• mysql完整性约束


    第一:完整性约束介绍

      为了防止不符合规范的数据进入数据库,在用户对数据进行插入、修改、删除等操作时,DBMS自动按照一定的约束条件对数据进行监测,使不符合规范的数据不能写入数据库,以确保数据库中存储的数据正确性,有效性

    第二:not null 和 default

    是否为空,null 表示为空,非字符串

    null:空    not null :非空

    默认值,创建列时可以指定默认值,当插入数据时如果未主动设置,则自动添加默认值
    create table tb1(
    nid int not null defalut 2,
    num int not null
    )

    示例一:空与非空

    这里需要注意的,如果有数据的话,是不能进行修改的

    示例二:default

    ==================default====================
    #设置id字段有默认值后,则无论id字段是null还是not null,都可以插入空,插入空默认填入default指定的默认值
    mysql> create table tb3(id int default 1);
    mysql> alter table tb3 modify id int not null default 1;
    default

    第三:unique

    unique:唯一约束

    1,设置列级约束:
    mysql> create table part1(
        -> id int,
        -> name varchar(55) unique
        -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    
    
    2,设置表级约束:
    mysql> create table part2(
        -> id int,
        -> name varchar(55),
        -> constraint uk_name unique(name)
        -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
    
    
    检测约束:
    
    mysql> insert into part2 values(1,'IT');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into part2 values(1,'IT');
    ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'IT' for key 'uk_name'
    mysql>
    
    add关键字增加唯一约束:
    mysql> alter table part1 add unique(id,name);
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
    Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    modify关键字删除或者增加唯一约束  
    mysql> alter table part1 modify id varchar(255) not null;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
    Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> alter table part1 modify id varchar(255) not null unique;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
    Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    create table service(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    host varchar(15) not null,
    port int not null,
    unique(host,port) #联合唯一或关键字唯一
    );
    
    mysql> insert into service values
        -> (1,'nginx','1.1.1.1',80),
        -> (2,'haproxy','2.2.2.2',80),
        -> (3,'mysql','3.3.3.3',3306)
        -> ;
    Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values('nginx','1.1.1.1',80);
    ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192.168.0.10-80' for key 'host'
    联合唯一

    第四:primary key

    primary key:主键

     #主键约束相当于非空约束和唯一约束。  

     #每个表只允许拥有一个主键,但是这个主键可以由一个数据或者多个数据列组成,这些列组合不能重复  

     #标准SQL允许给主键自行命名,但是对于Mysql来说自己的名字没有任何作用,总是默认名为PRIMARY  

    第一:not null+unique作为主键
    
    mysql> create table part3(
        -> id int not null unique,----》主键
        -> name varchar(20) not null unique
        -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
    
    mysql> desc part3;
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | name  | varchar(20) | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       |
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    第二:在其中一个字段后用primary key
    mysql> create table part4(
        -> id int primary key,----》主键
        -> name varchar(20)
        -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    
    mysql> desc part4;
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | name  | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    第三:在所有字段后单独定义primary key
    mysql> create table part5(
        -> id int,
        -> name varchar(20),
        -> constraint pk_name primary key(id)); 创建主键并为其命名pk_name
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    
    mysql> desc part5;
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | name  | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    多列做主键:
    
    mysql> create table service(
        -> ipaddr varchar(20),
        -> port char(5),
        -> service_name varchar(10) not null,
        -> primary key(ipaddr,port)
        -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into service values
        -> ('1.1.1.1','3306','mysqld'),
        -> ('2.2.2.2','80','nginx')
        -> ;
    Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> insert into service values ('2.2.2.2','80','apache');
    ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '2.2.2.2-80' for key 'PRIMARY'
    mysql>

    第五:auto_increment

    1. #主键列自增长特性:如果某个数据列的类型是整型,而且该列作为主键列,则可指定该列具有自增长功能    
    2.  #mysql使用auto_increment来设置自增长,向该表插入记录时可不为该列指定值,由系统生成  
    #不指定id,则自动增长
    mysql> create table tb5(
        -> id int primary key auto_increment,
        -> name varchar(20),
        -> sex enum('man','woman') default 'man'
        -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    
    mysql> desc tb5;
    +-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field | Type                | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id    | int(11)             | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | name  | varchar(20)         | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | sex   | enum('man','woman') | YES  |     | man     |                |
    +-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into tb5(name) values('zzl'),('zl');
    Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> select * from tb5;
    +----+------+------+
    | id | name | sex  |
    +----+------+------+
    |  1 | zzl  | man  |
    |  2 | zl   | man  |
    +----+------+------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    
    #指定id
    mysql> insert into tb5 values(4,'cyy','woman');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into tb5 values(6,'cy','woman');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from tb5;
    +----+------+-------+
    | id | name | sex   |
    +----+------+-------+
    |  1 | zzl  | man   |
    |  2 | zl   | man   |
    |  4 | cyy  | woman |
    |  6 | cy   | woman |
    +----+------+-------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    
    #对于自增的字段,在用delete删除后,再插入值,该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长
    mysql> delete from tb5;
    Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from tb5;
    Empty set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into tb5(name) values('zyc');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from tb5;
    +----+------+------+
    | id | name | sex  |
    +----+------+------+
    |  7 | zyc  | man  |
    +----+------+------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    #应该用truncate清空表,比起delete一条一条地删除记录,truncate是直接清空表,在删除大表时用它
    mysql> truncate tb5;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from tb5;
    Empty set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into tb5(name) values('zzl');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.33 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from tb5;
    +----+------+------+
    | id | name | sex  |
    +----+------+------+
    |  1 | zzl  | man  |
    +----+------+------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

     第六:foreign key

    通过下面的例子理解下foreign key(外键)

    我们完全可以定义一个班级表

    然后让学生表关联该表,关联方法即foreign key

    eg:

    #表类型必须是innodb存储引擎,且被关联的字段,即references指定的另外一个表的字段,必须保证唯一
    create table class(
    cid int primary key,
    name varchar(20) not null
    )engine=innodb;
    
    #class_id外键,关联父表(class主键cid),同步更新,同步删除
    create table student(
    sid int primary key,
    name varchar(20) not null,
    class_id int,
    constraint fk_name foreign key(class_id)
    references class(cid)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade 
    )engine=innodb;
    
    #先往父表department中插入记录
    insert into class values
    (1,'一年级一班'),
    (2,'二年级三班'),
    (3,'三年级四班');
    
    #再往子表student中插入记录
    insert into student values
    (1,'张三',1),
    (2,'张四',2),
    (3,'小明',3),
    (4,'小王',1),
    (5,'小李',2),
    (6,'王强',2),
    (7,'小程',2),
    (8,'小红',3),
    (9,'王五',1),
    (10,'小军',2)
    ;
    
    #删父表class,子表student中对应的记录跟着删
    mysql> delete from class where cid=3;
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+-------+----------+
    |sid | name  | class_id |
    +----+-------+----------+
    |  1 | 张三  |      1   |
    |  3 | 小明  |      3   |
    |  3 | 小王  |      1   |
    |  8 | 小红  |      3   |
    |  9 | 王五  |      1   |
    +----+-------+----------+
    
    
    
    #更新父表class,子表student中对应的记录跟着改
    mysql> update class set cid=3333 where cid=3;
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+-------+----------+
    |sid | name  | class_id |
    +----+-------+----------+
    |  1 | 张三  |      1   |
    |  3 | 小明  |   3333   |
    |  3 | 小王  |      1   |
    |  8 | 小红  |   3333                                                         |
    |  9 | 王五  |      1   |
    +----+-------+----------+

    找表中的关系:

    分析步骤:
    #1、先站在左表的角度去找
    是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录,如果是,则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段(通常是id)
    
    #2、再站在右表的角度去找
    是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录,如果是,则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段(通常是id)
    
    #3、总结:
    #多对一:
    如果只有步骤1成立,则是左表多对一右表
    如果只有步骤2成立,则是右表多对一左表
    
    #多对多
    如果步骤1和2同时成立,则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一,即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系
    
    #一对一:
    如果1和2都不成立,而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录,反之亦然。这种情况很简单,就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上,将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可
    找关系

    最后介绍三种对应的关系:

    一对一

    两张表:用户表和客户表
    一对一:一个用户是一个客户,一个客户有可能变成一个用户,即一对一的关系
    关联方式:foreign key+unique

    #一定是user来foreign key表customer,这样就保证了:
    #1 用户一定是一个客户,
    #2 客户不一定是用户,但有可能成为一个用户
    
    
    create table customer(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20) not null,
    phone char(16) not null
    );
    
    
    create table user(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    user_name varchar(20) not null,
    customer_id int unique, #该字段一定要是唯一的
    foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外键的字段一定要保证unique
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade
    );
    
    
    #增加客户
    insert into customer(name,phone) values
    ('张三',13934341230),
    ('李四',15339326733),
    ('王五',18820016230),
    ('赵六',13721748029),
    ('周八,13721799962),
    ('蒋二',13403956369)
    ;
    
    
    #增加学生
    insert into student(user_name,customer_id) values
    ('季度用户',3),
    ('月用户',4),
    ('月用户',5)
    ;
    View Code
    多对一(一对多):

     见上面例子中的学生与班级

    多对多:

    用户权限关系:

    一个用户可以有多个权限

    一个权限可以供多个用户拥有

    mysql> create table userinfo(
        -> nid int primary key auto_increment,
        -> name varchar(20),
        -> password varchar(55));
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
    
    mysql> create table permission(
        -> nid int primary key auto_increment,
        -> caption varchar(55)
        -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    
    mysql> create table user_to_permission(
        ->     nid int not null unique auto_increment,
        ->     user_id int not null,
        ->     permission_id int not null,
        ->     constraint fk_user foreign key(user_id) references userinfo(nid)
        ->     on delete cascade
        ->     on update cascade,
        ->     constraint fk_permission foreign key(permission_id) references permission(nid)
        ->     on delete cascade
        ->     on update cascade,
        ->     primary key(user_id,permission_id)
        ->     );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into userinfo(name,password) values('root','123');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into userinfo(name,password) values('alex','123');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into userinfo(name,password) values('eric','123');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into permission(caption) values('add user'),('delete user'),('select user')
        -> ;
    Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> select * from userinfo;
    +-----+------+----------+
    | nid | name | password |
    +-----+------+----------+
    |   1 | root | 123      |
    |   2 | alex | 123      |
    |   3 | eric | 123      |
    +-----+------+----------+
    3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from permission;
    +-----+-------------+
    | nid | caption     |
    +-----+-------------+
    |   1 | add user    |
    |   2 | delete user |
    |   3 | select user |
    +-----+-------------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    
    mysql> insert into user_to_permission(user_id,permission_id) values(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(2,3),(3,3)
        -> ;
    Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    Records: 5  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> select * from user_to_permission;
    +-----+---------+---------------+
    | nid | user_id | permission_id |
    +-----+---------+---------------+
    |   1 |       1 |             1 |
    |   2 |       1 |             2 |
    |   3 |       1 |             3 |
    |   4 |       2 |             3 |
    |   5 |       3 |             3 |
    +-----+---------+---------------+
    5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql>
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/ylqh/p/8479435.html
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