一.中间件
django 中的中间件（middleware），在django中，中间件其实就是一个类，在请求到来和结束后，django会根据自己的规则在合适的时机执行中间件中相应的方法。
在django项目的settings模块中，有一个 MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES 变量，其中每一个元素就是一个中间件。
代码：
MIDDLEWARE = [ 'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware', ]
1.过程
#可用于：1.黑名单 2.免登陆
2.2.自定义中间件
代码：
1.注册中间件（settings.py）
MIDDLEWARE = [ 'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware', 'm1.Middle1', 'm1.Middle2', ]
2.创建中间件（m1.py:）
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse #中间件 一 class Middle1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self, request): print('m1.process_request') # return HttpResponse('不要在往下周了') def process_response(self, request, response): print('m1.process_response') return response #中间件 二 class Middle2(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self, request): print('m2.process_request') # return HttpResponse('不要在往下周了') def process_response(self, request, response): print('m2.process_response') return response
执行结果：
3.路由关系的匹配
3.1.路由
3.1.1单一路由
rom django.conf.urls import url from django.contrib import admin from app01.views import love from app01.views import account urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^login.html$',account.login), url(r'^logout.html$',account.logout), url(r'^index.html$',love.index), url(r'^others.html$',love.others), ]
3.1.2 基于正则的路由
url(r'^index/(d*)', views.index), url(r'^manage/(?P<name>w*)/(?P<id>d*)', views.manage),
3.1.3 添加额外的参数
url(r'^manage/(?P<name>w*)', views.manage,{'id':333}),
3.1.4为路由映射设置名称
url(r'^home', views.home, name='h1'), url(r'^index/(d*)', views.index, name='h2'),
3.1.5路由分发
urls.py url(r'^app01/', include('app01.urls')), app01.urls.py url(r'^index.html$', views.index),
3.2 url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls)的 admin
django amdin是django提供的一个后台管理页面，改管理页面提供完善的html和css，使得你在通过Model创建完数据库表之后，就可以对数据进行增删改查
3.2.1创建一个用户
3.2.2向admin中增加一栏 UserInfo
3.2.3效果
4.函数（模版和数据渲染）
4.1模版
4.1.1模版的执行
模版的创建过程，对于模版，其实就是读取模版（其中嵌套着模版标签），然后将 Model 中获取的数据插入到模版中，最后将信息返回给用户。
4.1.2模版语言
•{{ item }} •{% for item in item_list %} <a>{{ item }}</a> {% endfor %} forloop.counter forloop.first forloop.last •{% if ordered_warranty %} {% else %} {% endif %} •母板：{% block title %}{% endblock %} 子板：{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}{% endblock %} •帮助方法： {{ item.event_start|date:"Y-m-d H:i:s"}} {{ bio|truncatewords:"30" }} {{ my_list|first|upper }} {{ name|lower }}
4.2自定义simple_filter ,simple_tag (模板自定义函数)
a、在app中创建templatetags模块
b、创建任意 .py 文件，如：xx.py
from django import template register = template.Library() #register 一词固定写法 @register.filter def my_upper(value): return value.upper() @register.filter def my_u(value,arg): return value+arg @register.filter def my_bool(value): return False @register.simple_tag def my_lower(value,a1,a2,a3): return value + a1 + a2 + a3
c、在使用自定义simple_tag的html文件中导入之前创建的 xx.py 文件名
{% load xx %}
{# 导入此句 #}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>打印字典所有的key</h1>
{{ name|my_upper }}
{{ name|my_u:'666' }}
<h2>filter</h2>
{{ name|my_u:"666" }}
{% if name|my_bool %}
<h3>真</h3>
{% else %}
<h3>假</h3>
{% endif %}
<h2>tag</h2>
{% my_lower "ALEX" "x" "SB" "V" %}
</body>
</html>
d、在settings中配置当前app，不然django无法找到自定义的simple_tag
INSTALLED_APPS = ( 'django.contrib.admin', 'django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.staticfiles', 'app01', )
4.3母版
4.3.1layout.html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/plugins/bootstrap-3.3.7-dist/css/bootstrap.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/plugins/font-awesome-4.7.0/css/font-awesome.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/commons.css" /> {% block css %}{% endblock %} </head> <body> <div class="pg-header"> <div class="logo left">老男孩后台管理</div> <div class="avatar right" style="position: relative"> <img style=" 40px;height: 40px;" src="/static/images/1.jpg"> <div class="user-info"> <a>个人资料</a> <a>注销</a> </div> </div> <div class="rmenus right"> <a><i class="fa fa-commenting-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> 消息</a> <a><i class="fa fa-envelope-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> 邮件</a> </div> </div> <div class="pg-body"> <div class="menus"> <a> <i class="fa fa-futbol-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> 班级管理</a> <a>学生管</a> <a>老师管理</a> </div> <div class="content"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="#">首页</a></li> <li><a href="#">班级管理</a></li> <li class="active">添加班级</li> </ol> {% block xx %}{% endblock %} </div> </div> {% block js %}{% endblock %} </body> </html>
4.3.2index,html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <ul> {% for row in posts.object_list %} <li>{{ row.name }}</li> {% endfor %} </ul> <div> {% if posts.has_previous %} <a href="/index.html?page={{ posts.previous_page_number }}">上一页</a> {% endif %} {% if posts.has_next %} <a href="/index.html?page={{ posts.next_page_number }}">下一页</a> {% endif %} </div> </body> </html>
#笔记内容
layout.html {% block x1 %}{%endblock%} <h1>ff</h1> {% block x2 %}{%endblock%} <h1>2</h1>... {% block x3 %}{%endblock%} index.html {%extends 'layout'%} {% block x1 %}dfssssssdfsd{%endblock%} {% block x2 %}dfsdfsd{%endblock%} {% block x3 %}fff{%endblock%}
4.4include
a.pub.html(只有一个 div)
<div>
<h3>特别漂亮的组件</h3>
<div>
<div class="title">标题：</div>
<div class="content">内容：</div>
</div>
</div>
b.在另一个.html中，引入使用
% load xx %} {# 导入此句 #} <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> {% include 'pub.html' %} {% include 'pub.html' %} {% include 'pub.html' %} {% include 'pub.html' %} {# <h1>打印字典所有的key</h1>#} {##} {# {{ name|my_upper }}#} {# {{ name|my_u:'666' }}#} {##} {##} {##} {# <h2>filter</h2>#} {# {{ name|my_u:"666" }}#} {##} {# {% if name|my_bool %}#} {# <h3>真</h3>#} {# {% else %}#} {# <h3>假</h3>#} {# {% endif %}#} {# <h2>tag</h2>#} {# {% my_lower "ALEX" "x" "SB" "V" %}#} </body> </html>
#笔记内容
1. 模板 - 基本使用 - 母版 - 页面继承 - include - 导入小组件 pub.html <div> <h3>特别漂亮的组件</h3> <div class="title">标题：{{ name }}</div> <div class="content">内容：{{ name }}</div> </div> test.html <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> {% include 'pub.html' %} {% include 'pub.html' %} {% include 'pub.html' %} </body> </html> - 函数-> 自动执行 - 模板自定义函数： - simple_filter - 最多两个参数,方式： {{第一个参数|函数名称:"第二个参数"}} - 可以做条件判断 - simple_tag - 无限制: {% 函数名 参数 参数%}
4.8 ORM
4.8.1 Http请求：
url -----> 视图（模版+数据）
4.8.2 步骤：
1.在Mysql,创建数据库
2.
3.
4.8.3 ORM操作表：
创建表
修改表
删除表
操作数据行：
增删改查
4.8.4 ORM利用pymysql第三方工具连接数据库
默认：
SQLlite
MySQL：
mysql -> MySQLDB(修改django默认连接mySQL方式)
4.8.5 数据类型
# 数据获取多个数据时 # 1. [obj,obj,obj,] # models.UserInfo.objects.all() # models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id__gt=1) # result = models.UserInfo.objects.all() # for item in result: # print(item.name,item.ut.title) # 2. [{id:1,name:fd},{id:1,name:fd},{id:1,name:fd},] # models.UserInfo.objects.all().values('id','name') # models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id__gt=1).values('id','name') # 无法跨表 # result = models.UserInfo.objects.all().values('id','name') # for item in result: # print(item['id'],item['name']) # 夸表 __ # result = models.UserInfo.objects.all().values('id','name',"ut__title") # for item in result: # print(item['id'],item['name'],item['ut__title']) # 3. [(1,df),(2,'df')] # models.UserInfo.objects.all().values_list('id','name') # models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id__gt=1).values_list('id','name') # 无法跨表 # result = models.UserInfo.objects.all().values_list('id','name') # for item in result: # print(item[0],item[1])0 # 夸表 __ # result = models.UserInfo.objects.all().values_list('id','name',"ut__title") # for item in result: # print(item[0],item[1],item[2])
4.8.6 操作
# 1.增删改查 # 2. 一般： # models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id__gt=1) # models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id__lt=1) # models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id__lte=1) # models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id__gte=1) # models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id__in=[1,2,3]) # models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id__range=[1,2]) # models.UserInfo.objects.filter(name__startswith='xxxx') # models.UserInfo.objects.filter(name__contains='xxxx') # models.UserInfo.objects.exclude(id=1) # 3. 排序 user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id','name') # 4. 分组 from django.db.models import Count,Sum,Max,Min # v =models.UserInfo.objects.values('ut_id').annotate(xxxx=Count('id')) # print(v.query) # v =models.UserInfo.objects.values('ut_id').annotate(xxxx=Count('id')).filter(xxxx__gt=2) # print(v.query) # v =models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id__gt=2).values('ut_id').annotate(xxxx=Count('id')).filter(xxxx__gt=2) # print(v.query) # 5. F，更新时用于获取原来的值 # from django.db.models import F,Q # models.UserInfo.objects.all().update(age=F("age")+1) # 6. Q，用于构造复杂查询条件 # 应用一： # models.UserInfo.objects.filter(Q(id__gt=1)) # models.UserInfo.objects.filter(Q(id=8) | Q(id=2)) # models.UserInfo.objects.filter(Q(id=8) & Q(id=2)) # 应用二： # q1 = Q() # q1.connector = 'OR' # q1.children.append(('id__gt', 1)) # q1.children.append(('id', 10)) # q1.children.append(('id', 9)) # # # q2 = Q() # q2.connector = 'OR' # q2.children.append(('c1', 1)) # q2.children.append(('c1', 10)) # q2.children.append(('c1', 9)) # # q3 = Q() # q3.connector = 'AND' # q3.children.append(('id', 1)) # q3.children.append(('id', 2)) # q2.add(q3,'OR') # # con = Q() # con.add(q1, 'AND') # con.add(q2, 'AND') # models.UserInfo.objects.filter(con) # 7. extra, 额外查询条件以及相关表，排序 models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id__gt=1) models.UserInfo.objects.all() # id name age ut_id models.UserInfo.objects.extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None) # a. 映射 # select # select_params=None # select 此处 from 表 # b. 条件 # where=None # params=None, # select * from 表 where 此处 # c. 表 # tables # select * from 表,此处 # c. 排序 # order_by=None # select * from 表 order by 此处 models.UserInfo.objects.extra( select={'newid':'select count(1) from app01_usertype where id>%s'}, select_params=[1,], where = ['age>%s'], params=[18,], order_by=['-age'], tables=['app01_usertype'] ) """ select app01_userinfo.id, (select count(1) from app01_usertype where id>1) as newid from app01_userinfo,app01_usertype where app01_userinfo.age > 18 order by app01_userinfo.age desc """ result = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id__gt=1).extra( where=['app01_userinfo.id < %s'], params=[100,], tables=['app01_usertype'], order_by=['-app01_userinfo.id'], select={'uid':1,'sw':"select count(1) from app01_userinfo"} ) print(result.query) # SELECT (1) AS "uid", (select count(1) from app01_userinfo) AS "sw", "app01_userinfo"."id", "app01_userinfo"."name", "app01_userinfo"."age", "app01_userinfo"."ut_id" FROM "app01_userinfo" , "app01_usertype" WHERE ("app01_userinfo"."id" > 1 AND (app01_userinfo.id < 100)) ORDER BY ("app01_userinfo".id) DESC # 8. 原生SQL语句 from django.db import connection, connections cursor = connection.cursor() # connection=default数据 cursor = connections['db2'].cursor() cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1]) row = cursor.fetchone() row = cursor.fetchall() - extra - 原生SQL语句 - raw result = models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo') [obj(UserInfo),obj,] result = models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id,1 as name,2 as age,4 as ut_id from usertype') [obj(UserInfo),obj,] v1 = models.UserInfo.objects.raw('SELECT id,title FROM app01_usertype',translations=name_map) # 9. 简单的操作 http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6216618.html
补充内容：
1.简单登录
1.1 view.py
def login(request): if request.method == 'GET': return render(request,'login.html') else: u = request.POST.get('user') p = request.POST.get('pwd') if u=='alex' and p=='123': request.session['username']='alex' request.session['email'] = 'alex3714@qq.com' return redirect('/index/') else: return render(request,'login.html',{'msg':'用户名或密码错误'}) def index(request): return HttpResponse('登录成功')
1.2 login.html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <form method="POST" action="/login/"> {% csrf_token %} <input type="text" name="user" /> <input type="text" name="pwd" /> <input type="submit"value="提交" />{{ msg }} </form> </body> </html>
2.登录
2.1url.py
rom django.conf.urls import url from django.contrib import admin from app01.views import account from app01.views import love urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^login.html$', account.login), url(r'^logout.html$', account.logout), url(r'^index.html$', love.index), url(r'^others.html$', love.others), ]
2.2
account.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect from app01 import models def login(request): if request.method == 'GET': return render(request,'login.html') else: user = request.POST.get('username') pwd = request.POST.get('password') gender = request.POST.get('gender') rmb = request.POST.get('rmb') # 性别判断 if gender == "1": obj = models.Boy.objects.filter(username=user,password=pwd).first() else: obj = models.Girl.objects.filter(username=user,password=pwd).first() if not obj: # 未登录 return render(request,'login.html',{'msg': '用户名或密码错误'}) else: # request.session['user_id'] = obj.id # request.session['gender'] = gender # request.session['username'] = user request.session['user_info'] = {'user_id':obj.id,'gender':gender,'username':user,'nickname':obj.nickname} return redirect('/index.html') def logout(request): if request.session.get('user_info'): request.session.clear() # request.session.delete(request.session.session_key) return redirect('/login.html')
love.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect from app01 import models def index(request): if not request.session.get('user_info'): return redirect('/login.html') else: #男：女生列表 #女：男生列表 gender = request.session.get('user_info').get('gender') if gender == '1': user_list = models.Girl.objects.all() else: user_list = models.Boy.objects.all() return render(request,'index.html',{'user_list':user_list}) def others(request): """ 获取与当前用户有关系的异性 :param request: :return: """ current_user_id = request.session.get('user_info').get('user_id') gender =request.session.get('user_info').get('gender') if gender == '1': user_list = models.B2G.objects.filter(b_id=current_user_id).values('g__nickname') else: user_list = models.B2G.objects.filter(g_id=current_user_id).values('b__nickname') return render(request,'others.html',{'user_list':user_list})
index.html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> {% include 'user_header.html' %} <h3>异性列表</h3> <a href="/others.html">查看和我有关系的异性</a> <ul> {% for row in user_list %} <li>{{ row.nickname }}</li> {% endfor %} </ul> </body> </html>
login.html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <form method="POST" action="/login.html"> {% csrf_token %} <p>用户：<input type="text" name="username" /></p> <p>密码：<input type="password" name="password" /></p> <p> 性别： 男<input type="radio" name="gender" value="1" /> 女<input type="radio" name="gender" value="2" /> </p> <p> <input type="checkbox" name="rmb" value="11" /> 一个月免登录 </p> <input type="submit" value="提交" />{{ msg }} </form> </body> </html>
models.py
from django.db import models # Create your models here. class Boy(models.Model): nickname = models.CharField(max_length=32) username = models.CharField(max_length=32) password = models.CharField(max_length=64) class Girl(models.Model): nickname = models.CharField(max_length=32) username = models.CharField(max_length=32) password = models.CharField(max_length=64) class B2G(models.Model): b = models.ForeignKey(to='Boy',to_field='id') g = models.ForeignKey(to='Girl',to_field='id')
t = {'k':'世界 你好'}
import json
ret = json.dumps(t)
print(ret) #{"k": "u4e16u754c u4f60u597d"}
t = {'k':'世界 你好'}
import json
ret = json.dumps(t,ensure_ascii=False)
print(ret) #{"k": "世界 你好"}