• 再谈collections模块defaultdict()和namedtuple()


    defaultdict()和namedtuple()是collections模块里面2个很实用的扩展类型。一个继承自dict系统内置类型,一个继承自tuple系统内置类型。在扩展的同时都添加了额外的很酷的特性,而且在特定的场合都很实用。

    defaultdict()

    定义以及作用

    返回一个和dictionary类似的对象,和dict不同主要体现在2个方面:

    • 可以指定key对应的value的类型。
    • 不必为默认值担心,换句话说就是不必担心有key没有value这回事。总会有默认的value.

    示例

    from collections import defaultdict
    
    s = [('yellow', 1), ('blue', 2), ('yellow', 3), ('blue', 4), ('red', 1)]
    
    d = defaultdict(list)
    
    for k, v in s:
        d[k].append(v)
    
    print(list(d.items()))
    
    d_2 = {}
    
    for k, v in s:
        d_2.setdefault(k, []).append(v)
    
    print(list(d_2.items()))
    
    d_3 = {}
    
    for k, v in s:
        d_3[k].append(v)
    
    print(d_3.items())

    输出:

    [('red', [1]), ('blue', [2, 4]), ('yellow', [1, 3])]
    [('red', [1]), ('blue', [2, 4]), ('yellow', [1, 3])]
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/Python Scripts/collection_eg.py", line 22, in <module>
        d_3[k].append(v)
    KeyError: 'yellow'


     

    d = defaultdict(list),该语句创建一个defaultdict类型(你可以想象为dict类型),value的类型是list。通过对d_3的对比就能看到,defaultdict是可以直接就进行d[k]的操作,即使d此时还是一个空的字典。实际过程就是示例里d_2的处理过程。

     

    总结

    主要使用根据数据创建字典时。当你需要为一些数据生成字典,而且对值的类型进行限定的时候,考虑defaultdict。

    namedtuple()

    定义及作用

    namedtuple是继承自tuple的子类。namedtuple和tuple比,有更多更酷的特性。namedtuple创建一个和tuple类似的对象,而且对象拥有可以访问的属性。这对象更像带有数据属性的类,不过数据属性是只读的。

    示例

    >>> from collections import namedtuple
    >>> TPoint = namedtuple('TPoint', ['x', 'y'])
    >>> p = TPoint(x=10, y=10)
    >>> p
    TPoint(x=10, y=10)
    >>> p.x
    10
    >>> p.y
    10
    >>> p[0]
    10
    >>> type(p)
    <class '__main__.TPoint'>
    >>> for i in p:
    	print(i)
    
    	
    10
    10
    >>> 
     

    TPoint = namedtuple('TPoint', ['x', 'y']) 创建一个TPoint类型,而且带有属性x, y.

    通过上面的示例,可以看出不仅可以通过p.x, p.y的方式访问p的属性,而且还可以使用for来进行遍历。这些就和tuple是一样的。

    还可以通过设置参数来看namedtuple的全貌。

    TPoint = namedtuple('TPoint', ['x', 'y'], verbose=True)
    from builtins import property as _property, tuple as _tuple
    from operator import itemgetter as _itemgetter
    from collections import OrderedDict
    
    class TPoint(tuple):
        'TPoint(x, y)'
    
        __slots__ = ()
    
        _fields = ('x', 'y')
    
        def __new__(_cls, x, y):
            'Create new instance of TPoint(x, y)'
            return _tuple.__new__(_cls, (x, y))
    
        @classmethod
        def _make(cls, iterable, new=tuple.__new__, len=len):
            'Make a new TPoint object from a sequence or iterable'
            result = new(cls, iterable)
            if len(result) != 2:
                raise TypeError('Expected 2 arguments, got %d' % len(result))
            return result
    
        def __repr__(self):
            'Return a nicely formatted representation string'
            return self.__class__.__name__ + '(x=%r, y=%r)' % self
    
        def _asdict(self):
            'Return a new OrderedDict which maps field names to their values'
            return OrderedDict(zip(self._fields, self))
    
        __dict__ = property(_asdict)
    
        def _replace(_self, **kwds):
            'Return a new TPoint object replacing specified fields with new values'
            result = _self._make(map(kwds.pop, ('x', 'y'), _self))
            if kwds:
                raise ValueError('Got unexpected field names: %r' % list(kwds))
            return result
    
        def __getnewargs__(self):
            'Return self as a plain tuple.  Used by copy and pickle.'
            return tuple(self)
    
        x = _property(_itemgetter(0), doc='Alias for field number 0')
    
        y = _property(_itemgetter(1), doc='Alias for field number 1')
     

    这里就显示出了namedtuple的一些方法。很明显的看到namedtuple是直接继承自tuple的。

    几个重要的方法:

    1.把数据变成namedtuple类:

    TPoint = namedtuple('TPoint', ['x', 'y'])
    >>> t = [11, 22]
    >>> p = TPoint._make(t)
    >>> p
    TPoint(x=11, y=22)
     

    >>>

    2. 根据namedtuple创建的类生成的类示例,其数据是只读的,如果要进行更新需要调用方法_replace.

    >>> p
    TPoint(x=11, y=22)
    >>> p.y
    22
    >>> p.y = 33
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<pyshell#18>", line 1, in <module>
        p.y = 33
    AttributeError: can't set attribute
    >>> p._replace(y=33)
    TPoint(x=11, y=33)
     

    3.将字典数据转换成namedtuple类型。

    >>> d = {'x': 44, 'y': 55}
    >>> dp = TPoint(**d)
    >>> dp
    TPoint(x=44, y=55)
    >>> 

     

    namedtuple最常用还是出现在处理来csv或者数据库返回的数据上。利用map()函数和namedtuple建立类型的_make()方法。

    EmployeeRecord = namedtuple('EmployeeRecord', 'name, age, title, department, paygrade')
    
    import csv
    for emp in map(EmployeeRecord._make, csv.reader(open("employees.csv", "rb"))):
        print(emp.name, emp.title)
    
    # sqlite数据库
    import sqlite3
    conn = sqlite3.connect('/companydata')
    cursor = conn.cursor()
    cursor.execute('SELECT name, age, title, department, paygrade FROM employees')
    for emp in map(EmployeeRecord._make, cursor.fetchall()):
        print(emp.name, emp.title)
    	
    # MySQL 数据库
    import mysql
    from mysql import connector
    from collections import namedtuple
    user = 'herbert'
    pwd = '######'
    host = '127.0.0.1'
    db = 'world'
    cnx = mysql.connector.connect(user=user, password=pwd, host=host,database=db)
    cur.execute("SELECT Name, CountryCode, District, Population FROM CITY where CountryCode = 'CHN' AND Population > 500000")
    CityRecord = namedtuple('City', 'Name, Country, Dsitrict, Population')
    for city in map(CityRecord._make, cur.fetchall()):
        print(city.Name, city.Population)


     

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zknublx/p/9729503.html
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