雪花算法（snowflake）的JAVA实现

snowflake算法由twitter公司出品，原始版本是scala版，用于生成分布式ID，结构图：

算法描述：

• 最高位是符号位，始终为0，不可用。
• 41位的时间序列，精确到毫秒级，41位的长度可以使用69年。时间位还有一个很重要的作用是可以根据时间进行排序。
• 10位的机器标识，10位的长度最多支持部署1024个节点
• 12位的计数序列号，序列号即一系列的自增id，可以支持同一节点同一毫秒生成多个ID序号，12位的计数序列号支持每个节点每毫秒产生4096个ID序号

Java实现：

package com.zhi.idworker;

/**
 * 分布式雪花ID算法
 * 
 * @author zhi
 * @since 2019年5月14日16:51:06
 *
 */
public class SnowFlake {
    /**
     * 起始的时间戳
     */
    private final static long twepoch = 1557825652094L;

    /**
     * 每一部分占用的位数
     */
    private final static long workerIdBits = 5L;
    private final static long datacenterIdBits = 5L;
    private final static long sequenceBits = 12L;

    /**
     * 每一部分的最大值
     */
    private final static long maxWorkerId = -1L ^ (-1L << workerIdBits);
    private final static long maxDatacenterId = -1L ^ (-1L << datacenterIdBits);
    private final static long maxSequence = -1L ^ (-1L << sequenceBits);

    /**
     * 每一部分向左的位移
     */
    private final static long workerIdShift = sequenceBits;
    private final static long datacenterIdShift = sequenceBits + workerIdBits;
    private final static long timestampShift = sequenceBits + workerIdBits + datacenterIdBits;

    private long datacenterId; // 数据中心ID
    private long workerId; // 机器ID
    private long sequence = 0L; // 序列号
    private long lastTimestamp = -1L; // 上一次时间戳

    public SnowFlake(long workerId, long datacenterId) {
        if (workerId > maxWorkerId || workerId < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                    String.format("worker Id can't be greater than %d or less than 0", maxWorkerId));
        }
        if (datacenterId > maxDatacenterId || datacenterId < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                    String.format("datacenter Id can't be greater than %d or less than 0", maxDatacenterId));
        }
        this.workerId = workerId;
        this.datacenterId = datacenterId;
    }

    public synchronized long nextId() {
        long timestamp = timeGen();
        if (timestamp < lastTimestamp) {
            throw new RuntimeException(String.format(
                    "Clock moved backwards.  Refusing to generate id for %d milliseconds", lastTimestamp - timestamp));
        }
        if (timestamp == lastTimestamp) {
            sequence = (sequence + 1) & maxSequence;
            if (sequence == 0L) {
                timestamp = tilNextMillis();
            }
        } else {
            sequence = 0L;
        }
        lastTimestamp = timestamp;

        return (timestamp - twepoch) << timestampShift // 时间戳部分
                | datacenterId << datacenterIdShift // 数据中心部分
                | workerId << workerIdShift // 机器标识部分
                | sequence; // 序列号部分
    }

    private long tilNextMillis() {
        long timestamp = timeGen();
        while (timestamp <= lastTimestamp) {
            timestamp = timeGen();
        }
        return timestamp;
    }

    private long timeGen() {
        return System.currentTimeMillis();
    }
}