• Scala模式匹配


      Scala提供了一个强大的匹配功能---模式匹配,类似于Java的switch case语法,即对一个值进行判断,针对不同的条件,做出不同的判断。

      Scala的模式匹配比Java的Switch case功能强大的多。后者只能对值进行判断,但是前者除了可以对值判断以外,还可以对类型进行匹配,对Array、List的元素情况进行匹配,对样例类(case class)进行匹配,甚至还可以对无值有值(option)进行匹配。

      

      match case的基本语法如下:变量 match {case 值 => 代码}。如果值为下划线,表示不满足以上任意条件下的情况。并且,match case中只要有一个case分支满足并处理了,就不会进行下一个分支的判断。

    1. 模式匹配基本语法
       
      //match case最基本用法:对变量值进行模式匹配
      def gradeEvaluate(grade: String, name: String):String = {
        val evaluations: String = grade match {
          case "A" => "Excellent"
          case "B" => "Good"
          case "C" => "Just so so"
          case _ => "You need work hard"
        }
        evaluations
      }
      
      //模式匹配中使用守卫if
      //在case后的条件判断中,不仅仅只是提供一个值,而且可以在值后边再加一个if守卫,进行双重过滤
      def studentScore(name:String,score:String): Unit ={
        score match {
          case "A"=>println("excellent")
          case "B"=>println("good")
          case "C"=>println("soso")
          case _ if name=="ming"=>print(name+",you are good boy,come on!")//if守卫
          case _ =>println("you need work harder")
        }
      }
      
      //Scala的模式匹配还有一个特点:将模式匹配的默认情况_,替换为一个变量名,此时模式匹配就会将要匹配的值赋予给这个变量,从而可以在后面的处理语句中使用变量。
      //对于下划线_这种情况,所有不满足前边的case的值,都会进入这种默认情况进行处理,如果,我们需要拿到具体的值进行处理,就需要使用这种在模式匹配中使用变量赋值的语法
      def studentScore(name:String,score:String): Unit ={
        score match {
          case "A"=>println("excellent")
          case "B"=>println("good")
          case "C"=>println("soso")
          case _ if name=="ming"=>print(name+",you are good boy,come on!")
          case score =>println("you need work harder,your score only " + score)  //变量赋值
        }
      }
      
    2. 对Array和List进行匹配
       
      //对Array数组进行模式匹配,分别可以匹配带有指定元素的数组、带有指定个数元素的数组、以某元素开头的数组
      //对List进行模式匹配,与Array类似,但是需要使用List特有的::操作符
      def greeting(arr: Array[String]) {
        arr match {
          case Array("Leo") => println("Hi, Leo!")  //匹配一个元素
          case Array(girl1, girl2, girl3) => println("Hi, girls, nice to meet you. " + girl1 + " and " + girl2 + " and " + girl3) //匹配三个元素
          case Array("Leo", _*) => println("Hi, Leo, please introduce your friends to me.") //匹配以Leo开头,三个元素会被上面匹配scala匹配机制是匹配到就停止
          case _ => println("hey, who are you?")
        }
      }
      
      //List
      def greeting(list: List[String]) {
        list match {
          case "Leo" :: Nil => println("Hi, Leo!")//匹配一个元素
          case girl1 :: girl2 :: girl3 :: Nil => println("Hi, girls, nice to meet you. " + girl1 + " and " + girl2 + " and " + girl3)//匹配三个元素
          case "Leo" :: tail => println("Hi, Leo, please introduce your friends to me.")//匹配以Leo开头
          case _ => println("hey, who are you?")
        }
      }
      
    3. 对类型进行匹配
       
      //Scala模式匹配的强大之处就在于,可以直接进行匹配类型。
      //进行类型模式匹配的时候,就要使用下面格式:case 变量:类型 => 代码
      
      //异常处理
      def processException(e: Exception) {
        e match {
          case e1: IllegalArgumentException => println("you have illegal arguments! exception is: " + e1)
          case e2: FileNotFoundException => println("cannot find the file you need read or write!, exception is: " + e2)
          case e3: IOException => println("you got an error while you were doing IO operation! exception is: " + e3)
          case _: Exception => println("cannot know which exception you have!" )
        }
      }
      
    4. case class 模式匹配
       
      //Scala提供了一种特殊的类,用case class进行声明,也称为样例类。有点类似于Java的JavaBean,即只定义field,并且又Scala编译时自动提供getter和setter方法,但是没有method。
      //case class的主构造函数接受的参数并不需要使用var或者val修饰,Scala会自动使用val修饰(但是如果自己使用var修饰,还是会按照var来)
      //Scala自动为case class定义了伴生对象,也就是object,并且定义了apply()方法,该方法接受主构造函数中相同的参数,并返回case class对象。
      
      //校园门禁
      class Person
      case class Teacher(name:String,subject:String) extends Person
      case class Student(name:String,classroom:Int) extends Person
      case class Worker(name:String,work:String) extends Person
      case class Stranger() extends Person
      object Test{
        def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
          
          def entranceGuard(p:Person): Unit ={
            p match {
              case Student(name,classroom)=>println(s"hello,$name,welcome to school,your classroom is $classroom")
              case Teacher(name,subject)=>println(s"hello,$name,welcome to school,your teach $subject")
              case Worker(name,work) if work=="repairman"=>println(s"hello,$name,you should leave school afternoon")
              case Worker(name,work)=>println(s"hello,$name,you should leave school 2 hours later")
              case _=>println(s"stranger,you can not into school")
            }
          }
              
          entranceGuard(Worker("Jason","cleaner"))
        }
      }
      
    5. Option与模式匹配
       
      //Scala有一种特殊的类型Option,Option有两种值:Some:表示有值;None:表示无值
      //Option通常会用于模式匹配,判断某个变量有值还是没有值,这比null来的简洁明了
      //Option的用法必须掌握,重重重
      
      val grades = Map("Leo" -> "A", "Jack" -> "B", "Jen" -> "C")
      def getGrade(name: String) {
        val grade = grades.get(name)
        grade match {
          case Some(grade) => println("your grade is " + grade)
          case None => println("Sorry, your grade information is not in the system")
        }
      }
      
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zbw1112/p/12092129.html
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