Time: 5 hours
Timespan: Dec 17 - Dec 19, 3 days
Alexander J. Quinn and Benjamin B. Bederson. 2011. Human computation: a survey and taxonomy of a growing field. In Proceedings of the 2011 annual conference on Human factors in computing systems (CHI '11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1403-1412. (gs: 36)
作者Alex Quinn,2002年毕业于华盛顿大学,目前是University of Maryland(UMD)的博士生。这哥们接触过的研究方向也不少, 自06年读博开始,研究过的方向包括crowdsourcing, human computation , digital libraries, information visualization, online trust , and personal information management,总体来说大方向是human computer interaction,他的毕业论文题目是"Crowdsourcing and human computation for decision support"。
本文先介绍了背景,然后讨论了hc的定义,并与相关技术进行区分和比较,之后重点提出了针对hc系统的分类体系,并说明了如何根据所提出的分类体系来寻找新的研究点,全文结构如下:
2. Definition of human computation
3. Comparison with related ideas
- crowdsourcing
- social computing
- data mining
- colletive intelligence
4. Classification dimensions (将近5页,占据全文一半篇幅)
- motivation
- quality control
- aggregation
- human skill
- process order
- task-request cardinality
5. Opennings for growth
6. Conclusion
以下是论文笔记
1. Introduction部分提到的一些信息可了解一下
(1) 第一篇关于hc的博士论文:von Ahn, L. Human Computation. Doctoral Thesis. UMI Order Number: AAI3205378, CMU, (2005).
(2) 第一个关于hc的workshop:Human Computation Workshp(HCOMP 2009), June 28, 2009 Paris, France, co-located with KDD-09
(3) 做hc的学者来自哪些背景:AI, business, cryptography, art, genetic algorithms, HCI
2. human computation的定义
von Ahn在他博士论文里的定义:
”… a paradigm for utilizing human processing power to solve problems that computers cannot yet solve.”
文中还列出了不同专家给出的定义,基本上都强调需要人力参与以及计算机目前还不能解决(或有效解决),还有些文献提到需要大量人员参与。
综述作者则认为构成human computation需要满足两个条件:
- The problems fit the general paradigm of computation, and as such might someday be solvable by computers.
- The human participation is directed by the computational system or process.
3. 相关技术
上图是作者给出的相关技术关系图。
对比技术 侧重 | human computation 侧重 | Comment | |
crowdsourcing | replace traditional human workers with members of the public | replace computers with humans | 对crowdsourcing的介绍见另一篇博文。交叉部分是那些机器和人都可完成(replacement)的应用。 |
social computing | facilitates relatively natural human behavior that happens to be mediated by technology | participation directed by the human computation system | blogs, wikis, online communities都是social computing |
data mining | does not encompass the collection of the data | does encompass the collection of the data | |
collective intelligence | applies only when the process depends on a group of participate | possible that computations performed by a single worker in isolation | 与crowdsourcing的侧重点比较也适用于此; 是crowdsourcing的超集 |
作者在与collective intelligence比较时提到hc system可以只由单个人参与,但在其他学者对hc的描述中有强调“很多人参与”,因此这一点目前是有争议的。
从实际的角度来看,“多人”的hc系统才有意义。
另外,作者特意提到,他认为wikipedia的模式不属于human computation,因为现在的wikipedia “ is created through a dynamic social process of discussion about the facts and presentation of each topic among a network of the authors and editors.”
4. Classification Dimensions (分类维度)
作者提出了6个维度,分为两组:
- motivation, human skill, aggregation:
- quality control, process, task-request cardinality
各个维度的含义及其值大多都较易理解,就算部分不能完全理解关系也不大,下面是一览表:
5. 对于新的方向
作者认为根据其提出的维度,可从以下几个方面来考虑:
- 组合不同的维度来发现新的应用
- 对于给定的维度,创造新的值
- 遇到新的hc系统时,将其按照目前维度归类,以发现新东西
6. 文中提到的一些系统有空可以去了解一下,比如: