• sql数据库查询


    简单查询:
    一、投影
    select * from 表名
    select 列1,列2... from 表名
    select distinct 列名 from 表名
    二、筛选
    select top 数字 列|* from 表名
    (一)等值与不等值
    select * from 表名 where 列名=select * from 表名 where 列名!=select * from 表名 where 列名>select * from 表名 where 列名<select * from 表名 where 列名>=select * from 表名 where 列名<=值
    
    (二)多条件与范围
    select * from 表名 where 条件1 and|or 条件2 ...
    select * from 表名 where between ... and ...
    select * from 表名 where 列 in (值列表)
    
    (三)模糊查询 like % _
    select * from 表名 where 列 like '%_....'
    
    三、排序
    select * from 表名 where 条件 order by 列名 ASC|DESC,列名 ASC|DESC
    
    四、分组:
    统计函数(聚合函数)
    count(), max(), min(), sum(), avg()
    
    count()统计总行数
    count(*)得到所有的行数
    count(列)得到该列中所有非null个数。
    select COUNT(*) from car where Brand='b003'
    
    max(列) 这一列的最大,min(列)这一列的最小
    select min(price) from car
    
    sum(列)这一列的和,avg(列)这一列的平均
    select AVG(price) from car
    
    group by ...having...
    
    1.group by后面跟的是列名。
    2.一旦使用group by分组了,则select和from中间就不能用*,只能包含两类东西一类是:group by 后面的列名,另一类是统计函数
    select Oil,avg(price) from Car group by oil
    对于统计函数生成的列,默认是无列名,可以通过下面的方法指定列名。
    select Oil as 油耗,COUNT(*) as 数量,avg(price) 均价 from Car group by oil
    
    having后面一般跟得是统计函数。它用来对分组后的数据进一步筛选。
    
    
    复杂查询:
    一、连接查询
    把多个表的列合在一个界面视图中。
    思想:1.生成笛卡尔积。2.对笛卡尔积进行筛选。3.选择列进行显示。
    select 表1.列1,表1.列2,表2.列1,表2.列2…… from 表1,表2 where 表1.列=表2.列
    
    select * from 表1 
    join 表2 on 表1.列=表2.列
    join 表3 on 表2.列=表3.列
    
    左连(left join),右连(right join),全连(full join)
    
    
     
    复制代码
    二、联合查询
    把多个表的行合在一个界面视图中。
    用union把两个查询组合在一起。要求是这两个查询的列要一一对应。
    
    三、子查询(嵌套查询)
    (一)无关子查询:
    至少是两层查询,在外层查询的里面再写查询。
    里层查询为外层查询提供查询的中间内容。 
    复制代码
    create database test
    go
    use test
    go
    create table student
    (
        --学号
        sno varchar(3) not null primary key,
        --姓名
        sname varchar(4) not null,
        --性别
        ssex varchar(2) not null,
        --出生年月
        sbirthday datetime,
        --所在班级
        class varchar(5)
    )
    go
    create table teacher
    (
        --教工编号
        tno varchar(3) not null primary key,
        --教工姓名
        tname varchar(4) not null,
        --教工性别
        tsex varchar(2) not null,
        --教工出生日期
        tbirthday datetime,
        --职称
        prof varchar(6),
        --所在部门
        depart varchar(10)
    )
    go
    create table course
    (
        --课程号
        cno varchar(5) not null primary key,
        --课程名称
        cname varchar(10) not null,
        --教工编号
        tno varchar(3) references teacher(tno)
    )
    go
    create table score
    (
        --学号
        sno varchar(3) not null references student(sno),
        --课程号
        cno varchar(5) not null references course(cno),
        --成绩
        degree decimal(4,1)
    )
    go
    
    
    insert into student
    values('108','曾华','','1977-09-01','95033')
    
    insert into student
    values('105','匡明','','1975-10-02','95031')
    
    insert into student
    values('107','王丽','','1976-01-23','95033')
    
    insert into student
    values('101','李军','','1976-02-20','95033')
    
    insert into student
    values('109','王芳','','1975-02-10','95031')
    
    insert into student
    values('103','陆君','','1974-06-03','95031')
    
    insert into teacher
    values('804','李诚','','1958-12-02','副教授','计算机系')
    insert into teacher
    values('856','张旭','','1969-03-12','讲师','电子工程系')
    insert into teacher
    values('825','王萍','','1972-05-05','助教','计算机系')
    insert into teacher
    values('831','刘冰','','1958-08-14','助教','电子工程系')
    
    insert into course
    values('3-105','计算机导论','825')
    insert into course
    values('3-245','操作系统','804')
    insert into course
    values('6-166','数字电路','856')
    insert into course
    values('9-888','高等数学','831')
    
    
    insert into score
    values('103','3-245','86')
    insert into score
    values('105','3-245','75')
    insert into score
    values('109','3-245','68')
    insert into score
    values('103','3-105','92')
    insert into score
    values('105','3-105','88')
    insert into score
    values('109','3-105','76')
    insert into score
    values('101','3-105','64')
    insert into score
    values('107','3-105','91')
    insert into score
    values('108','3-105','78')
    insert into score
    values('101','6-166','85')
    insert into score
    values('107','6-166','79')
    insert into score
    values('108','6-166','81')
    
    select * from student
    select * from teacher
    select * from course
    select * from score
    
    
    
    --1、 查询Student表中的所有记录的Sname、Ssex和Class列。
    select sname,ssex,class from student
    --2、 查询教师所有的单位即不重复的Depart列。
    select distinct depart from teacher
    --3、 查询Student表的所有记录。
    select * from student
    --4、 查询Score表中成绩在60到80之间的所有记录。
    select * from score  where degree between 60 and 80
    --5、 查询Score表中成绩为85,86或88的记录。
    select * from score where degree in (85,86,88)
    --6、 查询Student表中“95031”班或性别为“女”的同学记录。
    select * from student where class='95031' or ssex=''
    --7、 以Class降序查询Student表的所有记录。
    select* from student order by class desc 
    --8、 以Cno升序、Degree降序查询Score表的所有记录。
    select * from score order by cno asc,degree desc
    --9、 查询“95031”班的学生人数。
    select count(*) 数量 from student where class=95031
    --10、查询Score表中的最高分的学生学号和课程号。
     select sno,cno from score  where degree=(select MAX(degree)分数 from score)
    --11、查询‘3-105’号课程的平均分。
    select AVG(degree) from score where cno='3-105'
    --12、查询Score表中至少有5名学生选修的并以3开头的课程的平均分数。
    select AVG(degree) from score where (cno =
    (select cno from score group by cno having count(*)>=5)) and cno like '3%'
    
    
    select cno,count(*),AVG(degree) from score where cno like '3%' group by cno having COUNT(*)>=5
    
    --13、查询最低分大于70,最高分小于90的Sno列
    select sno,MAX(degree),MIN(degree) from score group by sno having   MAX(degree)<90 and MIN(degree)>70
    --14、查询所有学生的Sname、Cno和Degree列。
    select sname,cno,degree from
     student join score on student.sno=score.sno
    
    --15、查询所有学生的Sno、Cname和Degree列。p
    select sno ,cname,degree from score  join course on score.cno=course.cno
    --16、查询所有学生的Sname、Cname和Degree列。
    select sname,cname,degree from 
    student join score on student.sno=score.sno join course on course.cno=score.cno
    --17、查询“95033”班所选课程的平均分。
    select avg(degree) from score where sno in (select sno from student where class='95033')
    --18、假设使用如下命令建立了一个grade表:
    --create table grade(low  int,upp  int,rank  varchar(1))
    --insert into grade values(90,100,'A')
    --insert into grade values(80,89,'B')
    --insert into grade values(70,79,'C')
    --insert into grade values(60,69,'D')
    --insert into grade values(0,59,'E')
    --现查询所有同学的Sno、Cno和rank列。
    select sno,cno,rank from score join grade on score.degree>grade.low and score.degree < grade.upp
    --19、查询选修“3-105”课程的成绩高于“109”号同学成绩的所有同学的记录。
    select degree from score where cno='3-105' and sno='109'--76
    select * from score where cno='3-105' and
     degree>(select degree from score where cno='3-105' and sno='109')
    
    --20、查询score中选学多门课程的同学中分数为非最高分成绩的记录。
    select * from score
     select sno  from score group by sno having  count(*)>1--有歧义
    
    
    --21、查询成绩高于学号为“109”、课程号为“3-105”的成绩的所有记录。
    select * from score  where degree>(select degree from score where sno=109 and cno='3-105')
    --22、查询和学号为108的同学同年出生的所有学生的Sno、Sname和Sbirthday列。
    select year(sbirthday) from student  where sno=108
    select sno,sname, sbirthday from student  where year(sbirthday) =(select year(sbirthday) from student  where sno=108)
    --23、查询“张旭“教师任课的学生成绩。
    select tno from teacher where tname='张旭'
    
    select cno from course where tno=(select tno from teacher where tname='张旭')
    
    select degree from score where cno=(select cno from course where tno=(select tno from teacher where tname='张旭'))
    --24、查询选修某 课程的同学人数多于5人的教师姓名。
    select cno from score group by cno having COUNT(*)>5
    select tno from course where cno=(select cno from score group by cno having COUNT(*)>5)
    select tname  from teacher where tno=(select tno from course where cno=(select cno from score group by cno having COUNT(*)>5))
    --25、查询95033班和95031班全体学生的记录。
    select * from student where class=95033
    union
    select *from student where class=95031
    --26、查询存在有85分以上成绩的课程Cno.
    select cno from score where degree >85
    select cname from course  where cno in (select cno from score where degree >85)
    
    --27、查询出“计算机系“教师所教课程的成绩表。
     select tno from teacher where depart ='计算机系'
     select cno from course where tno in (select tno from teacher where depart ='计算机系') 
     select degree from score  where cno in ( select cno from course where tno in (select tno from teacher where depart ='计算机系') )
    --28、查询“计算机系”与“电子工程系“不同职称的教师的Tname和Prof。
    select prof from teacher where (depart='计算机系' or depart='电子工程系')
    select prof from teacher group by prof  having COUNT(*)=1
    select tname ,prof  from teacher where  prof in (select prof from teacher group by prof  having COUNT(*)=1)and prof in (select prof from teacher where (depart='计算机系' or depart='电子工程系'))
    --的Cno、Sno和Degree,并按Degree从高到低次序排序。
    select degree from score where cno='3-105'
    select MAX(degree) from score where cno='3-245'
    select degree from score where degree in (select degree from score where cno='3-105') and degree>
    (select MAX(degree) from score where cno='3-245') 
    select * from score  where degree in (select degree from score where cno='3-105') and degree>
    (select MAX(degree) from score where cno='3-245')  order by degree desc
    
    
    --30、查询选修编号为“3-105”且成绩高于选修编号为“3-245”课程的同学的Cno、Sno和Degree.
    
    --31、查询所有教师和同学的name、sex和birthday.
    select * from student  
    select * from teacher 
    select * from course 
    select * from score 
    
    select sname 姓名, ssex 性别,sbirthday 生日 from student
    union
    select tname ,tsex,tbirthday from teacher 
    --32、查询所有“女”教师和“女”同学的name、sex和birthday.
    select sname, ssex ,sbirthday from student where ssex=''
    union
    select tname ,tsex,tbirthday from teacher where tsex=''
    --33、查询成绩比该课程平均成绩低的同学的成绩表。//相关子查询
    select * from score 
    select avg(degree) from score  group by cno
    
    select degree from score group by cno
    
    --insert into teacher values('888','aaa','v','2005.1.1','a','a')
    select cno from course where cno not in (select cno from score )
    select * from teacher
    select cno from score 
    select tname ,depart from teacher join course on teacher.tno=course.tno  left join score on course.cno=score .cno where course . cno=(select cno from course where cno not in (select cno from score ))
    --36、查询至少有2名男生的班号。
    --insert into student values('110','aaa','a','2005.1.1','95000')
    select class from student group by class having count('')>=2
    --37、查询Student表中不姓“王”的同学记录。
    select sname from student where sname like '王%'
    select * from student where sname not in (select sname from student where sname like '王%')
    --38、查询Student表中每个学生的姓名和年龄。
    select sname 姓名,YEAR(getdate())-year(sbirthday) 年龄 from student 
    
    --39、查询Student表中最大和最小的Sbirthday日期值。
    select MAX(sbirthday) 最大生日,MIN(sbirthday) 最小生日 from student
    select * from student
    --40、以班号和年龄从大到小的顺序查询Student表中的全部记录。
    select * from student  order by class desc, sbirthday desc
    --41、查询“男”教师及其所上的课程。
    select * from teacher where tsex=''
    select tname, cname from course join teacher  on course .tno=teacher.tno where tsex=''  
    --42、查询最高分同学的Sno、Cno和Degree列。
    select MAX(degree) from score
    select * from score where degree =(select MAX(degree) from score)
    --43、查询和“李军”同性别的所有同学的Sname.
    select ssex from student where sname='李军'
    select sname from student where ssex=(select ssex from student where sname='李军')
    
    --44、查询和“李军”同性别并同班的同学Sname.
    select * from student
    select class from student  where sname='李军'
    select sname from student where ssex=(select ssex from student where sname='李军')and class=(select class from student  where sname='李军')
    --45、查询所有选修“计算机导论”课程的“男”同学的成绩表。
    select * from student
    select * from course
    select * from score
    select degree from student  join score on student .sno=score.sno join course on score .cno=course.cno where cname='计算机导论' and ssex=''
    复制代码
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zdc1994/p/4233711.html
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