• Liunx软Raid实现


                                  Liunx软Raid实现

                                                        作者:尹正杰

    版权声明:原创作品,谢绝转载!否则将追究法律责任。

      在配置软Raid之前,我们首先要了解一下什么是Raid,Raid又分哪几个系列?哪个又是最靠谱的组合?我们生产环境中有必要用Raid吗?各个级别的Raid适合什么样的生产场景等等,带着这一些列的问题,让我们一起先了解一下Raid.

     1 #!/usr/bin/env python
     2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_
     3 #@author :yinzhengjie
     4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/
     5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com
     6 
     7 '''
     8 仅用于标识磁盘组合方式的不同
     9 
    10 Raid0:
    11 工作原理:
    12     Raid0是所有raid中存储性能最强的阵列形式。其工作原理就是在多个磁盘上分散存取连续的数据,这样,当需要存取数据是多个磁盘可以并排执行,每个磁盘执行属于它自己的那部分数据请求,显著提高磁盘整体存取性能。
    13 适用场景:
    14     至少需要两块磁盘,没有容错能力,读写性能都提示,  磁盘空间利用率提升了100%,两块磁盘型号最好要一样,一般存放swap,或者/tmp目录的,适用于低成本、低可靠性的台式系统。
    15 
    16 Raid1:
    17 工作原理:
    18     又称镜像盘,把一个磁盘的数据镜像到另一个磁盘上,采用镜像容错来提高可靠性,具有raid中最高的数据冗余能力。存数据时会将数据同时写入镜像盘内,读取数据则只从工作盘读出。发生故障时,系统将从镜像盘读取数据,然后再恢复工作盘正确数据。这种阵列方式可靠性极高,但是其容量会减去一半。
    19 适用场景:
    20     至少需要两块磁盘,镜像,具有硬件容错能力,读性能提升,写性能下降,磁盘空间利用率只有50%。广泛用于数据要求极严的应用场合,如商业金融、档案管理等领域。只允许一颗硬盘出故障。要注意的是,具有硬件容错能力 != 你可以对数据不进行备份。
    21     因此对重要数据的备份一定要做好。
    22 
    23 Raid4:
    24 工作原理:
    25     至少需要三块磁盘,两块盘存数据,一块盘单独用来存另外两块磁盘的校验值。读写性能有所提升,读写性能(n-1)/n。而Raid5是缺吧数据和校验值打乱,分别存到3快磁盘上去。详情可以参考Raid5介绍。Raid生产环境很少人用。
    26 
    27 Raid5:
    28 工作原理:
    29     Raid5可以看成是Raid0+1的低成本方案。采用循环偶校验独立存取的阵列方式。将数据和相对应的奇偶校验信息分布存储到组成RAID5的各个磁盘上。当其中一个磁盘数据发生损坏后,利用剩下的磁盘和相应的奇偶校验信息 重新恢复/生成丢失的数据而不影响数据的可用性。
    30 适用场景:
    31     至少需要3个或以上的硬盘。适用于大数据量的操作。成本稍高、储存新强、可靠性强的阵列方式。适合用来安装操作系统。
    32 
    33 Raid6:
    34 工作原理:
    35     其实他就是在Raid5上做的一个优化,存储机制和Raid5类似,只不过多了一块磁盘做热备,当其中一块磁盘坏掉时,另外一块磁盘立即补位,完成存储功能。
    36 适用场景:
    37     至少需要四块磁盘,允许两块盘出错,读写性能提升,磁盘利用率(n-2)/n
    38 
    39 Raid10:
    40 工作原理:
    41     其实就是Raid1+Raid0的组合,至少需要四块磁盘,允许不同组内各坏一块磁盘,读写性能提升,磁盘使用率50%。
    42 使用场景:
    43     如果有重要数据的话,建议用这种模式,该模式是就有冗余能力的。不建议用Raid5或者Raid01来存取重要的数据,因为Raid5不靠谱,当一块磁盘坏掉的话,工作性能变得特别差!如果在坏一块的话就彻底不能工作了。
    44 
    45 Raid01:
    46     将Raid0和Raid1技术结合在一起,兼顾两者的优势。在数据得到保障的同时,还能提供较强的存储性能。不过至少要求4个或以上的硬盘,也只运行一个磁盘出错。是一种高成本、高可靠性、高存储性能的三高阵列技术。
    47 
    48 
    49 后记:
    50     软Raid没有硬Raid性能好,不建议使用,因为软Raid是操作系统提供的一个MD模块来实现的,如果用软Raid去存取数据,对CPU消耗也是很大的,会降低服务器性能。虽然比不上硬Raid,但是有总比没有好,做了软Raid就是比不做Raid要强这是没话说的。
    51     软Raid只能识别的文件系统表示是:FD,因此我们在配置的时候一定要注意。
    52 
    53 '''

      通过以上的知识点,我们了解到了Raid比较常见的几个级别,我以上还没有介绍完呢,还有很多类型。但是这不是重点,即使有我告诉你我也不会配置,我就会配置常见的几款Raid级别,一会我会一一揭晓的,在配置之前,我们需要做一个准备工作,比如,我们配置一个创建一个大小为6G的RAID0,根据其原理,我们可以创建2个分区,而且2个分区空间大小一样。好,让我们一起来做一下准备工作。

      1 #!/usr/bin/env python
      2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_
      3 #@author :yinzhengjie
      4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/
      5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com
      6 
      7 '''
      8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb  #对sdb这块新硬盘进行分区
      9 Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
     10 Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xc9f2a383.
     11 Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
     12 After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
     13 
     14 Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
     15 
     16 WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
     17          switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
     18          sectors (command 'u').
     19 
     20 Command (m for help): p  #查看分区信息
     21 
     22 Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
     23 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
     24 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
     25 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
     26 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
     27 Disk identifier: 0xc9f2a383
     28 
     29    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
     30 
     31 Command (m for help): n  #创建一个新的分区
     32 Command action
     33    e   extended
     34    p   primary partition (1-4)
     35 p  #指定分区类型为主分区
     36 Partition number (1-4): 1  #定义编号
     37 First cylinder (1-2610, default 1):  #指定其实位置,如果不指定,默认从1开始分配。
     38 Using default value 1
     39 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2610, default 2610): +3G   #指定结束位置为3G,因此这里是创建一个3G大小的分区
     40 
     41 Command (m for help): N  #新建一个分区
     42 Command action
     43    e   extended
     44    p   primary partition (1-4)
     45 P  #配置其模式为主分区
     46 Partition number (1-4): 2  #设置编号为2
     47 First cylinder (394-2610, default 394):
     48 Using default value 394
     49 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (394-2610, default 2610): +3G
     50 
     51 Command (m for help): w  #保存以上的配置
     52 The partition table has been altered!
     53 
     54 Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
     55 Syncing disks.
     56 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/partitions  #查看分区信息,由于我这是款新硬盘,可以不用重读分区表系统就能自动识别出来。
     57 major minor  #blocks  name
     58 
     59    8       16   20971520 sdb
     60    8       17    3156741 sdb1
     61    8       18    3156772 sdb2
     62    8        0   20971520 sda
     63    8        1     307200 sda1
     64    8        2   18631680 sda2
     65    8        3    2031616 sda3
     66    8       32   20971520 sdc
     67 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk  /dev/sdb  #由于我们需要做Raid,因此我们需要对分区做修改,即修改分区的类型
     68 
     69 WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
     70          switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
     71          sectors (command 'u').
     72 
     73 Command (m for help): p  #查看当前分区情况,请注意其ID信息
     74 
     75 Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
     76 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
     77 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
     78 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
     79 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
     80 Disk identifier: 0xc9f2a383
     81 
     82    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
     83 /dev/sdb1               1         393     3156741   83  Linux
     84 /dev/sdb2             394         786     3156772+  83  Linux
     85 
     86 Command (m for help): t  #修改ID
     87 Partition number (1-4): 1  #选择分区标号
     88 Hex code (type L to list codes): fd  #指定RAID可以识别的分区类型
     89 Changed system type of partition 1 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)
     90 
     91 Command (m for help): t  #原理同上
     92 Partition number (1-4): 2
     93 Hex code (type L to list codes): fd
     94 Changed system type of partition 2 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)
     95 
     96 Command (m for help): p  #注意观察IP情况和System的变化
     97 
     98 Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
     99 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
    100 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
    101 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    102 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    103 Disk identifier: 0xc9f2a383
    104 
    105    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    106 /dev/sdb1               1         393     3156741   fd  Linux raid autodetect
    107 /dev/sdb2             394         786     3156772+  fd  Linux raid autodetect
    108 
    109 Command (m for help): w  #保存当前配置
    110 The partition table has been altered!
    111 
    112 Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
    113 Syncing disks.
    114 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
    115 
    116 '''

      做好了准备环境之后,配置起来就简单的多了,其实只需要一条命令就搞定了,我们如果配置呢?请往下看:

     1 #!/usr/bin/env python
     2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_
     3 #@author :yinzhengjie
     4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/
     5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com
     6 
     7 '''
     8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -l 0 -n 2 /dev/sdb{1,2}  #创建一个RAID0
     9 mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
    10 mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
    11 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/mdstat   #查看RAID信息
    12 Personalities : [raid0] #提示属性是RAID0
    13 md0 : active raid0 sdb2[1] sdb1[0]  #该状态为活跃状态,后面跟了2个设备名称,其实就是我们刚刚分的2个分区。
    14       6308864 blocks super 1.2 512k chunks
    15 
    16 unused devices: <none>
    17 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
    18 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 #从上面我们看到了有个"md0"的标记,我们可以看它的具体详细信息系,当然这个-D就等价于--detail参数,下面我也有演示
    19 /dev/md0:
    20         Version : 1.2
    21   Creation Time : Mon May 15 05:56:32 2017
    22      Raid Level : raid0  #显示RAID的级别
    23      Array Size : 6308864 (6.02 GiB 6.46 GB)  #显示RAID的磁盘大小
    24    Raid Devices : 2  #表示当前RAID级别有几块设备
    25   Total Devices : 2  #表示总数的设备
    26     Persistence : Superblock is persistent
    27 
    28     Update Time : Mon May 15 05:56:32 2017  #更新时间
    29           State : clean
    30  Active Devices : 2  #活动状态的
    31 Working Devices : 2  #处于工作状态的,如果这个数字不正常的话,那么你的RAID就真的出现问题了,因为我们知道RAID0是没有冗余效果的。
    32  Failed Devices : 0
    33   Spare Devices : 0
    34 
    35      Chunk Size : 512K
    36 
    37            Name : yinzhengjie:0  (local to host yinzhengjie)
    38            UUID : 0fe39292:6216e860:6f92259a:38b22186
    39          Events : 0
    40 
    41     Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
    42        0       8       17        0      active sync   /dev/sdb1
    43        1       8       18        1      active sync   /dev/sdb2
    44 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
    45 /dev/md0:
    46         Version : 1.2
    47   Creation Time : Mon May 15 05:56:32 2017
    48      Raid Level : raid0
    49      Array Size : 6308864 (6.02 GiB 6.46 GB)
    50    Raid Devices : 2
    51   Total Devices : 2
    52     Persistence : Superblock is persistent
    53 
    54     Update Time : Mon May 15 05:56:32 2017
    55           State : clean
    56  Active Devices : 2
    57 Working Devices : 2
    58  Failed Devices : 0
    59   Spare Devices : 0
    60 
    61      Chunk Size : 512K
    62 
    63            Name : yinzhengjie:0  (local to host yinzhengjie)
    64            UUID : 0fe39292:6216e860:6f92259a:38b22186
    65          Events : 0
    66 
    67     Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
    68        0       8       17        0      active sync   /dev/sdb1
    69        1       8       18        1      active sync   /dev/sdb2
    70 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
    71 
    72 '''

      好了,上面是配置RAID0的全过程,那么配置RAID1又是如何做到的呢?其实so easy,用法几乎一致,首先你得配置好环境,假如我们创建一个18G的RAID1我们应该如何做呢?

      1 #!/usr/bin/env python
      2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_
      3 #@author :yinzhengjie
      4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/
      5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com
      6 
      7 '''
      8 
      9 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk /dev/sdc #对新设备进行分区
     10 Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
     11 Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x7edec25e.
     12 Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
     13 After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
     14 
     15 Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
     16 
     17 WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
     18          switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
     19          sectors (command 'u').
     20 
     21 Command (m for help): P #查看当前分区情况
     22 
     23 Disk /dev/sdc: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
     24 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
     25 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
     26 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
     27 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
     28 Disk identifier: 0x7edec25e
     29 
     30    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
     31 
     32 Command (m for help): N #创建一个新的分区
     33 Command action
     34    e   extended
     35    p   primary partition (1-4)
     36 P
     37 Partition number (1-4): 1
     38 First cylinder (1-2610, default 1):
     39 Using default value 1
     40 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2610, default 2610): +9G
     41 
     42 Command (m for help): N  #在此创建一个新的分区
     43 Command action
     44    e   extended
     45    p   primary partition (1-4)
     46 P
     47 Partition number (1-4): 2
     48 First cylinder (1177-2610, default 1177):
     49 Using default value 1177
     50 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1177-2610, default 2610): +9G
     51 
     52 Command (m for help): P  #创建完毕后,看一下您创建的是否正确
     53 
     54 Disk /dev/sdc: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
     55 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
     56 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
     57 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
     58 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
     59 Disk identifier: 0x7edec25e
     60 
     61    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
     62 /dev/sdc1               1        1176     9446188+  83  Linux
     63 /dev/sdc2            1177        2352     9446220   83  Linux
     64 Command (m for help): t  #修改一下分区类型为FD
     65 Partition number (1-4): 1
     66 Hex code (type L to list codes): fd
     67 Changed system type of partition 1 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)
     68 
     69 Command (m for help): t
     70 Partition number (1-4): 2
     71 Hex code (type L to list codes): fd
     72 Changed system type of partition 2 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)
     73 
     74 Command (m for help): p  #修改完毕后请确认是否为FD,如果这里不是FD,做RAID会报错的。
     75 
     76 Disk /dev/sdc: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
     77 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
     78 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
     79 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
     80 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
     81 Disk identifier: 0x7edec25e
     82 
     83    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
     84 /dev/sdc1               1        1176     9446188+  fd  Linux raid autodetect
     85 /dev/sdc2            1177        2352     9446220   fd  Linux raid autodetect
     86 
     87 Command (m for help): w  #保存当前配置。
     88 The partition table has been altered!
     89 
     90 Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
     91 Syncing disks.
     92 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
     93 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/partitions  #验证一下系统是否识别分区,如果没有识别用partx -a参数进行一下重读分区表即可,这里我用的是新磁盘实验,就不必了。
     94 major minor  #blocks  name
     95 
     96    8       16   20971520 sdb
     97    8       17    3156741 sdb1
     98    8       18    3156772 sdb2
     99    8        0   20971520 sda
    100    8        1     307200 sda1
    101    8        2   18631680 sda2
    102    8        3    2031616 sda3
    103    8       32   20971520 sdc
    104    8       33    9446188 sdc1  #看到了自己的分区。
    105    8       34    9446220 sdc2
    106    9        0    6308864 md0
    107 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
    108 
    109 
    110 '''
    在/dev/sdb上配置好2个分区

       做好以上的配置环境之后,其实配置起来就很简单的,几乎和上面配置事一模一样的。

     1 #!/usr/bin/env python
     2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_
     3 #@author :yinzhengjie
     4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/
     5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com
     6 
     7 '''
     8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md1 -a yes -l 1 -n 2 /dev/sdc{1,2}  #创建RAID1
     9 mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
    10     may not be suitable as a boot device.  If you plan to
    11     store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
    12     your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
    13     --metadata=0.90
    14 Continue creating array? yes  #这个消息忽略即可,输入yes
    15 mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
    16 mdadm: array /dev/md1 started.
    17 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
    18 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/mdstat  #在此查看RAID信息
    19 Personalities : [raid0] [raid1]
    20 md1 : active raid1 sdc2[1] sdc1[0]
    21       9437952 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]
    22       [====>................]  resync = 23.3% (2200064/9437952) finish=0.5min speed=220006K/sec  #我们发现RAID1正在把2个分区制作成镜像的过程,目前已经完成了23.3%,我们可以过段时间在来查看,也可以用watch命令实时查看进度情况。
    23 
    24 md0 : active raid0 sdb2[1] sdb1[0]
    25       6308864 blocks super 1.2 512k chunks
    26 
    27 unused devices: <none>
    28 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
    29 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# watch -n 1  'cat /proc/mdstat'  #我们也可以通过监控命令实时查看进度
    30 Every 1.0s: cat /proc/mdstat                                             Mon May 15 06:23:40 2017
    31 
    32 Personalities : [raid0] [raid1]
    33 md1 : active raid1 sdc2[1] sdc1[0]
    34       9437952 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]
    35 
    36 md0 : active raid0 sdb2[1] sdb1[0]
    37       6308864 blocks super 1.2 512k chunks
    38 
    39 unused devices: <none>
    40 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
    41 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md1 #查看RAID1的信息
    42 /dev/md1:
    43         Version : 1.2
    44   Creation Time : Mon May 15 06:19:24 2017
    45      Raid Level : raid1
    46      Array Size : 9437952 (9.00 GiB 9.66 GB)
    47   Used Dev Size : 9437952 (9.00 GiB 9.66 GB)
    48    Raid Devices : 2
    49   Total Devices : 2
    50     Persistence : Superblock is persistent
    51 
    52     Update Time : Mon May 15 06:20:11 2017
    53           State : clean 
    54  Active Devices : 2
    55 Working Devices : 2
    56  Failed Devices : 0
    57   Spare Devices : 0
    58 
    59            Name : yinzhengjie:1  (local to host yinzhengjie)
    60            UUID : cc10bfb8:cef2b77a:6a72b4b6:8c58484b
    61          Events : 17
    62 
    63     Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
    64        0       8       33        0      active sync   /dev/sdc1
    65        1       8       34        1      active sync   /dev/sdc2
    66 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 
    67 '''

       我们已经配置好RAI0和RAID1啦,那么我们光创建不用不就白扯了么。所以我们来用一下这文件,在用之前,我们需要格式化,挂载,之后才能使用,

     1 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/md0
     2 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
     3 Filesystem label=
     4 OS type: Linux
     5 Block size=4096 (log=2)
     6 Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
     7 Stride=128 blocks, Stripe width=256 blocks
     8 394352 inodes, 1577216 blocks
     9 78860 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
    10 First data block=0
    11 Maximum filesystem blocks=1619001344
    12 49 block groups
    13 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
    14 8048 inodes per group
    15 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
    16         32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
    17 
    18 Writing inode tables: done                            
    19 Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
    20 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
    21 
    22 This filesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or
    23 180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
    24 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/md1
    25 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
    26 warning: 192 blocks unused.
    27 
    28 Filesystem label=
    29 OS type: Linux
    30 Block size=4096 (log=2)
    31 Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
    32 Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
    33 590976 inodes, 2359296 blocks
    34 117974 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
    35 First data block=0
    36 Maximum filesystem blocks=2415919104
    37 72 block groups
    38 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
    39 8208 inodes per group
    40 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
    41         32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632
    42 
    43 Writing inode tables: done                            
    44 Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
    45 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
    46 
    47 This filesystem will be automatically checked every 25 mounts or
    48 180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
    49 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 
    格式化一下RAID设备
     1 #!/usr/bin/env python
     2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_
     3 #@author :yinzhengjie
     4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/
     5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com
     6 
     7 '''
     8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkdir /yinzhengjie/md{0,1}
     9 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount /dev/md0 /yinzhengjie/md0 #挂载一下RAID0
    10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /yinzhengjie/md0 #查看该目录有“lost+found”文件,说明已经挂载成功了
    11 total 16
    12 drwx------. 2 root root 16384 May 15 06:29 lost+found
    13 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount /dev/md1 /yinzhengjie/md1  #同理也挂载一下RAID1
    14 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /yinzhengjie/md1
    15 total 16
    16 drwx------. 2 root root 16384 May 15 06:29 lost+found
    17 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 
    18 '''
    挂载RAID设备并验证是否成功
     1 #!/usr/bin/env python
     2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_
     3 #@author :yinzhengjie
     4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/
     5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com
     6 
     7 '''
     8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cp /etc/shadow /yinzhengjie/md1 #我们将数据放在RAID1的设备里。
     9 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm /dev/md1 -f /dev/sdc1  #我们模拟一下将RAI1的一个分区标记为坏掉
    10 mdadm: set /dev/sdc1 faulty in /dev/md1
    11 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md1
    12 /dev/md1:
    13         Version : 1.2
    14   Creation Time : Mon May 15 06:19:24 2017
    15      Raid Level : raid1
    16      Array Size : 9437952 (9.00 GiB 9.66 GB)
    17   Used Dev Size : 9437952 (9.00 GiB 9.66 GB)
    18    Raid Devices : 2
    19   Total Devices : 2
    20     Persistence : Superblock is persistent
    21 
    22     Update Time : Mon May 15 06:40:34 2017
    23           State : clean, degraded
    24  Active Devices : 1
    25 Working Devices : 1
    26  Failed Devices : 1
    27   Spare Devices : 0
    28 
    29            Name : yinzhengjie:1  (local to host yinzhengjie)
    30            UUID : cc10bfb8:cef2b77a:6a72b4b6:8c58484b
    31          Events : 19
    32 
    33     Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
    34        0       0        0        0      removed
    35        1       8       34        1      active sync   /dev/sdc2 #但是这里还有一个分区是活跃的状态,所以即使又快磁盘划掉也是还能工作的
    36 
    37        0       8       33        -      faulty   /dev/sdc1  #这里就是状态是非活跃的,即faulty
    38 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
    39 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /yinzhengjie/md1/shadow  #发现这个数据我们仍然能访问到。尽管坏掉一块磁盘照样好使。
    40 root:$1$/c6cpJcF$RGntN1yDg5LqBA8jlikx31:17144:0:99999:7:::
    41 bin:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
    42 daemon:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
    43 adm:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
    44 lp:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
    45 sync:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
    46 shutdown:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
    47 halt:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
    48 mail:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
    49 uucp:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
    50 operator:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
    51 games:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
    52 gopher:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
    53 ftp:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
    54 nobody:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
    55 dbus:!!:17137::::::
    56 usbmuxd:!!:17137::::::
    57 vcsa:!!:17137::::::
    58 rtkit:!!:17137::::::
    59 avahi-autoipd:!!:17137::::::
    60 abrt:!!:17137::::::
    61 haldaemon:!!:17137::::::
    62 gdm:!!:17137::::::
    63 ntp:!!:17137::::::
    64 apache:!!:17137::::::
    65 saslauth:!!:17137::::::
    66 postfix:!!:17137::::::
    67 pulse:!!:17137::::::
    68 sshd:!!:17137::::::
    69 tcpdump:!!:17137::::::
    70 iptables:$1$wlgfZEy9$gxJIFTDNpFLrwVYOZAaIQ.:17137:0:99999:7:::
    71 pegasus:!!:17149::::::
    72 cimsrvr:!!:17149::::::
    73 rpc:!!:17149:0:99999:7:::
    74 rpcuser:!!:17149::::::
    75 nfsnobody:!!:17149::::::
    76 dhcpd:!!:17149::::::
    77 zabbix:!!:17180::::::
    78 bind:!!:17253:0:99999:7:::
    79 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
    80 '''
    模拟RAI1坏掉设备时服务照样是可以访问的。
      1 #!/usr/bin/env python
      2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_
      3 #@author :yinzhengjie
      4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/
      5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com
      6 
      7 '''
      8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm /dev/md1 -r /dev/sdc1  #刚刚我们看到这个设备(这个分区,我们是模拟的设备)已经了,因此我们将这个坏掉的设备下架。
      9 mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdc1 from /dev/md1
     10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md1 #查看信息,目前仅仅有一个分区(设备)在工作。
     11 /dev/md1:
     12         Version : 1.2
     13   Creation Time : Mon May 15 06:19:24 2017
     14      Raid Level : raid1
     15      Array Size : 9437952 (9.00 GiB 9.66 GB)
     16   Used Dev Size : 9437952 (9.00 GiB 9.66 GB)
     17    Raid Devices : 2
     18   Total Devices : 1
     19     Persistence : Superblock is persistent
     20 
     21     Update Time : Mon May 15 06:45:26 2017
     22           State : clean, degraded
     23  Active Devices : 1
     24 Working Devices : 1
     25  Failed Devices : 0
     26   Spare Devices : 0
     27 
     28            Name : yinzhengjie:1  (local to host yinzhengjie)
     29            UUID : cc10bfb8:cef2b77a:6a72b4b6:8c58484b
     30          Events : 34
     31 
     32     Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
     33        0       0        0        0      removed
     34        1       8       34        1      active sync   /dev/sdc2  #这个就是在正常工作的设备。
     35 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
     36 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm  /dev/md1 -a /dev/sdc1  #这个时候作为运维的我们,需要更换新的设备来做生成环境种的镜像盘,“/dev/sdc1”这个其实就是一个新换掉的设备,大家别理解成我刚刚那个坏掉的设备就好,
     37 mdadm: added /dev/sdc1
     38 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md1  #在此查看RAID配置信息
     39 /dev/md1:
     40         Version : 1.2
     41   Creation Time : Mon May 15 06:19:24 2017
     42      Raid Level : raid1
     43      Array Size : 9437952 (9.00 GiB 9.66 GB)
     44   Used Dev Size : 9437952 (9.00 GiB 9.66 GB)
     45    Raid Devices : 2
     46   Total Devices : 2
     47     Persistence : Superblock is persistent
     48 
     49     Update Time : Mon May 15 06:48:44 2017
     50           State : clean, degraded, recovering
     51  Active Devices : 1
     52 Working Devices : 2
     53  Failed Devices : 0
     54   Spare Devices : 1
     55 
     56  Rebuild Status : 9% complete  #由于我刚刚加载上,它在做镜像的时候,如果数据量过大的话是需要时间耐心等待多,当然您也可以用watch命令来监控一下进度的。
     57 
     58            Name : yinzhengjie:1  (local to host yinzhengjie)
     59            UUID : cc10bfb8:cef2b77a:6a72b4b6:8c58484b
     60          Events : 37
     61 
     62     Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
     63        2       8       33        0      spare rebuilding   /dev/sdc1
     64        1       8       34        1      active sync   /dev/sdc2
     65 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
     66 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
     67 Personalities : [raid0] [raid1]
     68 md1 : active raid1 sdc1[2] sdc2[1]
     69       9437952 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]
     70 
     71 md0 : active raid0 sdb2[1] sdb1[0]
     72       6308864 blocks super 1.2 512k chunks
     73 
     74 unused devices: <none>
     75 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm
     76 Usage: mdadm --help
     77   for help
     78 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
     79 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm --detail /dev/md1  #等过段时间,再次查看设备信息就更新完毕了。
     80 /dev/md1:
     81         Version : 1.2
     82   Creation Time : Mon May 15 06:19:24 2017
     83      Raid Level : raid1
     84      Array Size : 9437952 (9.00 GiB 9.66 GB)
     85   Used Dev Size : 9437952 (9.00 GiB 9.66 GB)
     86    Raid Devices : 2
     87   Total Devices : 2
     88     Persistence : Superblock is persistent
     89 
     90     Update Time : Mon May 15 06:49:28 2017
     91           State : clean
     92  Active Devices : 2
     93 Working Devices : 2
     94  Failed Devices : 0
     95   Spare Devices : 0
     96 
     97            Name : yinzhengjie:1  (local to host yinzhengjie)
     98            UUID : cc10bfb8:cef2b77a:6a72b4b6:8c58484b
     99          Events : 53
    100 
    101     Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
    102        2       8       33        0      active sync   /dev/sdc1  #此时设备以及恢复成功了,在生产环境中又可以正常使用了
    103        1       8       34        1      active sync   /dev/sdc2
    104 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
    105 
    106 '''
    模拟将坏掉的磁盘换掉,添加新的磁盘上去的过程。

       以上就是生产环境中比较老式的方式去干货,当磁盘坏掉的时候,需要我们监控到,监控到了之后还需要我们手动去更换,这个操作流程看起来是很麻烦的,那么如何让这个过程变得简单呢?这个时候又有人提出热备的功能,这个方法很靠谱啊,就是用3块磁盘做RAID1,让其中2块磁盘做镜像盘,其中一块磁盘休息,当其中任何一块正在工作的磁盘坏掉的时候,这个时候就是替补队员大显身手的时候,他会主动的去替换坏道的磁盘,自己主动去变为镜像磁盘去工作,这给运维人员也得到了缓解,当磁盘坏掉的时候,运维人员不用提心吊胆的担心什么时候去换它!好了,那么要如何实现呢?我这里还是用3个分区来代替三块磁盘,具体操作流程如下:

      1 #!/usr/bin/env python
      2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_
      3 #@author :yinzhengjie
      4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/
      5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com
      6 
      7 '''
      8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb  #对新磁盘进行分区
      9 Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
     10 Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x5101d254.
     11 Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
     12 After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
     13 
     14 Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
     15 
     16 WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
     17          switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
     18          sectors (command 'u').
     19 
     20 Command (m for help): P
     21 
     22 Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
     23 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
     24 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
     25 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
     26 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
     27 Disk identifier: 0x5101d254
     28 
     29    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
     30 
     31 Command (m for help): N
     32 Command action
     33    e   extended
     34    p   primary partition (1-4)
     35 P
     36 Partition number (1-4): 1
     37 First cylinder (1-2610, default 1): 
     38 Using default value 1
     39 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2610, default 2610): +5G
     40 
     41 Command (m for help): N
     42 Command action
     43    e   extended
     44    p   primary partition (1-4)
     45 P
     46 Partition number (1-4): 2
     47 First cylinder (655-2610, default 655): 
     48 Using default value 655
     49 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (655-2610, default 2610): +5G
     50 
     51 Command (m for help): N
     52 Command action
     53    e   extended
     54    p   primary partition (1-4)
     55 P
     56 Partition number (1-4): 3
     57 First cylinder (1309-2610, default 1309): 
     58 Using default value 1309
     59 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1309-2610, default 2610): +5G
     60 
     61 Command (m for help): P
     62 
     63 Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
     64 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
     65 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
     66 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
     67 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
     68 Disk identifier: 0x5101d254
     69 
     70    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
     71 /dev/sdb1               1         654     5253223+  83  Linux
     72 /dev/sdb2             655        1308     5253255   83  Linux
     73 /dev/sdb3            1309        1962     5253255   83  Linux
     74 
     75 Command (m for help): t        
     76 Partition number (1-4): 1
     77 Hex code (type L to list codes): fd
     78 Changed system type of partition 1 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)
     79 
     80 Command (m for help): t
     81 Partition number (1-4): 2
     82 Hex code (type L to list codes): fd
     83 Changed system type of partition 2 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)
     84 
     85 Command (m for help): t
     86 Partition number (1-4): 3
     87 Hex code (type L to list codes): fd
     88 Changed system type of partition 3 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)
     89 
     90 Command (m for help): p  #最终创建3快ID=fd的分区即可。
     91 
     92 Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
     93 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
     94 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
     95 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
     96 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
     97 Disk identifier: 0x5101d254
     98 
     99    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    100 /dev/sdb1               1         654     5253223+  fd  Linux raid autodetect
    101 /dev/sdb2             655        1308     5253255   fd  Linux raid autodetect
    102 /dev/sdb3            1309        1962     5253255   fd  Linux raid autodetect
    103 
    104 Command (m for help): w
    105 The partition table has been altered!
    106 
    107 Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
    108 Syncing disks.
    109 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 
    110 
    111 '''
    准备三块磁盘用于做RAID
     1 #!/usr/bin/env python
     2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_
     3 #@author :yinzhengjie
     4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/
     5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com
     6 
     7 '''
     8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/partitions  #查看系统是否识别你的分区
     9 major minor  #blocks  name
    10 
    11    8       16   20971520 sdb
    12    8       17    5253223 sdb1
    13    8       18    5253255 sdb2
    14    8       19    5253255 sdb3
    15    8        0   20971520 sda
    16    8        1     307200 sda1
    17    8        2   18631680 sda2
    18    8        3    2031616 sda3
    19 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
    20 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md2 -a yes -l 1 -n 2 -x 1 /dev/sdb{1,2,3}  #指定RAID级别(-l)为1,创建设备个数(-n)为2,并且指定人热备设备(-x)个数为1,注意:-a :=yes(自动为创建的RAID设备创建设备文件。
    21 mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
    22     may not be suitable as a boot device.  If you plan to
    23     store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
    24     your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
    25     --metadata=0.90
    26 Continue creating array? yes #输入yes即可,此消息可以忽略。
    27 mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
    28 mdadm: array /dev/md2 started.
    29 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
    30 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/mdstat #查看RAID信息
    31 Personalities : [raid1]
    32 md2 : active raid1 sdb3[2](S) sdb2[1] sdb1[0]
    33       5249088 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]
    34 
    35 unused devices: <none>
    36 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
    37 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md2  #查看RAID1的详细信息。
    38 /dev/md2:
    39         Version : 1.2
    40   Creation Time : Mon May 15 07:10:59 2017
    41      Raid Level : raid1
    42      Array Size : 5249088 (5.01 GiB 5.38 GB)
    43   Used Dev Size : 5249088 (5.01 GiB 5.38 GB)
    44    Raid Devices : 2
    45   Total Devices : 3
    46     Persistence : Superblock is persistent
    47 
    48     Update Time : Mon May 15 07:11:25 2017
    49           State : clean 
    50  Active Devices : 2
    51 Working Devices : 3
    52  Failed Devices : 0
    53   Spare Devices : 1
    54 
    55            Name : yinzhengjie:2  (local to host yinzhengjie)
    56            UUID : 6b4aff67:dbb66538:7276fa64:14137394
    57          Events : 17
    58 
    59     Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
    60        0       8       17        0      active sync   /dev/sdb1  #正在工作的磁盘分区
    61        1       8       18        1      active sync   /dev/sdb2  #正在工作的磁盘分区
    62 
    63        2       8       19        -      spare   /dev/sdb3  #磁盘就表示为热备份的磁盘分区
    64 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 
    65 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 
    66 
    67 '''
    配置3块磁盘为RAID级别。
     1 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/md2
     2 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
     3 Filesystem label=
     4 OS type: Linux
     5 Block size=4096 (log=2)
     6 Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
     7 Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
     8 328656 inodes, 1312272 blocks
     9 65613 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
    10 First data block=0
    11 Maximum filesystem blocks=1346371584
    12 41 block groups
    13 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
    14 8016 inodes per group
    15 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
    16         32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
    17 
    18 Writing inode tables: done                            
    19 Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
    20 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
    21 
    22 This filesystem will be automatically checked every 28 mounts or
    23 180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
    24 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkdir /yinzhengjie/md2
    25 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount /dev/md2 /yinzhengjie/md2
    26 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /yinzhengjie/md2
    27 total 16
    28 drwx------. 2 root root 16384 May 15 07:19 lost+found
    29 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cp /etc/fstab /yinzhengjie/md2/
    30 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 
    格式化RAID磁盘并挂载
     1 #!/usr/bin/env python
     2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_
     3 #@author :yinzhengjie
     4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/
     5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com
     6 
     7 '''
     8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm /dev/md2 -f /dev/sdb1  #我们可以模拟将/dev/sdb1这个设备标记为坏掉的磁盘分区
     9 mdadm: set /dev/sdb1 faulty in /dev/md2
    10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md2  #查看RAID详细信息
    11 /dev/md2:
    12         Version : 1.2
    13   Creation Time : Mon May 15 07:10:59 2017
    14      Raid Level : raid1
    15      Array Size : 5249088 (5.01 GiB 5.38 GB)
    16   Used Dev Size : 5249088 (5.01 GiB 5.38 GB)
    17    Raid Devices : 2
    18   Total Devices : 3
    19     Persistence : Superblock is persistent
    20 
    21     Update Time : Mon May 15 07:21:44 2017
    22           State : clean, degraded, recovering
    23  Active Devices : 1
    24 Working Devices : 2
    25  Failed Devices : 1
    26   Spare Devices : 1
    27 
    28  Rebuild Status : 49% complete #这个需要等待一些时间
    29 
    30            Name : yinzhengjie:2  (local to host yinzhengjie)
    31            UUID : 6b4aff67:dbb66538:7276fa64:14137394
    32          Events : 26
    33 
    34     Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
    35        2       8       19        0      spare rebuilding   /dev/sdb3  #之前备份的那块磁盘瞬间就上去了
    36        1       8       18        1      active sync   /dev/sdb2
    37 
    38        0       8       17        -      faulty   /dev/sdb1  #发现RAD1过着坏道了
    39 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm  /dev/md2 -r /dev/sdb1  #我们可以将坏掉的设备从RAID1里面移除掉。
    40 mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdb1 from /dev/md2
    41 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md2  #再次查看设备信息,发现工作的就只有2个设备了,因为坏掉的设备以及被我移除了。
    42 /dev/md2:
    43         Version : 1.2
    44   Creation Time : Mon May 15 07:10:59 2017
    45      Raid Level : raid1
    46      Array Size : 5249088 (5.01 GiB 5.38 GB)
    47   Used Dev Size : 5249088 (5.01 GiB 5.38 GB)
    48    Raid Devices : 2
    49   Total Devices : 2
    50     Persistence : Superblock is persistent
    51 
    52     Update Time : Mon May 15 07:22:32 2017
    53           State : clean
    54  Active Devices : 2
    55 Working Devices : 2
    56  Failed Devices : 0
    57   Spare Devices : 0
    58 
    59            Name : yinzhengjie:2  (local to host yinzhengjie)
    60            UUID : 6b4aff67:dbb66538:7276fa64:14137394
    61          Events : 37
    62 
    63     Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
    64        2       8       19        0      active sync   /dev/sdb3
    65        1       8       18        1      active sync   /dev/sdb2
    66 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
    67 '''
    模拟其中一个正在工作的磁盘坏掉,热备的磁盘会自动补位。
     1 #!/usr/bin/env python
     2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_
     3 #@author :yinzhengjie
     4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/
     5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com
     6 
     7 '''
     8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# umount /yinzhengjie/md2
     9 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm -S /dev/md2  #停止使用阵列
    10 mdadm: stopped /dev/md2
    11 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
    12 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/mdstat  #查看阵列使用情况
    13 Personalities : [raid1] 
    14 unused devices: <none>
    15 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mdadm -A /dev/md2 /dev/sdb{1,2,3} #启用阵列
    16 mdadm: /dev/md2 has been started with 2 drives.
    17 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/mdstat #再次查看阵列使用情况
    18 Personalities : [raid1] 
    19 md2 : active raid1 sdb3[2] sdb2[1]
    20       5249088 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]
    21       
    22 unused devices: <none>
    23 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 
    24 '''
    阵列的开启和关闭

      通过以上实验,我们可以总结一下mdadm命令的常用参数了:

     1 #!/usr/bin/env python
     2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_
     3 #@author :yinzhengjie
     4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/
     5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com
     6 
     7 '''
     8      md,可以组合任何块设备
     9      
    10      mdadm,/etc/mdadm.conf
    11 
    12      mdadm:模式化的工具
    13 
    14     -A  Assemble 装配模式
    15 
    16     -C  Create 创建模式
    17     -C:专用选项
    18       -n #:用于创建RAID设备的个数
    19       -x #: 热备磁盘的个数
    20       -l :指定RAID级别
    21       -a :=yes(自动为创建的RAID设备创建设备文件) md mdp part p 如何创建设备文件
    22       -c:指定块的大小,默认为512KB
    23     -F FOLLOW 监控
    24     -S 停止RAID
    25     -D --detail: 显示阵列详细信息
    26 
    27      Manage 管理模式专用项
    28        -f:模拟损害
    29        -r:模拟移除设备
    30        -a:模拟添加新设备
    31 
    32    /proc/mdstat
    33  创建一个大小为12G的RAID0:2*6G,3*4G 4*3G 6*2G
    34  mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -l 0 -n 2 /dev/sdb{1,2}
    35 
    36  watch ‘’ 
    37    -n #:每个#执行一次指定的命令,单位为s
    38 '''

     补充:

     1 #!/usr/bin/env python
     2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_
     3 #@author :yinzhengjie
     4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/
     5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com
     6 
     7 '''
     8 软RAID磁盘阵列管理
     9 
    10 1. RAID技术简介
    11     廉价冗余磁盘阵列,Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks 
    12     将多个较小/低速的磁盘整合成一个大磁盘,提供硬件容错、提高I/O性能
    13 
    14 2. 常见的RAID阵列级别
    15 
    16     RAID0,条带模式:
    17     并行读写多块磁盘(最少需2块),提高读写效率
    18     无冗余,磁盘利用率100%
    19 
    20     RAID1,镜像模式
    21     并行读写多块磁盘(最少需2块),其中半数磁盘用来备份,提高读效率
    22     有一倍冗余,磁盘利用率50%
    23 
    24     RAID10,条带+镜像模式
    25     融合RAID0+RAID1的特点(最少需4块磁盘),提高读写效率
    26     有一倍冗余,磁盘利用率50%
    27 
    28     RAID5,高性价比阵列
    29     相当于RAID 0和RAID 1的折中方案(最少需3块磁盘)
    30     校验盘:提供1块成员盘的容量存放校验信息,用于恢复数据,提高可靠性
    31     冗余盘:可额外准备一块或多块冗余盘,以便当成员盘故障时实现自动替换(热备份)
    32     冗余空间=校验盘+冗余盘
    33     最大磁盘利用率=(N-1)/N
    34 
    35 
    36 
    37 3. RAID阵列的实现方式
    38     硬RAID:由RAID控制卡管理阵列
    39     主板-->阵列卡-->磁盘-->操作系统-->数据
    40     软RAID:由操作系统来管理阵列
    41     主板-->磁盘-->操作系统-->RAID软件-->数据
    42 
    43 '''
    软RAID磁盘阵列管理

      

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/p/6858302.html
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