单表查询
准备表
#创建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, #一个部门一个屋子
depart_id int
);
#插入记录
#三个部门：教学，销售，运营
insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('成龙','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),
('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),
('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
;
一 语法
select distinct 查询字段1，查询字段2，。。。 from 表名
where 分组之前的过滤条件
group by 分组依据
having 分组之后的过滤条件
order by 排序字段
limit 显示的条数;
1.找到表:from
2.拿着where指定的约束条件，去文件/表中取出一条条记录
3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by，如果没有group by，则整体作为一组
4.将分组的结果进行having过滤
5.执行select
6.去重
7.将结果按条件排序：order by
8.限制结果的显示条数
def from(dir,file):
open('%s\%s' %(dir,file),'r')
return f
def where(f,pattern):
for line in f:
if pattern：
yield line
def group():
pass
def having():
pass
def distinct():
pass
def order():
pass
def limit():
pass
def select():
res1=from()
res2=where(res1,pattern)
res3=group(res2,)
res4=having(res3)
res5=distinct(res4)
res6=order(res5)
limit(res6)
二 where过滤
select id,name from db39.emp where id >= 3 and id <= 6
select * from db39.emp where id between 3 and 6;
select * from emp where salary = 20000 or salary = 18000 or salary = 17000;
select * from emp where salary in (20000,18000,17000);
要求：查询员工姓名中包含i字母的员工姓名与其薪资
select name,salary from db39.emp where name like '%i%'
要求：查询员工姓名是由四个字符组成的的员工姓名与其薪资
select name,salary from db39.emp where name like '____';
select name,salary from db39.emp where char_length(name) = 4;
select * from db39.emp where id not between 3 and 6;
select * from emp where salary not in (20000,18000,17000);
要求：查询岗位描述为空的员工名与岗位名
select name,post from db39.emp where post_comment is NULL;
select name,post from db39.emp where post_comment is not NULL;
三 group by分组
#设置sql_mode为only_full_group_by，意味着以后但凡分组，只能取到分组的依据
mysql> set global sql_mode="strict_trans_tables,only_full_group_by";
#每个部门的最高工资
select post,max(salary) from emp group by post;
select post,min(salary) from emp group by post;
select post,avg(salary) from emp group by post;
select post,sum(salary) from emp group by post;
select post,count(id) from emp group by post;
#group_concat（分组之后用）
select post,group_concat(name) from emp group by post;
select post,group_concat(name,"_SB") from emp group by post;
select post,group_concat(name,": ",salary) from emp group by post;
select post,group_concat(salary) from emp group by post;
# 补充concat（不分组时用）
select name as 姓名,salary as 薪资 from emp;
select concat("NAME: ",name) as 姓名,concat("SAL: ",salary) as 薪资 from emp;
# 补充as语法
mysql> select emp.id,emp.name from emp as t1; # 报错
mysql> select t1.id,t1.name from emp as t1;
# 查询四则运算
select name,salary*12 as annual_salary from emp;
四 having过滤
having的语法格式与where一模一样，只不过having是在分组之后进行的进一步过滤
即where不能用聚合函数，而having是可以用聚合函数，这也是他们俩最大的区别
1、统计各部门年龄在30岁以上的员工平均工资，并且保留平均工资大于10000的部门
select post,avg(salary) from emp
where age >= 30
group by post
having avg(salary) > 10000;
#强调：having必须在group by后面使用
select * from emp
having avg(salary) > 10000;
五 distinct去重
select distinct post,avg(salary) from emp
where age >= 30
group by post
having avg(salary) > 10000;
六 order by 排序
select * from emp order by salary asc; #默认升序排
select * from emp order by salary desc; #降序排
select * from emp order by age desc; #降序排
select * from emp order by age desc,salary asc; #先按照age降序排，再按照薪资升序排
# 统计各部门年龄在10岁以上的员工平均工资，并且保留平均工资大于1000的部门，
然后对平均工资进行排序
select post,avg(salary) from emp
where age > 10
group by post
having avg(salary) > 1000
order by avg(salary)
;
七 limit 限制显示条数
select * from emp limit 3;
select * from emp order by salary desc limit 1;
# 分页显示
select * from emp limit 0,5;
select * from emp limit 5,5;
八 正则表达式
select * from emp where name regexp '^jin.*(n|g)$';
多表查询
准备表
#建表
create table department(
id int,
name varchar(20)
);
create table employee(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
age int,
dep_id int
);
#插入数据
insert into department values
(200,'技术'),
(201,'人力资源'),
(202,'销售'),
(203,'运营');
insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
('egon','male',18,200),
('alex','female',48,201),
('wupeiqi','male',38,201),
('yuanhao','female',28,202),
('liwenzhou','male',18,200),
('jingliyang','female',18,204)
;
一、内连接：把两张表有对应关系的记录连接成一张虚拟表
select * from emp inner join dep on emp.dep_id = dep.id;
#应用：
select * from emp,dep where emp.dep_id = dep.id and dep.name = "技术"; # 不要用where做连表的活
select * from emp inner join dep on emp.dep_id = dep.id
where dep.name = "技术"
;
二、左连接：在内连接的基础上，保留左边没有对应关系的记录
select * from emp left join dep on emp.dep_id = dep.id;
三、右连接：在内连接的基础上，保留右边没有对应关系的记录
select * from emp right join dep on emp.dep_id = dep.id;
四、全连接：在内连接的基础上，保留左、右边没有对应关系的记录
select * from emp left join dep on emp.dep_id = dep.id
union
select * from emp right join dep on emp.dep_id = dep.id;
#补充：多表连接可以不断地与虚拟表连接
查找各部门最高工资人的信息
select t1.* from emp as t1
inner join
(select post,max(salary) as ms from emp group by post) as t2
on t1.post = t2.post
where t1.salary = t2.ms
;