• 05.scrapy框架的UA池和代理池


    一:下载中间件

     scrapy框架图

    下载中间件(Downloader Middlewares)位于scrapy引擎和下载器之间的一层

      作用:

      1.引擎将请求传递给下载器过程中,下载中间件可以对请求进行一系列处理.比如设置请求的User-Agent,设置代理等

      2.在下载器完成将response传递给引擎中,下载中间件可以对响应进行一系列处理,比如进行gzip解压等.

    -我们主要使用下载中间件处理请求,一般会对请求设置随机User-Agent,设置随机的代理,目的在于防止爬取网站的反爬策略.

    -二:UA池: User-Agent池

      -作用:尽可能多的将scrapy工程中的请求伪装成不同类型的浏览器身份

      -操作流程:

        1.在下载中间件中拦截请求

        2.将拦截到的请求的请求头信息中的UA进行篡改伪装

        3.在配置文件中开启下载中间件

    代码展示

    #导包
    from scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.useragent import UserAgentMiddleware
    import random
    #UA池代码的编写(单独给UA池封装一个下载中间件的一个类)
    class RandomUserAgent(UserAgentMiddleware):
    
        def process_request(self, request, spider):
            #从列表中随机抽选出一个ua值
            ua = random.choice(user_agent_list)
            #ua值进行当前拦截到请求的ua的写入操作
            request.headers.setdefault('User-Agent',ua)
    
    
    user_agent_list = [
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1207.1 Safari/537.1",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; CrOS i686 2268.111.0) AppleWebKit/536.11 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.57 Safari/536.11",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.6 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1092.0 Safari/536.6",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.6 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1090.0 Safari/536.6",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.77.34.5 Safari/537.1",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/536.5 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.9 Safari/536.5",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0) AppleWebKit/536.5 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.36 Safari/536.5",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_8_0) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.0 Safari/536.3",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/535.24 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.24 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24"
    ]

    三.代理池

      -作用:尽可能多的将scrapy工程中的请求的IP设置成不同的

      -操作流程:

        1.在下载中间件中拦截请求

        2.将拦截到的请求的IP修改成某一代理IP

        3.在配置文件中开启下载中间件

    代码展示:

      

    #批量对拦截到的请求进行ip更换
    #单独封装下载中间件类
    class Proxy(object):
        def process_request(self, request, spider):
            #对拦截到请求的url进行判断(协议头到底是http还是https)
            #request.url返回值:http://www.xxx.com
            h = request.url.split(':')[0]  #请求的协议头
            if h == 'https':
                ip = random.choice(PROXY_https)
                request.meta['proxy'] = 'https://'+ip
            else:
                ip = random.choice(PROXY_http)
                request.meta['proxy'] = 'http://' + ip

    可被选用的代理IP

    PROXY_http = [
        '153.180.102.104:80',
        '195.208.131.189:56055',
    ]
    PROXY_https = [
        '120.83.49.90:9000',
        '95.189.112.214:35508',
    ]
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zhaoyang110/p/11525263.html
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