C++语言基础(17)-运算符重载

运算符重载的格式为：

返回值类型 operator 运算符名称 (形参表列){
    //TODO:
}

一.在类里面实例运行符重载

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class complex{
public:
    complex();
    complex(double real, double imag);
public:
    //声明运算符重载
    complex operator+(const complex &A) const;
    void display() const;
private:
    double m_real;  //实部
    double m_imag;  //虚部
};

complex::complex(): m_real(0.0), m_imag(0.0){ }
complex::complex(double real, double imag): m_real(real), m_imag(imag){ }

//实现运算符重载
complex complex::operator+(const complex &A) const{
    complex B;
    B.m_real = this->m_real + A.m_real;
    B.m_imag = this->m_imag + A.m_imag;
    return B;
}

void complex::display() const{
    cout<<m_real<<" + "<<m_imag<<"i"<<endl;
}

int main(){
    complex c1(4.3, 5.8);
    complex c2(2.4, 3.7);
    complex c3;
    c3 = c1 + c2;
    c3.display();
 
    return 0;
}

运行结果：

6.7 + 9.5i

1.运算符重载其实就是定义一个函数，在函数体内实现想要的功能，当用到该运算符时，编译器会自动调用这个函数。也就是说，运算符重载是通过函数实现的，它本质上是函数重载。

2.operator是关键字，专门用于定义重载运算符的函数。我们可以将operator 运算符名称这一部分看做函数名，对于上面的代码，函数名就是operator+。

3.上面的例子中，我们在 complex 类中重载了运算符+，该重载只对 complex 对象有效。

二.在全局范围内重载运算符

运算符重载函数不仅可以作为类的成员函数，还可以作为全局函数。更改上面的代码，在全局范围内重载+，实现复数的加法运算：

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class complex{
public:
    complex();
    complex(double real, double imag);
public:
    void display() const;
    //声明为友元函数
    friend complex operator+(const complex &A, const complex &B);
private:
    double m_real;
    double m_imag;
};

complex operator+(const complex &A, const complex &B);

complex::complex(): m_real(0.0), m_imag(0.0){ }
complex::complex(double real, double imag): m_real(real), m_imag(imag){ }
void complex::display() const{
    cout<<m_real<<" + "<<m_imag<<"i"<<endl;
}

//在全局范围内重载+
complex operator+(const complex &A, const complex &B){
    complex C;
    C.m_real = A.m_real + B.m_real;
    C.m_imag = A.m_imag + B.m_imag;
    return C;
}

int main(){
    complex c1(4.3, 5.8);
    complex c2(2.4, 3.7);
    complex c3;
    c3 = c1 + c2;
    c3.display();
 
    return 0;
}

运算符重载函数不是 complex 类的成员函数，但是却用到了 complex 类的 private 成员变量，所以必须在 complex 类中将该函数声明为友元函数。

当执行c3 = c1 + c2;语句时，编译器检测到+号两边都是 complex 对象，就会转换为类似下面的函数调用：

c3 = operator+(c1, c2);

三.重载数学运算符(+-*/) 

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;

//复数类
class Complex{
public:  //构造函数
    Complex(double real = 0.0, double imag = 0.0): m_real(real), m_imag(imag){ }
public:  //运算符重载
    //以全局函数的形式重载
    friend Complex operator+(const Complex &c1, const Complex &c2);
    friend Complex operator-(const Complex &c1, const Complex &c2);
    friend Complex operator*(const Complex &c1, const Complex &c2);
    friend Complex operator/(const Complex &c1, const Complex &c2);
    friend bool operator==(const Complex &c1, const Complex &c2);
    friend bool operator!=(const Complex &c1, const Complex &c2);
    //以成员函数的形式重载
    Complex & operator+=(const Complex &c);
    Complex & operator-=(const Complex &c);
    Complex & operator*=(const Complex &c);
    Complex & operator/=(const Complex &c);
public:  //成员函数
    double real() const{ return m_real; }
    double imag() const{ return m_imag; }
private:
    double m_real;  //实部
    double m_imag;  //虚部
};

//重载+运算符
Complex operator+(const Complex &c1, const Complex &c2){
    Complex c;
    c.m_real = c1.m_real + c2.m_real;
    c.m_imag = c1.m_imag + c2.m_imag;
    return c;
}
//重载-运算符
Complex operator-(const Complex &c1, const Complex &c2){
    Complex c;
    c.m_real = c1.m_real - c2.m_real;
    c.m_imag = c1.m_imag - c2.m_imag;
    return c;
}
//重载*运算符  (a+bi) * (c+di) = (ac-bd) + (bc+ad)i
Complex operator*(const Complex &c1, const Complex &c2){
    Complex c;
    c.m_real = c1.m_real * c2.m_real - c1.m_imag * c2.m_imag;
    c.m_imag = c1.m_imag * c2.m_real + c1.m_real * c2.m_imag;
    return c;
}
//重载/运算符  (a+bi) / (c+di) = [(ac+bd) / (c²+d²)] + [(bc-ad) / (c²+d²)]i
Complex operator/(const Complex &c1, const Complex &c2){
    Complex c;
    c.m_real = (c1.m_real*c2.m_real + c1.m_imag*c2.m_imag) / (pow(c2.m_real, 2) + pow(c2.m_imag, 2));
    c.m_imag = (c1.m_imag*c2.m_real - c1.m_real*c2.m_imag) / (pow(c2.m_real, 2) + pow(c2.m_imag, 2));
    return c;
}
//重载==运算符
bool operator==(const Complex &c1, const Complex &c2){
    if( c1.m_real == c2.m_real && c1.m_imag == c2.m_imag ){
        return true;
    }else{
        return false;
    }
}
//重载!=运算符
bool operator!=(const Complex &c1, const Complex &c2){
    if( c1.m_real != c2.m_real || c1.m_imag != c2.m_imag ){
        return true;
    }else{
        return false;
    }
}

//重载+=运算符
Complex & Complex::operator+=(const Complex &c){
    this->m_real += c.m_real;
    this->m_imag += c.m_imag;
    return *this;
}
//重载-=运算符
Complex & Complex::operator-=(const Complex &c){
    this->m_real -= c.m_real;
    this->m_imag -= c.m_imag;
    return *this;
}
//重载*=运算符
Complex & Complex::operator*=(const Complex &c){
    this->m_real = this->m_real * c.m_real - this->m_imag * c.m_imag;
    this->m_imag = this->m_imag * c.m_real + this->m_real * c.m_imag;
    return *this;
}
//重载/=运算符
Complex & Complex::operator/=(const Complex &c){
    this->m_real = (this->m_real*c.m_real + this->m_imag*c.m_imag) / (pow(c.m_real, 2) + pow(c.m_imag, 2));
    this->m_imag = (this->m_imag*c.m_real - this->m_real*c.m_imag) / (pow(c.m_real, 2) + pow(c.m_imag, 2));
    return *this;
}

int main(){
    Complex c1(25, 35);
    Complex c2(10, 20);
    Complex c3(1, 2);
    Complex c4(4, 9);
    Complex c5(34, 6);
    Complex c6(80, 90);
   
    Complex c7 = c1 + c2;
    Complex c8 = c1 - c2;
    Complex c9 = c1 * c2;
    Complex c10 = c1 / c2;
    cout<<"c7 = "<<c7.real()<<" + "<<c7.imag()<<"i"<<endl;
    cout<<"c8 = "<<c8.real()<<" + "<<c8.imag()<<"i"<<endl;
    cout<<"c9 = "<<c9.real()<<" + "<<c9.imag()<<"i"<<endl;
    cout<<"c10 = "<<c10.real()<<" + "<<c10.imag()<<"i"<<endl;
   
    c3 += c1;
    c4 -= c2;
    c5 *= c2;
    c6 /= c2;
    cout<<"c3 = "<<c3.real()<<" + "<<c3.imag()<<"i"<<endl;
    cout<<"c4 = "<<c4.real()<<" + "<<c4.imag()<<"i"<<endl;
    cout<<"c5 = "<<c5.real()<<" + "<<c5.imag()<<"i"<<endl;
    cout<<"c6 = "<<c6.real()<<" + "<<c6.imag()<<"i"<<endl;
   
    if(c1 == c2){
        cout<<"c1 == c2"<<endl;
    }
    if(c1 != c2){
        cout<<"c1 != c2"<<endl;
    }
   
    return 0;
}

运行结果：

c7 = 35 + 55i
c8 = 15 + 15i
c9 = -450 + 850i
c10 = 1.9 + -0.3i
c3 = 26 + 37i
c4 = -6 + -11i
c5 = 220 + 4460i
c6 = 5.2 + 1.592i
c1 != c2

四.重载下标运算符[]

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Array{
public:
    Array(int length = 0);
    ~Array();
public:
    int & operator[](int i);
    const int & operator[](int i) const;
public:
    int length() const { return m_length; }
    void display() const;
private:
    int m_length;  //数组长度
    int *m_p;  //指向数组内存的指针
};

Array::Array(int length): m_length(length){
    if(length == 0){
        m_p = NULL;
    }else{
        m_p = new int[length];
    }
}

Array::~Array(){
    delete[] m_p;
}

int& Array::operator[](int i){
    return m_p[i];
}

const int & Array::operator[](int i) const{
    return m_p[i];
}

void Array::display() const{
    for(int i = 0; i < m_length; i++){
        if(i == m_length - 1){
            cout<<m_p[i]<<endl;
        }else{
            cout<<m_p[i]<<", ";
        }
    }
}

int main(){
    int n;
    cin>>n;

    Array A(n);
    for(int i = 0, len = A.length(); i < len; i++){
        A[i] = i * 5;
    }
    A.display();
   
    const Array B(n);
    cout<<B[n-1]<<endl;  //访问最后一个元素
   
    return 0;
}

运行结果：

5
0, 5, 10, 15, 20
33685536