不多说，直接上干货！
可以使用-O选项，让Nmap对目标的操作系统进行识别。
msf > nmap -O 202.193.58.13 [*] exec: nmap -O 202.193.58.13 Starting Nmap 7.31 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2017-05-17 23:18 CST Nmap scan report for 13.58.193.202.in-addr.arpa (202.193.58.13) Host is up (0.0024s latency). Not shown: 977 closed ports PORT STATE SERVICE 21/tcp open ftp 22/tcp open ssh 23/tcp open telnet 25/tcp open smtp 53/tcp open domain 80/tcp open http 111/tcp open rpcbind 139/tcp open netbios-ssn 445/tcp open microsoft-ds 512/tcp open exec 513/tcp open login 514/tcp open shell 1099/tcp open rmiregistry 1524/tcp open ingreslock 2049/tcp open nfs 2121/tcp open ccproxy-ftp 3306/tcp open mysql 5432/tcp open postgresql 5900/tcp open vnc 6000/tcp open X11 6667/tcp open irc 8009/tcp open ajp13 8180/tcp open unknown MAC Address: 84:AD:58:82:49:5C (Unknown) Device type: general purpose Running: Linux 2.6.X OS CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:2.6 OS details: Linux 2.6.16 - 2.6.28 Network Distance: 1 hop OS detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ . Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 4.72 seconds msf >
或者
root@kali:~# nmap -O 202.193.58.13 Starting Nmap 7.31 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2017-05-17 23:21 CST Stats: 0:00:02 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (0 up), 1 undergoing ARP Ping Scan ARP Ping Scan Timing: About 100.00% done; ETC: 23:21 (0:00:00 remaining) Nmap scan report for 13.58.193.202.in-addr.arpa (202.193.58.13) Host is up (0.0025s latency). Not shown: 977 closed ports PORT STATE SERVICE 21/tcp open ftp 22/tcp open ssh 23/tcp open telnet 25/tcp open smtp 53/tcp open domain 80/tcp open http 111/tcp open rpcbind 139/tcp open netbios-ssn 445/tcp open microsoft-ds 512/tcp open exec 513/tcp open login 514/tcp open shell 1099/tcp open rmiregistry 1524/tcp open ingreslock 2049/tcp open nfs 2121/tcp open ccproxy-ftp 3306/tcp open mysql 5432/tcp open postgresql 5900/tcp open vnc 6000/tcp open X11 6667/tcp open irc 8009/tcp open ajp13 8180/tcp open unknown MAC Address: 84:AD:58:82:49:5C (Unknown) Device type: general purpose Running: Linux 2.6.X OS CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:2.6 OS details: Linux 2.6.16 - 2.6.28 Network Distance: 1 hop OS detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ . Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 5.51 seconds root@kali:~#
大家，也可以拿下面的主机，来扫描
msf > nmap -A 202.193.58.13 [*] exec: nmap -A 202.193.58.13 Starting Nmap 7.31 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2017-05-23 11:46 CST Nmap scan report for 13.58.193.202.in-addr.arpa (202.193.58.13) Host is up (0.0021s latency). Not shown: 977 closed ports PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION 21/tcp open ftp vsftpd 2.3.4 |_ftp-anon: ERROR: Script execution failed (use -d to debug) |_ftp-bounce: no banner 22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 4.7p1 Debian 8ubuntu1 (protocol 2.0) 23/tcp open telnet Linux telnetd 25/tcp open smtp Postfix smtpd |_smtp-commands: Couldn't establish connection on port 25 53/tcp open domain? 80/tcp open http? 111/tcp open rpcbind? 139/tcp open netbios-ssn? 445/tcp open microsoft-ds Windows 7 Ultimate 7601 Service Pack 1 microsoft-ds 512/tcp open exec netkit-rsh rexecd 513/tcp open login? 514/tcp open shell Netkit rshd 1099/tcp open rmiregistry? 1524/tcp open shell Metasploitable root shell 2049/tcp open nfs? 2121/tcp open ccproxy-ftp? 3306/tcp open mysql MySQL 5.0.51a-3ubuntu5 5432/tcp open postgresql? 5900/tcp open vnc VNC (protocol 3.3) 6000/tcp open X11? |_x11-access: ERROR: Script execution failed (use -d to debug) 6667/tcp open irc Unreal ircd |_irc-info: Unable to open connection 8009/tcp open ajp13? 8180/tcp open unknown MAC Address: 84:AD:58:82:49:5C (Unknown) Device type: firewall Running (JUST GUESSING): Fortinet embedded (87%) OS CPE: cpe:/h:fortinet:fortigate_100d Aggressive OS guesses: Fortinet FortiGate 100D firewall (87%) No exact OS matches for host (test conditions non-ideal). Network Distance: 1 hop Service Info: Hosts: metasploitable.localdomain, irc.Metasploitable.LAN; OSs: Unix, Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel Host script results: |_clock-skew: mean: -24s, deviation: 0s, median: -24s | smb-os-discovery: | OS: Windows 7 Ultimate 7601 Service Pack 1 (Windows 7 Ultimate 6.1) | OS CPE: cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_7::sp1 | Computer name: PH-PC | NetBIOS computer name: PH-PC | Workgroup: WORKGROUP |_ System time: 2017-05-23T11:47:02+08:00 | smb-security-mode: | account_used: guest | authentication_level: user | challenge_response: supported |_ message_signing: disabled (dangerous, but default) |_smbv2-enabled: Server supports SMBv2 protocol TRACEROUTE HOP RTT ADDRESS 1 2.09 ms 13.58.193.202.in-addr.arpa (202.193.58.13) Post-scan script results: | clock-skew: |_ -24s: Majority of systems scanned OS and Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ . Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 72.94 seconds msf >
更多，其实，
msf > nmap -h [*] exec: nmap -h Nmap 7.31 ( https://nmap.org ) Usage: nmap [Scan Type(s)] [Options] {target specification} TARGET SPECIFICATION: Can pass hostnames, IP addresses, networks, etc. Ex: scanme.nmap.org, microsoft.com/24, 192.168.0.1; 10.0.0-255.1-254 -iL <inputfilename>: Input from list of hosts/networks -iR <num hosts>: Choose random targets --exclude <host1[,host2][,host3],...>: Exclude hosts/networks --excludefile <exclude_file>: Exclude list from file HOST DISCOVERY: -sL: List Scan - simply list targets to scan -sn: Ping Scan - disable port scan -Pn: Treat all hosts as online -- skip host discovery -PS/PA/PU/PY[portlist]: TCP SYN/ACK, UDP or SCTP discovery to given ports -PE/PP/PM: ICMP echo, timestamp, and netmask request discovery probes -PO[protocol list]: IP Protocol Ping -n/-R: Never do DNS resolution/Always resolve [default: sometimes] --dns-servers <serv1[,serv2],...>: Specify custom DNS servers --system-dns: Use OS's DNS resolver --traceroute: Trace hop path to each host SCAN TECHNIQUES: -sS/sT/sA/sW/sM: TCP SYN/Connect()/ACK/Window/Maimon scans -sU: UDP Scan -sN/sF/sX: TCP Null, FIN, and Xmas scans --scanflags <flags>: Customize TCP scan flags -sI <zombie host[:probeport]>: Idle scan -sY/sZ: SCTP INIT/COOKIE-ECHO scans -sO: IP protocol scan -b <FTP relay host>: FTP bounce scan PORT SPECIFICATION AND SCAN ORDER: -p <port ranges>: Only scan specified ports Ex: -p22; -p1-65535; -p U:53,111,137,T:21-25,80,139,8080,S:9 --exclude-ports <port ranges>: Exclude the specified ports from scanning -F: Fast mode - Scan fewer ports than the default scan -r: Scan ports consecutively - don't randomize --top-ports <number>: Scan <number> most common ports --port-ratio <ratio>: Scan ports more common than <ratio> SERVICE/VERSION DETECTION: -sV: Probe open ports to determine service/version info --version-intensity <level>: Set from 0 (light) to 9 (try all probes) --version-light: Limit to most likely probes (intensity 2) --version-all: Try every single probe (intensity 9) --version-trace: Show detailed version scan activity (for debugging) SCRIPT SCAN: -sC: equivalent to --script=default --script=<Lua scripts>: <Lua scripts> is a comma separated list of directories, script-files or script-categories --script-args=<n1=v1,[n2=v2,...]>: provide arguments to scripts --script-args-file=filename: provide NSE script args in a file --script-trace: Show all data sent and received --script-updatedb: Update the script database. --script-help=<Lua scripts>: Show help about scripts. <Lua scripts> is a comma-separated list of script-files or script-categories. OS DETECTION: -O: Enable OS detection --osscan-limit: Limit OS detection to promising targets --osscan-guess: Guess OS more aggressively TIMING AND PERFORMANCE: Options which take <time> are in seconds, or append 'ms' (milliseconds), 's' (seconds), 'm' (minutes), or 'h' (hours) to the value (e.g. 30m). -T<0-5>: Set timing template (higher is faster) --min-hostgroup/max-hostgroup <size>: Parallel host scan group sizes --min-parallelism/max-parallelism <numprobes>: Probe parallelization --min-rtt-timeout/max-rtt-timeout/initial-rtt-timeout <time>: Specifies probe round trip time. --max-retries <tries>: Caps number of port scan probe retransmissions. --host-timeout <time>: Give up on target after this long --scan-delay/--max-scan-delay <time>: Adjust delay between probes --min-rate <number>: Send packets no slower than <number> per second --max-rate <number>: Send packets no faster than <number> per second FIREWALL/IDS EVASION AND SPOOFING: -f; --mtu <val>: fragment packets (optionally w/given MTU) -D <decoy1,decoy2[,ME],...>: Cloak a scan with decoys -S <IP_Address>: Spoof source address -e <iface>: Use specified interface -g/--source-port <portnum>: Use given port number --proxies <url1,[url2],...>: Relay connections through HTTP/SOCKS4 proxies --data <hex string>: Append a custom payload to sent packets --data-string <string>: Append a custom ASCII string to sent packets --data-length <num>: Append random data to sent packets --ip-options <options>: Send packets with specified ip options --ttl <val>: Set IP time-to-live field --spoof-mac <mac address/prefix/vendor name>: Spoof your MAC address --badsum: Send packets with a bogus TCP/UDP/SCTP checksum OUTPUT: -oN/-oX/-oS/-oG <file>: Output scan in normal, XML, s|<rIpt kIddi3, and Grepable format, respectively, to the given filename. -oA <basename>: Output in the three major formats at once -v: Increase verbosity level (use -vv or more for greater effect) -d: Increase debugging level (use -dd or more for greater effect) --reason: Display the reason a port is in a particular state --open: Only show open (or possibly open) ports --packet-trace: Show all packets sent and received --iflist: Print host interfaces and routes (for debugging) --append-output: Append to rather than clobber specified output files --resume <filename>: Resume an aborted scan --stylesheet <path/URL>: XSL stylesheet to transform XML output to HTML --webxml: Reference stylesheet from Nmap.Org for more portable XML --no-stylesheet: Prevent associating of XSL stylesheet w/XML output MISC: -6: Enable IPv6 scanning -A: Enable OS detection, version detection, script scanning, and traceroute --datadir <dirname>: Specify custom Nmap data file location --send-eth/--send-ip: Send using raw ethernet frames or IP packets --privileged: Assume that the user is fully privileged --unprivileged: Assume the user lacks raw socket privileges -V: Print version number -h: Print this help summary page. EXAMPLES: nmap -v -A scanme.nmap.org nmap -v -sn 192.168.0.0/16 10.0.0.0/8 nmap -v -iR 10000 -Pn -p 80 SEE THE MAN PAGE (https://nmap.org/book/man.html) FOR MORE OPTIONS AND EXAMPLES msf >