NAND FLASH是一个存储芯片。
在芯片上的DATA0～DATA7上既能传输数据也能传输地址。
当ALE为高电平时传输的是地址。
当CLE为高电平时传输的是命令。
当ALE和CLE都为低电平时传输的是数据。
将数据发给nand Flash后，在发送第二次数据之前还要判断芯片是否处于空闲状态。一般是通过引脚RnB来判断，一般是高电平代表就绪，低电平代表正忙。
操作Nand Flash的一般步骤是：
1. 发命令
选中芯片
CLE设置为高电平
在DATA0～DATA7上输出命令值
发出一个写脉冲
2. 发地址
选中芯片
ALE为高电平
在DATA0～DATA7上传输数据
发出一个写脉冲
3. 发数据
选中芯片
发出读脉冲
读取DATA0～DATA7上的数据。
使用UBOOT来体验NAND FLASH的操作：
读ID
选中 NFCONT的bit1设置为0 md.l 0x4e000004 1; mw.l 0x4e000004 1
发出命令0x90 NFCMMD=0X90 mw.b 0x4e000008 0x90;
发出地址0x00 NFADDR=0X00 mw.b 0x4e00000C 0x00;
读取数据得到0XEC val=NFDATA md.b 0x4e000010 1
读取数据得到device code val=NFDATA md.b 0x4e000010 1
退出读ID的状态 NFCMMD=0XFF mw.b 0x4e000008 0xff
NAND FLASH驱动程序层次
看内核启动信息
S3C24XX NAND Driver, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics s3c2440-nand s3c2440-nand: Tacls=3, 30ns Twrph0=7 70ns, Twrph1=3 30ns NAND device: Manufacturer ID: 0xec, Chip ID: 0xda (Samsung NAND 256MiB 3,3V 8-bit) Scanning device for bad blocks Bad eraseblock 256 at 0x02000000 Bad eraseblock 257 at 0x02020000 Bad eraseblock 319 at 0x027e0000 Bad eraseblock 606 at 0x04bc0000 Bad eraseblock 608 at 0x04c00000 Creating 4 MTD partitions on "NAND 256MiB 3,3V 8-bit": 0x00000000-0x00040000 : "bootloader" 0x00040000-0x00060000 : "params" 0x00060000-0x00260000 : "kernel" 0x00260000-0x10000000 : "root" 搜"S3C24XX NAND Driver" S3c2410.c (driversmtd and) s3c2410_nand_inithw s3c2410_nand_init_chip nand_scan // drivers/mtd/nand/nand_base.c 根据nand_chip的底层操作函数识别NAND FLASH，构造mtd_info nand_scan_ident nand_set_defaults if (!chip->select_chip) chip->select_chip = nand_select_chip; // 默认值不适用 if (chip->cmdfunc == NULL) chip->cmdfunc = nand_command; chip->cmd_ctrl(mtd, command, ctrl); if (!chip->read_byte) chip->read_byte = nand_read_byte; readb(chip->IO_ADDR_R); if (chip->waitfunc == NULL) chip->waitfunc = nand_wait; chip->dev_ready nand_get_flash_type chip->select_chip(mtd, 0); chip->cmdfunc(mtd, NAND_CMD_READID, 0x00, -1); *maf_id = chip->read_byte(mtd); dev_id = chip->read_byte(mtd); nand_scan_tail mtd->erase = nand_erase; mtd->read = nand_read; mtd->write = nand_write; s3c2410_nand_add_partition add_mtd_partitions add_mtd_device list_for_each(this, &mtd_notifiers) { // 问. mtd_notifiers在哪设置 // 答. drivers/mtd/mtdchar.c,mtd_blkdev.c调用register_mtd_user struct mtd_notifier *not = list_entry(this, struct mtd_notifier, list); not->add(mtd); // mtd_notify_add 和 blktrans_notify_add 先看字符设备的mtd_notify_add class_device_create class_device_create 再看块设备的blktrans_notify_add list_for_each(this, &blktrans_majors) { // 问. blktrans_majors在哪设置 // 答. driversmtdmdblock.c或mtdblock_ro.c register_mtd_blktrans struct mtd_blktrans_ops *tr = list_entry(this, struct mtd_blktrans_ops, list); tr->add_mtd(tr, mtd); mtdblock_add_mtd (driversmtdmdblock.c) add_mtd_blktrans_dev alloc_disk gd->queue = tr->blkcore_priv->rq; // tr->blkcore_priv->rq = blk_init_queue(mtd_blktrans_request, &tr->blkcore_priv->queue_lock); add_disk
驱动程序代码：
/* * driversmtd ands3c2410.c * driversmtd andat91_nand.c */ #include <linux/module.h> #include <linux/types.h> #include <linux/init.h> #include <linux/kernel.h> #include <linux/string.h> #include <linux/ioport.h> #include <linux/platform_device.h> #include <linux/delay.h> #include <linux/err.h> #include <linux/slab.h> #include <linux/clk.h> #include <linux/mtd/mtd.h> #include <linux/mtd/nand.h> #include <linux/mtd/nand_ecc.h> #include <linux/mtd/partitions.h> #include <asm/io.h> #include <asm/arch/regs-nand.h> #include <asm/arch/nand.h> struct nand_chip *s3c_nand; struct mtd_info *s3c_mtd; struct clk *clk; struct s3c_nand_regs{ unsigned long nfconf; unsigned long nfcont; unsigned long nfcmd; unsigned long nfaddr; unsigned long nfdata; unsigned long nfeccd0; unsigned long nfeccd1; unsigned long nfeccd; unsigned long nfstat; unsigned long nfestat0; unsigned long nfestat1; unsigned long nfeecc0; unsigned long nfeecc1; unsigned long nfsecc; unsigned long nfsblk; unsigned long nfeblk; }; static struct mtd_partition s3c_nand_parts[] = { [0] = { .name = "bootloader", .size = 0x00040000, .offset= 0, }, [1] = { .name = "params", .offset = MTDPART_OFS_APPEND, .size = 0x00020000, }, [2] = { .name = "kernel", .offset = MTDPART_OFS_APPEND, .size = 0x00200000, }, [3] = { .name = "root", .offset = MTDPART_OFS_APPEND, .size = MTDPART_SIZ_FULL, } }; static volatile struct s3c_nand_regs *nand_regs; static void s3c2440_select_chip(struct mtd_info *mtd, int chipnr ) { if(chipnr == -1 ) { /* 取消选中 */ nand_regs->nfcont |= (1<<1); } else { /* 选中 NFCONT^1 设置为1 */ nand_regs->nfcont &= ~(1<<1); } } static void s3c2440_nand_cmd_ctrl(struct mtd_info *mtd, int cmd, unsigned int ctrl) { if (cmd == NAND_CMD_NONE) return; if (ctrl & NAND_CLE) { /* 发命令 */ nand_regs->nfcmd = cmd; } else { /* 发地址 */ nand_regs->nfaddr = cmd; } } static int s3c2440_dev_ready(struct mtd_info *mtd) { /* */ return (nand_regs->nfstat & (1<<0)); } static int s3c_nand_init(void) { /* 分配一个nand_chip结构体 */ s3c_nand = kzalloc(sizeof(struct nand_chip), GFP_KERNEL); nand_regs = ioremap(0x4e000000,sizeof(struct s3c_nand_regs)); clk = clk_get(NULL,"nand"); clk_enable(clk); /* 设置 */ s3c_nand->select_chip = s3c2440_select_chip; s3c_nand->cmd_ctrl = s3c2440_nand_cmd_ctrl; s3c_nand->IO_ADDR_R = (void *)&nand_regs->nfdata; s3c_nand->IO_ADDR_W = (void *)&nand_regs->nfdata; s3c_nand->dev_ready = s3c2440_dev_ready; s3c_nand->ecc.mode = NAND_ECC_SOFT; /* 硬件相关的操作:根据nand Flash的手册设置时间参数 */ /* HCLK = 100MHz */ /* TACLS: 发出cle/ale之后多长时间才发出nWE信号 */ /* TWRPHO： nWE的脉冲宽度 */ nand_regs->nfconf = (1<<8); nand_regs->nfcont = 0x03; /* 使用：nand_scan */ s3c_mtd = kzalloc( sizeof(struct mtd_info), GFP_KERNEL ); s3c_mtd->owner = THIS_MODULE; s3c_mtd->priv = s3c_nand; nand_scan(s3c_mtd,1); /* 扫描识别 */ /* add_mtd_partitions */ add_mtd_partitions(s3c_mtd,s3c_nand_parts,4); //add_mtd_device(s3c_mtd); //整个flash只有一个分区的话可以用这个 return 0; } static void s3c_nand_exit(void) { del_mtd_partitions(s3c_mtd); kfree(s3c_mtd); iounmap(nand_regs); kfree(s3c_nand); } module_init(s3c_nand_init); module_exit(s3c_nand_exit); MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
在添加这个内核模块的时候，首先卸载内核中的nand Flash驱动。
->Device Drivers
->Memory Technology Device (MTD) support
->NAND Device Support
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