return Response(bs.data)
        else:
            return Response(bs.errors)
    def delete(self,request,pk):
        models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).delete()

        return Response("")

    四 全局使用

    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES':['rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer']
}

    五 自定义显示模板

    views.py

    from rest_framework.renderers import  TemplateHTMLRenderer
class BookDetailView(APIView):
    renderer_classes = [TemplateHTMLRenderer]
    def get(self,request,pk):
        book_obj=models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
        bs=BookSerializers(book_obj,many=False)
        return Response(bs.data,template_name='aa.html')

    html

    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
{{ title }}
{{ publishDate }}
</body>
</html>
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  • 原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/zuanzuan/p/10441984.html
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