CentOS7下安装配置python3
实验环境
操作系统：CentOS Linux release 7.3.1611 (Core)
IP： 192.168.230.142
下载插件
根据官网提示，在centos下安装python3版本需要提前安装如下插件：
openssl-devel bzip2-devel expat-devel gdbm-devel readline-devel sqlite-devel
[root@localhost ~]# yum install openssl-devel bzip2-devel expat-devel gdbm-devel readline-devel sqlite-devel -y
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Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package bzip2-devel.x86_64 0:1.0.6-13.el7 will be installed
---> Package expat-devel.x86_64 0:2.1.0-10.el7_3 will be installed
---> Package gdbm-devel.x86_64 0:1.10-8.el7 will be installed
---> Package openssl-devel.x86_64 1:1.0.2k-8.el7 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: zlib-devel(x86-64) for package: 1:openssl-devel-1.0.2k-8.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: krb5-devel(x86-64) for package: 1:openssl-devel-1.0.2k-8.el7.x86_64
---> Package readline-devel.x86_64 0:6.2-10.el7 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: ncurses-devel for package: readline-devel-6.2-10.el7.x86_64
---> Package sqlite-devel.x86_64 0:3.7.17-8.el7 will be installed
--> Running transaction check
---> Package krb5-devel.x86_64 0:1.15.1-8.el7 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: libverto-devel for package: krb5-devel-1.15.1-8.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libselinux-devel for package: krb5-devel-1.15.1-8.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libcom_err-devel for package: krb5-devel-1.15.1-8.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: keyutils-libs-devel for package: krb5-devel-1.15.1-8.el7.x86_64
---> Package ncurses-devel.x86_64 0:5.9-14.20130511.el7_4 will be installed
---> Package zlib-devel.x86_64 0:1.2.7-17.el7 will be installed
--> Running transaction check
---> Package keyutils-libs-devel.x86_64 0:1.5.8-3.el7 will be installed
---> Package libcom_err-devel.x86_64 0:1.42.9-10.el7 will be installed
---> Package libselinux-devel.x86_64 0:2.5-11.el7 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: libsepol-devel(x86-64) >= 2.5-6 for package: libselinux-devel-2.5-11.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: pkgconfig(libsepol) for package: libselinux-devel-2.5-11.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: pkgconfig(libpcre) for package: libselinux-devel-2.5-11.el7.x86_64
---> Package libverto-devel.x86_64 0:0.2.5-4.el7 will be installed
--> Running transaction check
---> Package libsepol-devel.x86_64 0:2.5-6.el7 will be installed
---> Package pcre-devel.x86_64 0:8.32-17.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
===================================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
===================================================================================================================================
Installing:
bzip2-devel x86_64 1.0.6-13.el7 base 218 k
expat-devel x86_64 2.1.0-10.el7_3 base 57 k
gdbm-devel x86_64 1.10-8.el7 base 47 k
openssl-devel x86_64 1:1.0.2k-8.el7 base 1.5 M
readline-devel x86_64 6.2-10.el7 base 138 k
sqlite-devel x86_64 3.7.17-8.el7 base 104 k
Installing for dependencies:
keyutils-libs-devel x86_64 1.5.8-3.el7 base 37 k
krb5-devel x86_64 1.15.1-8.el7 base 266 k
libcom_err-devel x86_64 1.42.9-10.el7 base 31 k
libselinux-devel x86_64 2.5-11.el7 base 186 k
libsepol-devel x86_64 2.5-6.el7 base 74 k
libverto-devel x86_64 0.2.5-4.el7 base 12 k
ncurses-devel x86_64 5.9-14.20130511.el7_4 updates 712 k
pcre-devel x86_64 8.32-17.el7 base 480 k
zlib-devel x86_64 1.2.7-17.el7 base 50 k
Transaction Summary
===================================================================================================================================
Install 6 Packages (+9 Dependent packages)
Total download size: 3.9 M
Installed size: 9.1 M
Downloading packages:
(1/15): expat-devel-2.1.0-10.el7_3.x86_64.rpm | 57 kB 00:00:00
(2/15): keyutils-libs-devel-1.5.8-3.el7.x86_64.rpm | 37 kB 00:00:00
(3/15): gdbm-devel-1.10-8.el7.x86_64.rpm | 47 kB 00:00:00
(4/15): libcom_err-devel-1.42.9-10.el7.x86_64.rpm | 31 kB 00:00:00
(5/15): libverto-devel-0.2.5-4.el7.x86_64.rpm | 12 kB 00:00:00
(6/15): bzip2-devel-1.0.6-13.el7.x86_64.rpm | 218 kB 00:00:00
(7/15): libsepol-devel-2.5-6.el7.x86_64.rpm | 74 kB 00:00:00
(8/15): libselinux-devel-2.5-11.el7.x86_64.rpm | 186 kB 00:00:00
(9/15): krb5-devel-1.15.1-8.el7.x86_64.rpm | 266 kB 00:00:00
(10/15): ncurses-devel-5.9-14.20130511.el7_4.x86_64.rpm | 712 kB 00:00:00
(11/15): readline-devel-6.2-10.el7.x86_64.rpm | 138 kB 00:00:00
(12/15): sqlite-devel-3.7.17-8.el7.x86_64.rpm | 104 kB 00:00:00
(13/15): zlib-devel-1.2.7-17.el7.x86_64.rpm | 50 kB 00:00:00
(14/15): pcre-devel-8.32-17.el7.x86_64.rpm | 480 kB 00:00:00
(15/15): openssl-devel-1.0.2k-8.el7.x86_64.rpm | 1.5 MB 00:00:00
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 2.9 MB/s | 3.9 MB 00:00:01
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Warning: RPMDB altered outside of yum.
Installing : libsepol-devel-2.5-6.el7.x86_64 1/15
Installing : ncurses-devel-5.9-14.20130511.el7_4.x86_64 2/15
Installing : pcre-devel-8.32-17.el7.x86_64 3/15
Installing : libselinux-devel-2.5-11.el7.x86_64 4/15
Installing : libcom_err-devel-1.42.9-10.el7.x86_64 5/15
Installing : libverto-devel-0.2.5-4.el7.x86_64 6/15
Installing : keyutils-libs-devel-1.5.8-3.el7.x86_64 7/15
Installing : krb5-devel-1.15.1-8.el7.x86_64 8/15
Installing : zlib-devel-1.2.7-17.el7.x86_64 9/15
Installing : 1:openssl-devel-1.0.2k-8.el7.x86_64 10/15
Installing : readline-devel-6.2-10.el7.x86_64 11/15
Installing : expat-devel-2.1.0-10.el7_3.x86_64 12/15
Installing : sqlite-devel-3.7.17-8.el7.x86_64 13/15
Installing : gdbm-devel-1.10-8.el7.x86_64 14/15
Installing : bzip2-devel-1.0.6-13.el7.x86_64 15/15
Verifying : bzip2-devel-1.0.6-13.el7.x86_64 1/15
Verifying : zlib-devel-1.2.7-17.el7.x86_64 2/15
Verifying : gdbm-devel-1.10-8.el7.x86_64 3/15
Verifying : keyutils-libs-devel-1.5.8-3.el7.x86_64 4/15
Verifying : libverto-devel-0.2.5-4.el7.x86_64 5/15
Verifying : libselinux-devel-2.5-11.el7.x86_64 6/15
Verifying : krb5-devel-1.15.1-8.el7.x86_64 7/15
Verifying : libcom_err-devel-1.42.9-10.el7.x86_64 8/15
Verifying : pcre-devel-8.32-17.el7.x86_64 9/15
Verifying : ncurses-devel-5.9-14.20130511.el7_4.x86_64 10/15
Verifying : sqlite-devel-3.7.17-8.el7.x86_64 11/15
Verifying : libsepol-devel-2.5-6.el7.x86_64 12/15
Verifying : readline-devel-6.2-10.el7.x86_64 13/15
Verifying : 1:openssl-devel-1.0.2k-8.el7.x86_64 14/15
Verifying : expat-devel-2.1.0-10.el7_3.x86_64 15/15
Installed:
bzip2-devel.x86_64 0:1.0.6-13.el7 expat-devel.x86_64 0:2.1.0-10.el7_3 gdbm-devel.x86_64 0:1.10-8.el7
openssl-devel.x86_64 1:1.0.2k-8.el7 readline-devel.x86_64 0:6.2-10.el7 sqlite-devel.x86_64 0:3.7.17-8.el7
Dependency Installed:
keyutils-libs-devel.x86_64 0:1.5.8-3.el7 krb5-devel.x86_64 0:1.15.1-8.el7 libcom_err-devel.x86_64 0:1.42.9-10.el7
libselinux-devel.x86_64 0:2.5-11.el7 libsepol-devel.x86_64 0:2.5-6.el7 libverto-devel.x86_64 0:0.2.5-4.el7
ncurses-devel.x86_64 0:5.9-14.20130511.el7_4 pcre-devel.x86_64 0:8.32-17.el7 zlib-devel.x86_64 0:1.2.7-17.el7
Complete!
下载python
切换到download目录，下载最新的3.7版本python
[root@localhost ~]# cd /root/Downloads/
[root@localhost Downloads]# wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.0/Python-3.7.0a1.tgz
--2017-10-10 21:06:41-- https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.0/Python-3.7.0a1.tgz
Resolving www.python.org (www.python.org)... 151.101.24.223, 2a04:4e42:6::223
Connecting to www.python.org (www.python.org)|151.101.24.223|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 21614110 (21M) [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: ‘Python-3.7.0a1.tgz’
100%[=========================================================================================>] 21,614,110 41.5KB/s in 5m 24s
2017-10-10 21:12:06 (65.2 KB/s) - ‘Python-3.7.0a1.tgz’ saved [21614110/21614110]
[root@localhost Downloads]# ls
Python-3.7.0a1.tgz
解压安装包并迁移至/usr/local
[root@localhost Downloads]# tar -zxvf Python-3.7.0a1.tgz
[root@localhost Downloads]# mv Python-3.7.0a1 /usr/local
安装python
进入解压好的Python安装包目录
[root@localhost Downloads]# cd /usr/local/Python-3.7.0a1/
[root@localhost Python-3.7.0a1]# ls
aclocal.m4 configure Grammar Lib Makefile.pre.in Objects PCbuild Python Tools
config.guess configure.ac Include LICENSE Misc Parser Programs README.rst
config.sub Doc install-sh Mac Modules PC pyconfig.h.in setup.py
执行自动配置文件
[root@localhost Python-3.7.0a1]# ./configure
checking build system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking host system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking for python3.7... no
checking for python3... no
checking for python... python
checking for --enable-universalsdk... no
checking for --with-universal-archs... no
checking MACHDEP... checking for --without-gcc... no
checking for --with-icc... no
checking for gcc... gcc
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out
checking for suffix of executables...
checking whether we are cross compiling... no
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes
checking for gcc option to accept ISO C89... none needed
checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E
checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... /usr/bin/grep
checking for a sed that does not truncate output... /usr/bin/sed
checking for --with-cxx-main=<compiler>... no
checking for g++... no
configure:
By default, distutils will build C++ extension modules with "g++".
If this is not intended, then set CXX on the configure command line.
checking for the platform triplet based on compiler characteristics... x86_64-linux-gnu
checking for -Wl,--no-as-needed... yes
checking for egrep... /usr/bin/grep -E
checking for ANSI C header files... yes
···
···
creating Modules/Setup
creating Modules/Setup.local
creating Makefile
If you want a release build with all stable optimizations active (PGO, etc),
please run ./configure --enable-optimizations
确认无误后，执行编译
[root@localhost Python-3.7.0a1]# make
确认无误后，执行编译安装
[root@localhost Python-3.7.0a1]# make install
此时我遭遇到问题，报错：
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_ctypes'
经查阅资料后发现是由于3.7版本需要一个新的包libffi-devel，安装此包后再次进行编译安装即可
[root@localhost Python-3.7.0a1]# yum install libffi-devel -y
[root@localhost Python-3.7.0a1]# make install
安装完成后为了方便操作在/usr/bin路径下生成python3.7的软链接
[root@localhost Python-3.7.0a1]# ln -s /usr/local/Python-3.7.0a1/python /usr/bin/python3.7
验证
直接使用root用户执行python3.7，可查看python状态
[root@localhost Python-3.7.0a1]# python3.7 -V
Python 3.7.0a1
注意事项
使用centos环境安装python3需要非常小心，不要轻易替换操作系统中自带的python2的任何设置信息，否则将导致部分重要功能（如yum）无法正常使用。
所以我在本实验中将软链接命名为python3.7，避免和原有的python相冲突。
以前遇到的坑
以前在centos下安装python3.5版本的时候还遇到过2个坑，也记录在此
错误重现
在安装和配置好python3后，想使用yum命令安装其他文件的时候报错
Error: GPG key retrieval failed: [Errno 14] Could not open/read file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-oracle
解决方式
直接从oracle官网上下载报错的那个包
wget http://public-yum.oracle.com/RPM-GPG-KEY-oracle-ol6 -O /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-oracle
以前遇到的另一个坑
错误重现
安装和配置好python3后，尝试启动python
[root@localhost bin]# python3.5
python3.5: error while loading shared libraries: libpython3.5m.so.1.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
提示无法打开libpython3.5m.so.1.0，查看python的依赖关系：
[root@localhost python3.5]# ldd /usr/local/python3.5/bin/python3.5
linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fffca1d5000)
libpython3.5m.so.1.0 => not found
libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f44bac61000)
libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f44baa5d000)
libutil.so.1 => /lib64/libutil.so.1 (0x00007f44ba85a000)
libm.so.6 => /lib64/libm.so.6 (0x00007f44ba557000)
libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f44ba194000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x000055de0e9b5000)
果然找不到这个包，手动在下载的python安装包中找到这个包并导入到/lib64路径，此问题解决
[root@localhost python3.5]# cp /usr/local/python3.5/lib/libpython3.5m.so.1.0 /lib64/
[root@localhost python3.5]# ldd /usr/local/python3.5/bin/python3.5
linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007ffddaf99000)
libpython3.5m.so.1.0 => /lib64/libpython3.5m.so.1.0 (0x00007f0071fc2000)
libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f0071da6000)
libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f0071ba1000)
libutil.so.1 => /lib64/libutil.so.1 (0x00007f007199e000)
libm.so.6 => /lib64/libm.so.6 (0x00007f007169c000)
libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f00712d8000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x000055a35377e000)
[root@localhost python3.5]# python3.5 -V
Python 3.5.0