院系：计算机与信息工程学院 班级： 09计算机应用二班
姓名：赵晓晓（09嵌入式方向） 学号：0906042051
嵌入式系统移植三步曲
一、Bootloader的移植
二、linux 内核的编译
三、linux根文件系统移植
第一步、BootLoader的移植
首先建立交叉编译环境，交叉编译器：arm-linux-gcc2.95.3；接下来要
做的就是根据硬件环境编译原程序.本试验用的是u-boot-1.1.4.tar.bz2，进
行BootLoader的移植：
1. 修改Makefile文件内容:
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit Makefile
将ifeq ($(ARCH),arm)
CROSS_COMPILE = arm-linux-
endif
改为
ifeq ($(ARCH),arm)
CROSS_COMPILE=/usr/local/arm/2.95.3/bin/arm-linux-
endif
在
smdk2410_config : unconfig
@./mkconfig $(@:_config=) arm arm920t smdk2410 NULL s3c24x0
后面添加
xiaoxiao2410_config : unconfig
@./mkconfig $(@:_config=) arm arm920t xiaoxiao2410 NULL s3c24x0
2.编辑xiaoxiao2410.h头文件
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit include/configs/xiaoxiao2410.h
3.编辑board/xiaoxiao2410/Makefile文件
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit board/ok2410/Makefile
将
OBJS := smdk2410.o flash.o
改为
OBJS := xiaoxiao2410.o flash.o
4.修改cpu/arm920t/config.mk文件
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit cpu/arm920t/config.mk
将
PLATFORM_CPPFLAGS +=$(call cc-option,-mapcs-32,-mabi=apcs-gnu)
改成：
PLATFORM_CPPFLAGS +=$(call cc-option,-mapcs-32,$(call cc-option,-mabi=apcs-gnu,))
5.修改examples/Makefile文件
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit examples/Makefile
将原文件的第58行开始的内容：
SREC = hello_world.srec
BIN = hello_world.bin hello_world
改为
SREC = hello_world.o
BIN = hello_world.o hello_world
即可重新编译
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# make
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# ll u-boot*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 441425 06-08 09:29 u-boot
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 115468 06-08 09:29 u-boot.bin
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 50542 06-08 09:29 u-boot.map
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 346474 06-08 09:29 u-boot.srec
6.添加skyeye.conf文件
# skyeye config file for S3C2410X
cpu: arm920t
mach: s3c2410x
# physical memory
mem_bank: map=M, type=RW, addr=0x00000000, size=0x00800000, file=./u-boot.bin ,boot=yes
mem_bank: map=M, type=RW, addr=0x30000000, size=0x00800000
mem_bank: map=M, type=RW, addr=0x30800000, size=0x00800000
mem_bank: map=M, type=RW, addr=0x31000000, size=0x03000000
# all peripherals I/O mapping area
mem_bank: map=I, type=RW, addr=0x48000000, size=0x20000000
mem_bank: map=I, type=RW, addr=0x19000300, size=0x00000020
net: type=cs8900a, base=0x19000300, size=0x20,int=9, mac=08:00:3E:26:0A:5B, ethmod=tuntap, hostip=10.0.0.1
nandflash: type=s3c2410x,name=K9F1208U0B,dump=./nand.dump
#lcd:type=s3c2410x, mod=gtk
dbct:state=on
7. 执行skyeye1.2.6
In: serial
Out: serial
Err: serial
Hit any key to stop autoboot: 0
XIAOXIAO2410 #
8．开始移植nand
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit cpu/arm920t/start.S
9．修改board/xiaoxiao2410/Makefile[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit board/xiaoxiao2410/Makefile
将
OBJS := xiaoxiaook2410.o flash.o
改为
OBJS := xiaoxiao2410.o flash.o nand_read.o
10．创建board/xiaoxiao2410/nand_read.c文件[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit board/xiaoxiao2410/nand_read.c
11．编辑include/configs/xiaoxiao2410.h文件[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit include/configs/xiaoxiao2410.h
12．编译u-boot，然后测试u-boot是否可以从nand启动[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# make
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# skyeye1.2.6 //再次执行skyeye1.2.6
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# mknandflashdump u-boot.bin nand.dump 0
Finish
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# ll nand.dump
-rw-rw-rw- 1 root root 69206016 06-08 09:29 nand.dump
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# skyeye1.2.6 //再次执行skyeye1.2.6
13．编辑include/configs/xiaoxiao2410.h文件
注：13～15步对u-boot添加nand指令的支持
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit include/configs/xiaoxiao2410.h
14．编辑board/ok2410/xiaoxiao2410.c文件[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit board/ok2410/xiaoxiao2410.c
15．修改 common/cmd_nand.c文件[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit common/cmd_nand.c
16．编译、测试[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# make
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# ll u-boot*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 441425 06-08 09:29 u-boot
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 115468 06-08 09:29 u-boot.bin
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 50542 06-08 09:29 u-boot.map
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 346474 06-08 09:29 u-boot.srec
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# ./mknandflashdump u-boot.bin nand.dump 0
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# skyeye1.2.6
*** Warning - bad CRC or NAND, using default environment
In: serial
Out: serial
Err: serial
Hit any key to stop autoboot: 0
TFTP from server 10.0.0.1; our IP address is 10.0.0.110
Filename 'uImage'.
Load address: 0x31000000
Loading: checksum bad
T T T T T T T T
第二步:编译内核（进行linux的移植）
首先建立开发环境，inux2.6.14的交叉编译器为gcc-3.4.1，下来要做的就是根据硬件环境编译原程序。本试验用的是linux，将其解压之后修改Makefile文件，然后再对网上进行移植。
inux的移植，根据自己的需要配置linux内核，编译内核创建uimag放置在TFTP服务器根目录（tftpboot/），这样在远程下载模式下，可以在TFTP 服务器根目录（tftpboot/）下载文件系统引导系统。
第三步：根文件系统的移植 busybox,yaffs2根文件系统的建立，在重启服务器之后再启动开发版。
二．最后总结实验中出现问题：
一.在Bootloader的移植中出现的问题如下：1. 在执行命令mknandflashdump会有提示说mknandflashdump 命令找不到
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# mknandflashdump u-boot.bin nand.dump 0
bash: mknandflashdump: command not found
用下面命令就可解决此问题：
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# gcc -g mknandflashdump.c
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# ./a.out u-boot.bin nand.dump 0x0
offset: 0x0 = 0
1 pos: 0x0 = 0
2 pos: 0x0 = 0
finish
2. 移植完成后，执行skyeye1.2.6 ,会出现T(表示try)，这时就需要根文件系统的移植
*** Warning - bad CRC or NAND, using default environment
In: serial
Out: serial
Err: serial
Hit any key to stop autoboot: 0
TFTP from server 10.0.0.1; our IP address is 10.0.0.110
Filename 'uImage'.
Load address: 0x31000000
Loading: checksum bad
T T T T T T T T
此时是tftp服务器没有搭建，需要对tftp进行搭建，同时对其权限进行修改,
#chmod-R 755 /tftpboot;
3.防火墙问题；
此时可执行iptables命令:
[root@localhost Desktop]# iptables -F
二.在linux的移植中出现的问题如下：
1.执行命令make会有提示说make 命令找不到
[root@localhost linux-2.6.14.7]# make
make: /usr/local/arm/3.4.1/bin/arm-linux-：命令未找到
CHK include/linux/version.h
UPD include/linux/version.h
SPLIT include/linux/autoconf.h -> include/config/*
SYMLINK include/asm-arm/arch -> include/asm-arm/arch-s3c2410
Generating include/asm-arm/mach-types.h
SYMLINK include/asm -> include/asm-arm
CC arch/arm/kernel/asm-offsets.s
/bin/sh: /usr/local/arm/3.4.1/bin/arm-linux-: 没有那个文件或目录
make[1]: *** [arch/arm/kernel/asm-offsets.s] 错误 1
make: *** [prepare0] 错误 2
出现错误。
将Makefile文件中的$(CROSS_COMPILE)改成绝对路径 /usr/local/arm/3.4.1/bin/arm-linux-
把解压后的文件夹/usr/local/arm/usr/local/arm/3.4.1/中的3.4.1文件夹移到/usr/local/arm/下
再次执行make命令
2.执行命令cp ../cs8900/cs8900.c 会有提示说cp ../cs8900/cs8900.c 没有那个文件或目录
[root@localhost linux-2.6.14.7]# cp ../cs8900/cs8900.c drivers/net/arm/
cp: 无法 stat “../cs8900/cs8900.c”: 没有那个文件或目录
在/opt/下建立一个文件夹，把cs8900.c和cs8900.h移到cs8900文件夹下即可
3. 执行命令cp initrd.img会有提示说cp initrd.img命令找不到
[root@localhost tools]# cp initrd.img ../
cp: 无法 stat “initrd.img”: 没有那个文件或目录
出现错误，将initrd.img移到/opt/u-boot-1.1.4/tools/文件夹下即可
4. 执行命令cp initrd.img /tmp/nfs/会有提示说cp initrd.img /tmp/nfs/命令找不到
[root@localhost tools]# cp initrd.img /tmp/nfs/
cp: 无法创建一般文件“/tmp/nfs/”: 是一个目录
出现错误，在/tmp/下建立一个文件夹，名字为nfs
5.有时在启动的时候会出现如下情况：
PID hash table entries: 512 (order: 9, 8192 bytes)
timer tcon=00500000, tcnt a509, tcfg 00000200,00000000, usec 00001e4c
Console: colour dummy device 80x30
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]#
重启计算机后会出现错误，执行如下命令即可：
[root@localhost opt]# service xinetd restart
[root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# service nfs start
启动 NFS 服务： [确定]
关掉 NFS 配额： [确定]
启动 NFS 守护进程： [确定]
启动 NFS mountd： [确定]
[root@localhost opt]# iptables -F
三.在根文件系统的移植中出现的问题如下：
1.出现的错误：
******************************************************************
OK 2410 Rootfs made by xiaoxiao , 2009.05
*****************************************************************
10.0.0.110 login: root
Password:
login[25]: root login on 'console'
login: cannot run /bin/bash: Exec format error
解决办法如下：
[root@localhost nfs]gedit etc/passwd
将：root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
改为：root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/sh
2.出现的错误：
0.110:10.0.0.1:10.0.0.1:255.255.255.0 init=linuxrc console=ttySAC0,115200 mem=64M
irq: clearing pending status 00004000
irq: clearing pending status 00008000
irq: clearing pending status 00004000
irq: clearing pending status 00800000
irq: clearing subpending status 00000092
PID hash table entries: 512 (order: 9, 8192 bytes)
timer tcon=00500000, tcnt a509, tcfg 00000200,00000000, usec 00001e4c
Console: colour dummy device 80x30
[root@localhost /]# service nfs restart
关闭 NFS mountd： [确定]
关闭 NFS 守护进程： [确定]
关闭 NFS quotas： [确定]
关闭 NFS 服务： [确定]
启动 NFS 服务： [确定]
关掉 NFS 配额： [确定]
启动 NFS 守护进程： [确定]
启动 NFS mountd： [确定]
[root@localhost /]# iptables -F
[root@localhost /]# service xinetd restart
停止 xinetd： [确定]
启动 xinetd： [确定]
或者是当启动到
In: serial
Out: serial
Err: serial
三、最后正确的执行结果如下
~ # [root@localhost u-boot-1.1.4]# skyeye1.2.6
**************************** WARNING **********************************
If you want to run ELF image, you should use -e option to indicate
your elf-format image filename. Or you only want to run binary image,
you need to set the filename of the image and its entry in skyeye.conf.
***********************************************************************
Your elf file is little endian.
arch: arm
cpu info: armv4, arm920t, 41009200, ff00fff0, 2
mach info: name s3c2410x, mach_init addr 0x806bae0
ethmod num=1, mac addr=8:0:3e:26:a:5b, hostip=10.0.0.1
nandflash: dump ./nand.dump
file size:69206016
dbct info: turn on dbct!
uart_mod:0, desc_in:, desc_out:, converter:
SKYEYE: use arm920t mmu ops
Loaded RAM ./u-boot.bin
ERROR: s3c2410x_io_write_word(0x4c000000) = 0x00ffffff
ERROR: s3c2410x_io_write_word(0x4c000008) = 0x00048032
U-Boot 1.1.4 (Jun 8 2011 - 09:28:44)
U-Boot code: 33F80000 -> 33F9C30C BSS: -> 33FA03E8
RAM Configuration:
Bank #0: 30000000 64 MB
Flash: 512 kB
NAND: 64 MB
warning when RE falling,do nothing
warning when RE falling,do nothing
warning when RE falling,do nothing
warning when RE falling,do nothing
*** Warning - bad CRC or NAND, using default environment
In: serial
Out: serial
Err: serial
Hit any key to stop autoboot: 0
ok2410 # run bootcmd
TFTP from server 10.0.0.1; our IP address is 10.0.0.110
Filename 'uImage'.
Load address: 0x31000000
Loading: checksum bad
#################################################################
#################################################################
#################################################################
############################
done
Bytes transferred = 1138580 (115f94 hex)
## Booting image at 31000000 ...
Image Name: linux-2.6.14.7
Created: 2011-06-11 9:19:42 UTC
Image Type: ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
Data Size: 1138516 Bytes = 1.1 MB
Load Address: 30008000
Entry Point: 30008000
Verifying Checksum ... OK
OK
Starting kernel ...
Uncompressing Linux......................................................................... done, booting the kernel.
Linux version 2.6.14.7 (root@localhost.localdomain) (gcc version 3.4.1) #2 Sat Jun 11 15:52:11 CST 2011
CPU: ARM920Tid(wb) [41009200] revision 0 (ARMvundefined/unknown)
Machine: SMDK2410
Memory policy: ECC disabled, Data cache writeback
CPU S3C2410 (id 0x32410000)
S3C2410: core 202.800 MHz, memory 101.400 MHz, peripheral 50.700 MHz
S3C2410 Clocks, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
CLOCK: Slow mode (1.500 MHz), fast, MPLL on, UPLL on
CPU0: D VIVT write-back cache
CPU0: I cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 64, 32 byte lines, 8 sets
CPU0: D cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 64, 32 byte lines, 8 sets
Built 1 zonelists
Kernel command line: noinitrd root=/dev/nfs rw nfsroot=10.0.0.1:/tmp/nfs ip=10.0.0.110:10.0.0.1:10.0.0.1:255.255.255.0 init=linuxrc console=ttySAC0,115200 mem=64M
irq: clearing pending status 00004000
irq: clearing pending status 00008000
irq: clearing pending status 00800000
irq: clearing pending status 10000000
irq: clearing subpending status 00000093
PID hash table entries: 512 (order: 9, 8192 bytes)
timer tcon=00500000, tcnt a509, tcfg 00000200,00000000, usec 00001e4c
Console: colour dummy device 80x30
Dentry cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 4, 65536 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)
Memory: 64MB = 64MB total
Memory: 62464KB available (1843K code, 397K data, 96K init)
Mount-cache hash table entries: 512
CPU: Testing write buffer coherency: ok
softlockup thread 0 started up.
NET: Registered protocol family 16
S3C2410: Initialising architecture
NetWinder Floating Point Emulator V0.97 (double precision)
devfs: 2004-01-31 Richard Gooch (rgooch@atnf.csiro.au)
devfs: devfs_debug: 0x0
devfs: boot_options: 0x1
JFFS version 1.0, (C) 1999, 2000 Axis Communications AB
JFFS2 version 2.2. (NAND) (C) 2001-2003 Red Hat, Inc.
Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 80x25
fb0: Virtual frame buffer device, using 1024K of video memory
S3C2410 RTC, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
s3c2410_serial0 at MMIO 0x50000000 (irq = 70) is a S3C2410
s3c2410_serial1 at MMIO 0x50004000 (irq = 73) is a S3C2410
s3c2410_serial2 at MMIO 0x50008000 (irq = 76) is a S3C2410
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler anticipatory registered
io scheduler deadline registered
io scheduler cfq registered
RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 4096K size 1024 blocksize
loop: loaded (max 8 devices)
nbd: registered device at major 43
Cirrus Logic CS8900A driver for Linux (Modified for SMDK2410)
eth0: CS8900A rev D at 0xe0000300 irq=53, no eeprom , addr: 08: 0:3E:26:0A:5B
S3C24XX NAND Driver, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
s3c2410-nand: mapped registers at c4980000
s3c2410-nand: timing: Tacls 10ns, Twrph0 30ns, Twrph1 10ns
NAND device: Manufacturer ID: 0xec, Chip ID: 0x76 (Samsung NAND 64MiB 3,3V 8-bit)
NAND_ECC_NONE selected by board driver. This is not recommended !!
Scanning device for bad blocks
Creating 4 MTD partitions on "NAND 64MiB 3,3V 8-bit":
0x00000000-0x00100000 : "bootloader"
0x00100000-0x00400000 : "kernel"
0x00400000-0x02c00000 : "root"
0x02d00000-0x03c00000 : "user"
mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
NET: Registered protocol family 2
IP route cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
TCP established hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 4096 bind 4096)
TCP reno registered
TCP bic registered
NET: Registered protocol family 1
IP-Config: Complete:
device=eth0, addr=10.0.0.110, mask=255.255.255.0, gw=10.0.0.1,
host=10.0.0.110, domain=, nis-domain=(none),
bootserver=10.0.0.1, rootserver=10.0.0.1, rootpath=
Looking up port of RPC 100003/2 on 10.0.0.1
Looking up port of RPC 100005/1 on 10.0.0.1
VFS: Mounted root (nfs filesystem).
Mounted devfs on /dev
Freeing init memory: 96K
#mount all.......
******************************************************************
OK 2410 Rootfs made by xiaoxiao , 2009.05
*****************************************************************
10.0.0.110 login: root
login[25]: root login on 'console'
xaoxiao 2009.05
Processing /etc/profile... Done
~ # ls
~ # cd /
/ # ls
bin dev initrd.img mnt sbin tmp
boot etc lib proc sys usr
copy_lib.sh home linuxrc root temp var
/ #
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