(1) linux 3.x

http://blog.csdn.net/zhangskd/article/details/16879781

本文主要分析：服务器端接收到SYN包时的处理路径。

内核版本：3.6

Author：zhangskd @ csdn blog

接收入口

1. 状态为ESTABLISHED时，用tcp_rcv_established()接收处理。

2. 状态为LISTEN时，说明这个sock处于监听状态，用于被动打开的接收处理，包括SYN和ACK。

3. 当状态不为ESTABLISHED或TIME_WAIT时，用tcp_rcv_state_process()处理。

int tcp_v4_do_rcv(struct sock *sk, struct sk_buff *skb)
{
    struct sock *rsk;

#ifdef CONFIG_TCP_MD5SIG
    /* We really want to reject the packet as early as possible if :
     * We're expecting an MD5'd packet and this is no MD5 tcp option.
     * There is an MD5 option and we're not expecting one.
     */
    if (tcp_v4_inbound_md5_hash(sk, skb))
        goto discard;
#endif

    /* 当状态为ESTABLISHED时，用tcp_rcv_established()接收处理 */
    if (sk->sk_state == TCP_ESTABLISHED) { /* Fast path */
        struct dst_entry *dst = sk->sk_rx_dst;
        sock_rps_save_rxhash(sk, skb);

        if (dst) {
            if (inet_sk(sk)->rx_dst_ifindex != skb->skb_iif || dst->ops->check(dst, 0) == NULL) {
                dst_release(dst);
                sk->sk_rx_dst = NULL;
            }
        }

        /* 连接已建立时的处理路径 */
        if (tcp_rcv_established(sk, skb, tcp_hdr(skb), skb->len)) {
            rsk = sk;
            goto reset;
        }
        return 0;
    }

    /* 检查报文长度、报文校验和 */
    if (skb->len < tcp_hdrlen(skb) || tcp_checksum_complete(skb))
        goto csum_err;

    /* 如果这个sock处于监听状态，被动打开时的处理，包括收到SYN或ACK */
    if (sk->sk_state == TCP_LISTEN) {
        /* 返回值：
         * NULL，错误
         * nsk == sk，接收到SYN
         * nsk != sk，接收到ACK
         */
        struct sock *nsk = tcp_v4_hnd_req(sk, skb); /* 接收ACK的处理 */

        if (! nsk)
            goto discard;

        if (nsk != sk) { /* 接收到ACK时 */
            sock_rps_save_rxhash(nsk, skb);

            if (tcp_child_process(sk, nsk, skb)) { /* 处理新的sock */
                rsk = nsk;
                goto reset;
            }
            return 0;
        }
    } else
        sock_rps_save_rx(sk, skb);

    /* 处理除了ESTABLISHED和TIME_WAIT之外的所有状态 */
    if (tcp_rcv_state_process(sk, skb, tcp_hdr(skb), skb->len)) {
        rsk = sk;
        goto reset;
    }
    return 0;

reset:
    tcp_v4_send_reset(rsk, skb); /* 发送RST包 */

discard:
    kfree_skb(skb);
    return 0;

csum_err:
    TCP_INC_STATS_BH(sock_net(sk), TCP_MIB_INERRS);
    goto discard;
}

当收到客户端发送的SYN包时，会进入tcp_rcv_state_process()进行处理。

/*
 * This function implements the receiving procedure of RFC 793 for all states except
 * ESTABLISHED and TIME_WAIT.
 * It's called from both tcp_v4_rcv and tcp_v6_rcv and should be address independent.
 */

int tcp_rcv_state_process(struct sock *sk, struct sk_buff *skb, const struct tcphdr *th,
              unsigned int len)
{
    struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
    struct inet_connection_sock *icsk = inet_csk(sk);
    int queued = 0;

    tp->rx_opt.saw_tstamp = 0;

    switch(sk->sk_state) {
        case TCP_CLOSE:
            goto discard;

        case TCP_LISTEN:
            /* 收到SYN会走到这边，而ACK不会。
             * 所以直接向服务器发送ACK包，会收到RST包(使用SYN Cookie时除外)。
             */
            if (th->ack)
                return 1;

            if (th->rst)
                goto discard;

            if (th->syn) {
                if (th->fin)
                    goto discard;

                /* 对于IPv4，对应的是ipv4_specific，调用tcp_v4_conn_request()处理收到的SYN包 */
                if (icsk->icsk_af_ops->conn_request(sk, skb) < 0)
                    return 1;

                /* Now we have several options: In theory there is nothing else in the frame.
                 * KA9Q has an option to send data with the syn, BSD accepts data with the syn up to
                 * the [to be] advertised window and Solaris 2.1 gives you a protocol error. For now
                 * we just ignore it, that fits the spec precisely and avoids incompatibilities. It would
                 * be nice in future to drop through and process the data.
                 *
                 * Now that TTCP is starting to be used we ought to queue this data.
                 * But, this leaves one open to an easy denial of service attack, and SYN cookies can't
                 * defend against this problem. So, we drop the data in the interest of security over
                 * speed unless it's still in use.
                 */
                 /* 这里讨论了SYN包携带数据的问题 */

                 kfree_skb(skb);
                 return 0;
            }

            goto discard;
        ...
    }
    ...
discard:
        __kfree_skb(skb);
    }
    return 0;
}

处理SYN包

SYN包的处理是地址族相关的，我们要研究的是IPv4。

/*
 * Pointers to address related TCP functions
 * (i.e. things that depend on the address family)
 */
struct inet_connection_sock_af_ops {
    ...
    int (*conn_request) (struct sock *sk, struct sk_buff *skb);
    ...
};

const struct inet_connection_sock_af_ops ipv4_specific = {
    ...
    .conn_request = tcp_v4_conn_request, /* IPv4 SYN包的处理函数 */
    ...
};

服务器端处理接收到的SYN包。

int tcp_v4_conn_request(struct sock *sk, struct sk_buff *skb)
{
    struct tcp_extend_values tmp_ext;
    struct tcp_options_received tmp_opt;
    const u8 *hash_location;
    struct request_sock *req;
    struct inet_request_sock *ireq;
    struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
    struct dst_entry *dst = NULL;
    __be32 saddr = ip_hdr(skb)->saddr;
    __be32 daddr = ip_hdr(skb)->daddr;
    __u32 isn = TCP_SKB_CB(skb)->when;
    bool want_cookie = false;

    /* Never answer to SYNs send to broadcast or multicast.
     * 忽略广播、多播的SYN段。
     */
    if (skb_rtable(skb)->rt_flags & (RTCF_BROADCAST | RTCF_MULTICAST))
        goto drop;

    /* 如果半连接队列满了
     * when变量在tcp_v4_rcv()中置0。
     */
    if (inet_csk_reqsk_queue_is_full(sk) && ! isn) {

       /* 判断是直接丢弃，还是使用SYN Cookie */
        want_cookie = tcp_syn_flood_action(sk, skb, "TCP");

        if (! want_cookie)
            goto drop; /* 如果不允许使用SYN Cookie，则直接丢弃 */
    }

    /* Accept backlog is full. If we have already queued enough of warm entries in
     * syn queue, drop request. It is better than clogging syn queue with openreqs with
     * exponentially increasing timeout.
     */
    /* 如果全连接队列满了，且有未重传过的半连接，则直接丢弃SYN请求 */
    if (sk_acceptq_is_full(sk) && inet_csk_reqsk_queue_young(sk) > 1)
        goto drop;

    /* 从缓存块中分配一个request_sock实例，指定此实例的操作函数集为tcp_request_sock_ops */
    req = inet_reqsk_alloc(&tcp_request_sock_ops);
    if (! req)
        goto drop;

#ifdef CONFIG_TCP_MD5SIG
    tcp_rsk(req)->af_specific = &tcp_request_sock_ipv4_ops;
#endif

    tcp_clear_options(&tmp_opt); /* 清零TCP选项 */
    tmp_opt.mss_clamp = TCP_MSS_DEFAULT; /* 默认的MSS为536 */
    tmp_opt.user_mss = tp->rx_opt.user_mss; /* mss requested by user in ioctl */
    tcp_parse_options(skb, &tmp_opt, &hash_location, 0, NULL); /* 全面解析TCP选项，并保存 */

     /* 注意这部分实现的是：TCP Cookie Transaction (TCPCT) 选项。
      * TCPCT选项在2013年3月从内核代码中移除了！
      * 这个选项是在2009年加入的，功能类似于SYN Cookie。
      */
    if (tmp_opt.cookie_plus > 0 && tmp_opt.saw_tstamp && ! tp->rx_opt.cookie_out_never &&
         (sysctl_tcp_cookie_size > 0 || (tp->cookie_values != NULL &&
           tp->cookie_values->cookie_desired > 0))) {
        u8 *c;
        u32 *mess = &tmp_ext.cookie_bakery[COOKIE_DIGEST_WORDS];
        int l = tmp_opt.cookie_plus - TCPOLEN_COOKIE_BASE; /* Cookie长度 */

        if (tcp_cookie_generator(&tmp_ext.cookie_bakery[0]) != 0)
            goto drop_and_release;

        /* Secret recipe starts with IP addresses */
        *mess++ ^= (__force u32) daddr;
        *mess++ ^= (__force u32) saddr;

        /* plus variable length Initiator Cookie */
        c = (u8 *) mess;
        while (l-- > 0)
            *c++ ^= *hash_location++;

        want_cookie = false; /* not our kind of cookie */
        tmp_ext.cookie_out_never = 0; /* false */
        tmp_ext.cookie_plus = tmp_opt.cookie_plus;
    } else if (! tp->rx_opt.cookie_in_always) {
        /* redundant indications, but ensure initialization. */
        tmp_ext.cookie_out_never = 1; /* true */
        tmp_ext.cookie_plus = 0;
    } else {
        goto drop_and_release;
    }

    tmp_ext.cookie_in_always = tp->rx_opt.cookie_in_always;
    /* Code above have already been removed in mainstream. */

    /* 如果启用了SYN Cookie，且连接不使用TIMESTAMP选项 */
    if (want_cookie && ! tmp_opt.saw_tstamp)
        tcp_clear_options(&tmp_opt); /* 清零TCP选项 */

    tmp_opt.tstamp_ok = tmp_opt.saw_tstamp;

    /* 初始化连接请求块，保存连接信息 */
    tcp_openreq_init(req, &tmp_opt, skb);
    ireq->loc_addr = daddr; /* 本端IP地址 */
    ireq->rmt_addr = saddr; /* 对端IP地址 */
    ireq->no_srccheck = inet_sk(sk)->transparent;
    ireq->opt = tcp_v4_save_options(sk, skb); /* 保存IP选项 */

    if (security_inet_conn_request(sk, skb, req)) /* SELinux相关 */
        goto drop_and_free;

    /* 如果没使用SYN Cookie，或者使用了TIMESTAMP选项 */
    if (! want_cookie || tmp_opt.tstamp_ok)
        TCP_ECN_create_request(req, skb); /* 判断连接是否要启用ECN */

    if (want_cookie) { /* 如果使用SYN Cookie */
        isn = cookie_v4_init_sequence(sk, skb, &req->mss); /* 计算Cookie的值 */
        req->cookie_ts = tmp_opt.tstamp_ok;

    } else if (! isn) {
        struct flowi4 fl4;

        /* VJ's idea. We save last timestamp seen from destination in peer table,
         * when entering state TIME-WAIT, and check against it before accepting new
         * connection request.
         * If isn is not zero, this request hit alive timewait bucket, so that all the necessary
         * checks are made in the function processing timewait state.
         */
        /* TIME-WAIT状态检查，要确定是否PAWS */
        if (tmp_opt.saw_tstamp && tcp_death_row.sysctl_tw_recycle &&
            (dst = inet_csk_route_req(sk, &fl4, req)) != NULL && fl4.daddr = saddr) {
            if (! tcp_peer_is_proven(req, dst, true)) {
                NET_INC_STATS_BH(sock_net(sk), LINUX_MIB_PAWSPASSIVEREJECTED);
                goto drop_and_release;
            }
        } else if (! sysctl_tcp_syncookies &&
             (sysctl_max_syn_backlog - inet_csk_reqsk_queue_len(sk) < (sysctl_max_syn_backlog >> 2))
                && ! tcp_peer_is_proven(req, dst, false)) {
            /* Without syncookies last quarter of backlog is filled with destinations, proven to be alive.
             * It means that we continue to communicate to destinations, already remembered to the
             * moment of synflood.
             */
            LIMIT_NETDEBUG(KERN_DEBUG pr_fmt("drop open request from %pI4/%u
"), &saddr,
                          ntohs(tcp_hdr(skb)->source));
        }

        isn = tcp_v4_init_sequence(skb); /* 本端的初始序列号 */
    }

    tcp_rsk(req)->snt_isn = isn; /* 保存本端的初始序列号 */
    tcp_rsk(req)->snt_synack = tcp_time_stamp; /* 记录SYNACK的发送时间 */

    /* 发送SYNACK包，如果使用SYN Cookie则不把这个req链接到半连接队列中 */
    if (tcp_v4_send_synack(sk, dst, req, (struct request_values *)&tmp_ext,
              skb_get_queue_mapping(skb), want_cookie) || want_cookie)
        goto drop_and_free;

    /* 把连接请求块链入半连接队列，设置超时时间，启动定时器 */
    inet_csk_reqsk_queue_hash_add(sk, req, TCP_TIMEOUT_INIT);
    return 0;

drop_and_release:
    dst_release(dst);

drop_and_free:
    reqsk_free(req);

drop:
    return 0;
}

队列长度

判断半连接队列是否满了。

static inline int inet_csk_reqsk_queue_is_full(const struct sock *sk)
{
    return reqsk_queue_is_full(&inet_csk(sk)->icsk_accept_queue);
}

半连接队列的最大长度为：2^max_qlen_log。

static inline int reqsk_queue_is_full(const struct request_sock_queue *queue)
{
    return queue->listen_opt->qlen >> queue->listen_opt->max_qlen_log;
}

判断全连接队列是否满了，全连接队列的最大长度为：sk->sk_max_ack_backlog。

static inline bool sk_acceptq_is_full(const struct sock *sk)
{
    return sk->sk_ack_backlog > sk->sk_max_ack_backlog;
}

获取未重传过SYNACK的半连接个数。

static inline int inet_csk_reqsk_queue_young(const struct sock *sk)
{
    return reqsk_queue_len_young(&inet_csk(sk)->icsk_accept_queue);
}

static inline int reqsk_queue_len_young(const struct requst_sock_queue *queue)
{
    return queue->listen_opt->qlen_young;
}

初始序列号

根据源IP、目的IP、源端口、目的端口计算出本端的初始序列号isn。

static inline __u32 tcp_v4_init_sequence(const struct sk_buff *skb)
{
    return secure_tcp_sequence_number(ip_hdr(skb)->daddr, ip_hdr(skb)->saddr,
                            tcp_hdr(skb)->dest, tcp_hdr(skb)->source);
}

__u32 secure_tcp_sequence_number(__be32 saddr, __be32 daddr, __be16 sport, __be16 dport)
{
    u32 hash[MD5_DIGEST_WORDS];

    hash[0] = (__force u32) saddr;
    hash[1] = (__force u32) daddr;
    hash[2] = ((__force u16) sport << 16) + (__force u16) dport;
    hash[3] = net_secret[15]; /* 获取一个随机数 */

    md5_transform(hash, net_secret); /* 计算MD5值 */

    return seq_scale(hash[0]);
}

#define MD5_DIGEST_WORDS 4
#define MD5_MESSAGE_BYTES 64

static u32 net_secret[MD5_MESSAGE_BYTES / 4] __cacheline_aligned;

static int __init net_secret_init(void)
{
    get_random_bytes(net_secret, sizeof(net_secret)); /* 随机获取 */
    return 0;
}

/*
 * This function is the exported kernel interface.
 * It returns some number of good random numbers, suitable for key generation,
 * seeding TCP sequence numbers, etc. It does not use the hw random number
 * generator, if available; use get_random_bytes_arch() for that.
 */
void get_random_bytes(void *buf, int bytes) {};

static u32 seq_scale(u32 seq)
{
    return seq + (ktime_to_ns(ktime_get_real()) >> 6);
}

最终使用MD5。

Message Digest Algorithm 5，消息摘要算法第五版。是一种散列函数，用于提供消息的完整性保护。

除了MD5外，比较著名的还有SHA1。

void md5_transform(__u32 *hash, __u32 const *in) {}