what's the WTForms
WTForms是一个支持多个web框架的form组件，主要用于对用户请求数据进行验证。其作用是可以为轻量级的框架提供类似Django的form的功能。
安装：
pip3 install wtforms
源码流程分析
实例化流程分析
# 源码流程 1. 执行type的 __call__ 方法，读取字段到静态字段 cls._unbound_fields 中； meta类读取到cls._wtforms_meta中 2. 执行构造方法 a. 循环cls._unbound_fields中的字段，并执行字段的bind方法，然后将返回值添加到 self._fields[name] 中。 即： _fields = { name: wtforms.fields.core.StringField(), } PS：由于字段中的__new__方法，实例化时：name = simple.StringField(label='用户名')，创建的是UnboundField(cls, *args, **kwargs)，当执行完bind之后，才变成执行 wtforms.fields.core.StringField() b. 循环_fields，为对象设置属性 for name, field in iteritems(self._fields): # Set all the fields to attributes so that they obscure the class # attributes with the same names. setattr(self, name, field) c. 执行process，为字段设置默认值：self.process(formdata, obj, data=data, **kwargs) 优先级：obj,data,formdata; 再循环执行每个字段的process方法，为每个字段设置值： for name, field, in iteritems(self._fields): if obj is not None and hasattr(obj, name): field.process(formdata, getattr(obj, name)) elif name in kwargs: field.process(formdata, kwargs[name]) else: field.process(formdata) 执行每个字段的process方法，为字段的data和字段的raw_data赋值 def process(self, formdata, data=unset_value): self.process_errors = [] if data is unset_value: try: data = self.default() except TypeError: data = self.default self.object_data = data try: self.process_data(data) except ValueError as e: self.process_errors.append(e.args[0]) if formdata: try: if self.name in formdata: self.raw_data = formdata.getlist(self.name) else: self.raw_data = [] self.process_formdata(self.raw_data) except ValueError as e: self.process_errors.append(e.args[0]) try: for filter in self.filters: self.data = filter(self.data) except ValueError as e: self.process_errors.append(e.args[0]) d. 页面上执行print(form.name) 时，打印标签 因为执行了： 字段的 __str__ 方法 字符的 __call__ 方法 self.meta.render_field(self, kwargs) def render_field(self, field, render_kw): other_kw = getattr(field, 'render_kw', None) if other_kw is not None: render_kw = dict(other_kw, **render_kw) return field.widget(field, **render_kw) 执行字段的插件对象的 __call__ 方法，返回标签字符串
验证流程分析
a. 执行form的validate方法，获取钩子方法 def validate(self): extra = {} for name in self._fields: inline = getattr(self.__class__, 'validate_%s' % name, None) if inline is not None: extra[name] = [inline] return super(Form, self).validate(extra) b. 循环每一个字段，执行字段的 validate 方法进行校验(参数传递了钩子函数) def validate(self, extra_validators=None): self._errors = None success = True for name, field in iteritems(self._fields): if extra_validators is not None and name in extra_validators: extra = extra_validators[name] else: extra = tuple() if not field.validate(self, extra): success = False return success c. 每个字段进行验证时候 字段的pre_validate 【预留的扩展】 字段的_run_validation_chain，对正则和字段的钩子函数进行校验 字段的post_validate【预留的扩展】
用户登录注册示例
1. 用户登录
当用户登录时候，需要对用户提交的用户名和密码进行多种格式校验。如：
用户不能为空；用户长度必须大于6；
密码不能为空；密码长度必须大于12；密码必须包含 字母、数字、特殊字符等（自定义正则）；
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect from wtforms import Form from wtforms.fields import core from wtforms.fields import html5 from wtforms.fields import simple from wtforms import validators from wtforms import widgets app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates') app.debug = True class LoginForm(Form): name = simple.StringField( label='用户名', validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message='用户名不能为空.'), validators.Length(min=6, max=18, message='用户名长度必须大于%(min)d且小于%(max)d') ], widget=widgets.TextInput(), render_kw={'class': 'form-control'} ) pwd = simple.PasswordField( label='密码', validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message='密码不能为空.'), validators.Length(min=8, message='用户名长度必须大于%(min)d'), validators.Regexp(regex="^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*d)(?=.*[$@$!%*?&])[A-Za-zd$@$!%*?&]{8,}", message='密码至少8个字符，至少1个大写字母，1个小写字母，1个数字和1个特殊字符') ], widget=widgets.PasswordInput(), render_kw={'class': 'form-control'} ) @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def login(): if request.method == 'GET': form = LoginForm() return render_template('login.html', form=form) else: form = LoginForm(formdata=request.form) if form.validate(): print('用户提交数据通过格式验证，提交的值为：', form.data) else: print(form.errors) return render_template('login.html', form=form) if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h1>登录</h1> <form method="post"> <!--<input type="text" name="name">--> <p>{{form.name.label}} {{form.name}} {{form.name.errors[0] }}</p> <!--<input type="password" name="pwd">--> <p>{{form.pwd.label}} {{form.pwd}} {{form.pwd.errors[0] }}</p> <input type="submit" value="提交"> </form> </body> </html>
2. 用户注册
注册页面需要让用户输入：用户名、密码、密码重复、性别、爱好等。
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect from wtforms import Form from wtforms.fields import core from wtforms.fields import html5 from wtforms.fields import simple from wtforms import validators from wtforms import widgets app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates') app.debug = True class RegisterForm(Form): name = simple.StringField( label='用户名', validators=[ validators.DataRequired() ], widget=widgets.TextInput(), render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}, default='alex' ) pwd = simple.PasswordField( label='密码', validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message='密码不能为空.') ], widget=widgets.PasswordInput(), render_kw={'class': 'form-control'} ) pwd_confirm = simple.PasswordField( label='重复密码', validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message='重复密码不能为空.'), validators.EqualTo('pwd', message="两次密码输入不一致") ], widget=widgets.PasswordInput(), render_kw={'class': 'form-control'} ) email = html5.EmailField( label='邮箱', validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message='邮箱不能为空.'), validators.Email(message='邮箱格式错误') ], widget=widgets.TextInput(input_type='email'), render_kw={'class': 'form-control'} ) gender = core.RadioField( label='性别', choices=( (1, '男'), (2, '女'), ), coerce=int ) city = core.SelectField( label='城市', choices=( ('bj', '北京'), ('sh', '上海'), ) ) hobby = core.SelectMultipleField( label='爱好', choices=( (1, '篮球'), (2, '足球'), ), coerce=int ) favor = core.SelectMultipleField( label='喜好', choices=( (1, '篮球'), (2, '足球'), ), widget=widgets.ListWidget(prefix_label=False), option_widget=widgets.CheckboxInput(), coerce=int, default=[1, 2] ) def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(RegisterForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) self.favor.choices = ((1, '篮球'), (2, '足球'), (3, '羽毛球')) def validate_pwd_confirm(self, field): """ 自定义pwd_confirm字段规则，例：与pwd字段是否一致 :param field: :return: """ # 最开始初始化时，self.data中已经有所有的值 if field.data != self.data['pwd']: # raise validators.ValidationError("密码不一致") # 继续后续验证 raise validators.StopValidation("密码不一致") # 不再继续后续验证 @app.route('/register', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def register(): if request.method == 'GET': form = RegisterForm(data={'gender': 1}) return render_template('register.html', form=form) else: form = RegisterForm(formdata=request.form) if form.validate(): print('用户提交数据通过格式验证，提交的值为：', form.data) else: print(form.errors) return render_template('register.html', form=form) if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h1>用户注册</h1> <form method="post" novalidate style="padding:0 50px"> {% for item in form %} <p>{{item.label}}: {{item}} {{item.errors[0] }}</p> {% endfor %} <input type="submit" value="提交"> </form> </body> </html>
metaclass知识点
metaclass是创建类的元类，即一般的类是metaclass的对象，在类被解释的时候就会触发其元类的__init__方法，而类被实例化的时候，会先执行元类的__call__方法再执行自己的__new__方法最后才执行自己的__init__方法
#方式一： class MyType(type): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): print('MyType创建类',self) super(MyType, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): obj = super(MyType, self).__call__(*args, **kwargs) print('类创建对象', self, obj) return obj class Foo(object,metaclass=MyType): user = 'wupeiqi' age = 18 obj = Foo() #方式二： class MyType(type): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(MyType, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs): v = dir(cls) obj = super(MyType, cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs) return obj class Foo(MyType('MyType', (object,), {})): user = 'wupeiqi' age = 18 obj = Foo() #方式三： class MyType(type): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(MyType, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs): v = dir(cls) obj = super(MyType, cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs) return obj def with_metaclass(arg,base): return MyType('MyType', (base,), {}) class Foo(with_metaclass(MyType,object)): user = 'wupeiqi' age = 18 obj = Foo()
自定义form
form组件其实由三大部分组成：类、字段、插件。所以我们要自定义form，就自定义这三部分就行。
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect,Markup app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates') import wtforms app.debug = True # 插件 class Widget(object): #基类 pass class InputText(Widget): # input插件 def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): return "<input type='text' name='name' />" class TextArea(Widget): # textarea插件 def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): return "<textarea name='email'> </textarea>" # Form类 class BaseForm(object): def __init__(self): # 获取当前字段 _fields = {} for name,field in self.__class__.__dict__.items(): if isinstance(field,Field): _fields[name] = field self._fields = _fields self.data = {} def validate(self,request_data): # 找到所有的字段，执行每个字段的validate方法 flag = True for name,field in self._fields.items(): # 123 input_val = request_data.get(name,'') result = field.validate(input_val) if not result: flag = False else: self.data[name] = input_val return flag # 字段 class Field(object): def __str__(self): return Markup(self.widget()) class StringField(Field): widget = InputText() def validate(self,val): if val: return True class EmailField(Field): widget = TextArea() # EmailField.widget/ self.widget reg = ".*@.*" def validate(self, val): import re if re.match(self.reg,val): return True ########## 使用 ############### class LoginForm(BaseForm): name = StringField() email = EmailField() @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def login(): form = LoginForm() ret = form.validate(request.form) print("验证成功",ret) print("验证成功值",form.data) # print(obj.name) # print(obj.email) return render_template('login.html',form=form) if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form method="post"> {{ form.name }} {{ form.email }} <input type="submit" value="提交"> </form> </body> </html>