Linux操作系统的打包/归档工具介绍
作者：尹正杰
版权声明：原创作品，谢绝转载！否则将追究法律责任。
一.tar( Tape ARchive)工具
1>.tar命令常用选项介绍
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# tar --help Usage: tar [OPTION...] [FILE]... GNU `tar' saves many files together into a single tape or disk archive, and can restore individual files from the archive. Examples: tar -cf archive.tar foo bar # Create archive.tar from files foo and bar. tar -tvf archive.tar # List all files in archive.tar verbosely. tar -xf archive.tar # Extract all files from archive.tar. Main operation mode: -A, --catenate, --concatenate append tar files to an archive -c, --create create a new archive -d, --diff, --compare find differences between archive and file system --delete delete from the archive (not on mag tapes!) -r, --append append files to the end of an archive -t, --list list the contents of an archive --test-label test the archive volume label and exit -u, --update only append files newer than copy in archive -x, --extract, --get extract files from an archive Operation modifiers: --check-device check device numbers when creating incremental archives (default) -g, --listed-incremental=FILE handle new GNU-format incremental backup -G, --incremental handle old GNU-format incremental backup --ignore-failed-read do not exit with nonzero on unreadable files --level=NUMBER dump level for created listed-incremental archive -n, --seek archive is seekable --no-check-device do not check device numbers when creating incremental archives --no-seek archive is not seekable --occurrence[=NUMBER] process only the NUMBERth occurrence of each file in the archive; this option is valid only in conjunction with one of the subcommands --delete, --diff, --extract or --list and when a list of files is given either on the command line or via the -T option; NUMBER defaults to 1 --sparse-version=MAJOR[.MINOR] set version of the sparse format to use (implies --sparse) -S, --sparse handle sparse files efficiently Overwrite control: -k, --keep-old-files don't replace existing files when extracting, treat them as errors --keep-directory-symlink preserve existing symlinks to directories when extracting --keep-newer-files don't replace existing files that are newer than their archive copies --no-overwrite-dir preserve metadata of existing directories --overwrite overwrite existing files when extracting --overwrite-dir overwrite metadata of existing directories when extracting (default) --recursive-unlink empty hierarchies prior to extracting directory --remove-files remove files after adding them to the archive --skip-old-files don't replace existing files when extracting, silently skip over them -U, --unlink-first remove each file prior to extracting over it -W, --verify attempt to verify the archive after writing it Select output stream: --ignore-command-error ignore exit codes of children --no-ignore-command-error treat non-zero exit codes of children as error -O, --to-stdout extract files to standard output --to-command=COMMAND pipe extracted files to another program Handling of file attributes: --atime-preserve[=METHOD] preserve access times on dumped files, either by restoring the times after reading (METHOD='replace'; default) or by not setting the times in the first place (METHOD='system') --delay-directory-restore delay setting modification times and permissions of extracted directories until the end of extraction --group=NAME force NAME as group for added files --mode=CHANGES force (symbolic) mode CHANGES for added files --mtime=DATE-OR-FILE set mtime for added files from DATE-OR-FILE -m, --touch don't extract file modified time --no-delay-directory-restore cancel the effect of --delay-directory-restore option --no-same-owner extract files as yourself (default for ordinary users) --no-same-permissions apply the user's umask when extracting permissions from the archive (default for ordinary users) --numeric-owner always use numbers for user/group names --owner=NAME force NAME as owner for added files -p, --preserve-permissions, --same-permissions extract information about file permissions (default for superuser) --preserve same as both -p and -s --same-owner try extracting files with the same ownership as exists in the archive (default for superuser) -s, --preserve-order, --same-order member arguments are listed in the same order as the files in the archive Handling of extended file attributes: --acls Enable the POSIX ACLs support --no-acls Disable the POSIX ACLs support --no-selinux Disable the SELinux context support --no-xattrs Disable extended attributes support --selinux Enable the SELinux context support --xattrs Enable extended attributes support --xattrs-exclude=MASK specify the exclude pattern for xattr keys --xattrs-include=MASK specify the include pattern for xattr keys Device selection and switching: -f, --file=ARCHIVE use archive file or device ARCHIVE --force-local archive file is local even if it has a colon -F, --info-script=NAME, --new-volume-script=NAME run script at end of each tape (implies -M) -L, --tape-length=NUMBER change tape after writing NUMBER x 1024 bytes -M, --multi-volume create/list/extract multi-volume archive --rmt-command=COMMAND use given rmt COMMAND instead of rmt --rsh-command=COMMAND use remote COMMAND instead of rsh --volno-file=FILE use/update the volume number in FILE Device blocking: -b, --blocking-factor=BLOCKS BLOCKS x 512 bytes per record -B, --read-full-records reblock as we read (for 4.2BSD pipes) -i, --ignore-zeros ignore zeroed blocks in archive (means EOF) --record-size=NUMBER NUMBER of bytes per record, multiple of 512 Archive format selection: -H, --format=FORMAT create archive of the given format FORMAT is one of the following: gnu GNU tar 1.13.x format oldgnu GNU format as per tar <= 1.12 pax POSIX 1003.1-2001 (pax) format posix same as pax ustar POSIX 1003.1-1988 (ustar) format v7 old V7 tar format --old-archive, --portability same as --format=v7 --pax-option=keyword[[:]=value][,keyword[[:]=value]]... control pax keywords --posix same as --format=posix -V, --label=TEXT create archive with volume name TEXT; at list/extract time, use TEXT as a globbing pattern for volume name Compression options: -a, --auto-compress use archive suffix to determine the compression program -I, --use-compress-program=PROG filter through PROG (must accept -d) -j, --bzip2 filter the archive through bzip2 -J, --xz filter the archive through xz --lzip filter the archive through lzip --lzma filter the archive through lzma --lzop --no-auto-compress do not use archive suffix to determine the compression program -z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip filter the archive through gzip -Z, --compress, --uncompress filter the archive through compress Local file selection: --add-file=FILE add given FILE to the archive (useful if its name starts with a dash) --backup[=CONTROL] backup before removal, choose version CONTROL -C, --directory=DIR change to directory DIR --exclude=PATTERN exclude files, given as a PATTERN --exclude-backups exclude backup and lock files --exclude-caches exclude contents of directories containing CACHEDIR.TAG, except for the tag file itself --exclude-caches-all exclude directories containing CACHEDIR.TAG --exclude-caches-under exclude everything under directories containing CACHEDIR.TAG --exclude-tag=FILE exclude contents of directories containing FILE, except for FILE itself --exclude-tag-all=FILE exclude directories containing FILE --exclude-tag-under=FILE exclude everything under directories containing FILE --exclude-vcs exclude version control system directories -h, --dereference follow symlinks; archive and dump the files they point to --hard-dereference follow hard links; archive and dump the files they refer to -K, --starting-file=MEMBER-NAME begin at member MEMBER-NAME when reading the archive --newer-mtime=DATE compare date and time when data changed only --no-null disable the effect of the previous --null option --no-recursion avoid descending automatically in directories --no-unquote do not unquote filenames read with -T --null -T reads null-terminated names, disable -C -N, --newer=DATE-OR-FILE, --after-date=DATE-OR-FILE only store files newer than DATE-OR-FILE --one-file-system stay in local file system when creating archive -P, --absolute-names don't strip leading `/'s from file names --recursion recurse into directories (default) --suffix=STRING backup before removal, override usual suffix ('~' unless overridden by environment variable SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX) -T, --files-from=FILE get names to extract or create from FILE --unquote unquote filenames read with -T (default) -X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude patterns listed in FILE File name transformations: --strip-components=NUMBER strip NUMBER leading components from file names on extraction --transform=EXPRESSION, --xform=EXPRESSION use sed replace EXPRESSION to transform file names File name matching options (affect both exclude and include patterns): --anchored patterns match file name start --ignore-case ignore case --no-anchored patterns match after any `/' (default for exclusion) --no-ignore-case case sensitive matching (default) --no-wildcards verbatim string matching --no-wildcards-match-slash wildcards do not match `/' --wildcards use wildcards (default) --wildcards-match-slash wildcards match `/' (default for exclusion) Informative output: --checkpoint[=NUMBER] display progress messages every NUMBERth record (default 10) --checkpoint-action=ACTION execute ACTION on each checkpoint --full-time print file time to its full resolution --index-file=FILE send verbose output to FILE -l, --check-links print a message if not all links are dumped --no-quote-chars=STRING disable quoting for characters from STRING --quote-chars=STRING additionally quote characters from STRING --quoting-style=STYLE set name quoting style; see below for valid STYLE values -R, --block-number show block number within archive with each message --show-defaults show tar defaults --show-omitted-dirs when listing or extracting, list each directory that does not match search criteria --show-transformed-names, --show-stored-names show file or archive names after transformation --totals[=SIGNAL] print total bytes after processing the archive; with an argument - print total bytes when this SIGNAL is delivered; Allowed signals are: SIGHUP, SIGQUIT, SIGINT, SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2; the names without SIG prefix are also accepted --utc print file modification times in UTC -v, --verbose verbosely list files processed --warning=KEYWORD warning control -w, --interactive, --confirmation ask for confirmation for every action Compatibility options: -o when creating, same as --old-archive; when extracting, same as --no-same-owner Other options: -?, --help give this help list --restrict disable use of some potentially harmful options --usage give a short usage message --version print program version Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional for any corresponding short options. The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control may be set with --backup or VERSION_CONTROL, values are: none, off never make backups t, numbered make numbered backups nil, existing numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise never, simple always make simple backups Valid arguments for the --quoting-style option are: literal shell shell-always c c-maybe escape locale clocale *This* tar defaults to: --format=gnu -f- -b20 --quoting-style=escape --rmt-command=/etc/rmt --rsh-command=/usr/bin/ssh Report bugs to <bug-tar@gnu.org>. [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
-c: 表示创建一个文件，一般是用在打包时的参数。
-p: 保留文件权限属性。
-v:
查看操作的详细过程。 -f:
需要指定一个具体的文件名次。 -r:
将新的文件或目录追加到已归档文件中。 -t:
预览文件内容，并不解包。 -x:
解包操作。
-z:
使用gzip方式压缩文件
--exclude:
排除指定的文件。
-T:
指定输入文件列表，即需要归档的文件或目录。
-X：
指定包含要排除的文件列表。
2>.创建"/etc/"的归档文件且保留权限
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# du -sh /etc/ 37M /etc/ [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll total 0 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# tar -cpf etc.tar /etc/ tar: Removing leading `/' from member names [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h #虽然看起来目录是小了点，但咱们在归档时并没有添加压缩参数哟～ total 32M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 32M Dec 31 05:00 etc.tar [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
3>.预览文件内容
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 32M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 32M Dec 31 05:00 etc.tar [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# tar -tf etc.tar #预览文件内容 ...... etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d/ etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d/11-dhclient etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d/20-chrony etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d/pre-down.d/ etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d/00-netreport etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d/no-wait.d/ etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d/pre-up.d/ etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/ etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf etc/bashrc etc/ssl/ etc/ssl/certs etc/dhcp/ etc/dhcp/dhclient-exit-hooks.d/ etc/dhcp/dhclient-exit-hooks.d/azure-cloud.sh etc/dhcp/dhclient.d/ etc/dhcp/dhclient.d/chrony.sh etc/opt/ etc/shadow- etc/kernel/ etc/kernel/postinst.d/ etc/kernel/postinst.d/51-dracut-rescue-postinst.sh etc/statetab etc/python/ etc/python/cert-verification.cfg [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h #预览文件并没有进行解压操作 total 32M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 32M Dec 31 05:00 etc.tar [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
4>.追加文件至归档(注意，不支持对压缩文件追加)
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 32M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 32M Dec 31 05:09 etc.tar [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# tar -rf etc.tar /etc/ #将另外一个目录追加到一个已经归档到文件中 tar: Removing leading `/' from member names [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 63M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 63M Dec 31 05:09 etc.tar [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
5>.展开归档(即解包)
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 32M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 32M Dec 31 05:16 etc.tar [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# tar -xf etc.tar #解压文件到当前目录 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 32M drwxr-xr-x. 74 root root 4.0K Dec 31 03:25 etc -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 32M Dec 31 05:16 etc.tar [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# du -sh etc 37M etc [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# du -sh /etc/ 37M /etc/ [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# mkdir /tmp/test [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /tmp/test/ total 0 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# tar -xf etc.tar -C /tmp/test/ #使用"-C"参数可以解压文件到指定到目录("/tmp/test") [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /tmp/test/ total 4 drwxr-xr-x. 74 root root 4096 Dec 31 03:25 etc [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# du -sh /tmp/test/ 37M /tmp/test/ [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
6>.打包并压缩文件
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# yum -y install zip unzip Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com * extras: mirrors.huaweicloud.com * updates: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package unzip.x86_64 0:6.0-20.el7 will be installed ---> Package zip.x86_64 0:3.0-11.el7 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================================================================= Installing: unzip x86_64 6.0-20.el7 base 170 k zip x86_64 3.0-11.el7 base 260 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================================================================= Install 2 Packages Total download size: 430 k Installed size: 1.1 M Downloading packages: (1/2): unzip-6.0-20.el7.x86_64.rpm | 170 kB 00:00:00 (2/2): zip-3.0-11.el7.x86_64.rpm | 260 kB 00:00:00 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 2.2 MB/s | 430 kB 00:00:00 Running transaction check Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded Running transaction Installing : zip-3.0-11.el7.x86_64 1/2 Installing : unzip-6.0-20.el7.x86_64 2/2 Verifying : unzip-6.0-20.el7.x86_64 1/2 Verifying : zip-3.0-11.el7.x86_64 2/2 Installed: unzip.x86_64 0:6.0-20.el7 zip.x86_64 0:3.0-11.el7 Complete! [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# yum -y install bzip2 Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com * extras: mirrors.huaweicloud.com * updates: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package bzip2.x86_64 0:1.0.6-13.el7 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================================================================= Installing: bzip2 x86_64 1.0.6-13.el7 base 52 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================================================================= Install 1 Package Total download size: 52 k Installed size: 82 k Downloading packages: bzip2-1.0.6-13.el7.x86_64.rpm | 52 kB 00:00:00 Running transaction check Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded Running transaction Installing : bzip2-1.0.6-13.el7.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : bzip2-1.0.6-13.el7.x86_64 1/1 Installed: bzip2.x86_64 0:1.0.6-13.el7 Complete! [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# du -sh /etc/ 37M /etc/ [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 0 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# tar -zcf etc.tar.gz /etc/ #以gzip方式归档并压缩文件 tar: Removing leading `/' from member names [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 11M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11M Dec 31 05:26 etc.tar.gz [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 11M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11M Dec 31 05:26 etc.tar.gz [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# tar jcf etc.tar.bz2 /etc/ #以bzip2方式归档并压缩文件 tar: Removing leading `/' from member names [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 20M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 9.3M Dec 31 05:36 etc.tar.bz2 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11M Dec 31 05:26 etc.tar.gz [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 20M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 9.3M Dec 31 05:36 etc.tar.bz2 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11M Dec 31 05:26 etc.tar.gz [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# tar Jcf etc.tar.xz /etc/ #以xz方式归档并压缩文件 tar: Removing leading `/' from member names [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 28M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 9.3M Dec 31 05:36 etc.tar.bz2 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11M Dec 31 05:26 etc.tar.gz -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 7.6M Dec 31 05:39 etc.tar.xz [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll total 0 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=f1.txt bs=1M count=4096 #我们用数字"0"来创建一个4G的文件 4096+0 records in 4096+0 records out 4294967296 bytes (4.3 GB) copied, 7.6036 s, 565 MB/s [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# hexdump -C f1.txt 00000000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................| * 100000000 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 4.1G -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4.0G Dec 31 05:47 f1.txt [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# xz f1.txt #注意，使用xz压缩一个4G全是"0"的文件，可能结果很很小,因此解压一个xz文件时我们得留意磁盘空间是否充足。 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 612K -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 611K Dec 31 05:47 f1.txt.xz [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
7>.排除"/etc"目录中的"/etc/hosts","/etc/hostname","/etc/fstab"这三个文件，并以gzip方式归档并压缩文件
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 0 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# tar -zcf /root/etc.tgz --exclude=/etc/hosts --exclude=/etc/hostname --exclude=/etc/fstab /etc/ tar: Removing leading `/' from member names [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 11M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11M Dec 31 06:06 etc.tgz [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 8.0K -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 36 Dec 31 06:34 exclude.txt -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 6 Dec 31 06:37 include.txt [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cat exclude.txt /etc/hosts /etc/fstab /etc/hostname [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cat include.txt /etc/ [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# tar zcf myetc.tgz -T include.txt -X exclude.txt tar: Removing leading `/' from member names [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 11M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 36 Dec 31 06:34 exclude.txt -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 6 Dec 31 06:37 include.txt -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11M Dec 31 06:39 myetc.tgz [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
8>.使用splist分割一个文件为多个文件
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 11M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11M Dec 31 06:06 etc.tgz [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# split -b 3M etc.tgz myEtc_ #将"etc.tgz"文件按照3M的大小进行切割，指定前缀为"myEtc_" [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 22M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11M Dec 31 06:06 etc.tgz -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3.0M Dec 31 06:11 myEtc_aa -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3.0M Dec 31 06:11 myEtc_ab -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3.0M Dec 31 06:11 myEtc_ac -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1.7M Dec 31 06:11 myEtc_ad [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 22M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11M Dec 31 06:06 etc.tgz -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3.0M Dec 31 06:11 myEtc_aa -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3.0M Dec 31 06:11 myEtc_ab -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3.0M Dec 31 06:11 myEtc_ac -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1.7M Dec 31 06:11 myEtc_ad [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# split -d -b 3M etc.tgz myEtc_ #将"etc.tgz"文件按照3M的大小进行切割，指定前缀为"myEtc_",每部分使用数字进行标识。 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 33M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11M Dec 31 06:06 etc.tgz -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3.0M Dec 31 06:12 myEtc_00 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3.0M Dec 31 06:12 myEtc_01 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3.0M Dec 31 06:12 myEtc_02 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1.7M Dec 31 06:12 myEtc_03 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3.0M Dec 31 06:11 myEtc_aa -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3.0M Dec 31 06:11 myEtc_ab -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3.0M Dec 31 06:11 myEtc_ac -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1.7M Dec 31 06:11 myEtc_ad [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll total 32772 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11185594 Dec 31 06:06 etc.tgz -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3145728 Dec 31 06:12 myEtc_00 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3145728 Dec 31 06:12 myEtc_01 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3145728 Dec 31 06:12 myEtc_02 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1748410 Dec 31 06:12 myEtc_03 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3145728 Dec 31 06:11 myEtc_aa -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3145728 Dec 31 06:11 myEtc_ab -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3145728 Dec 31 06:11 myEtc_ac -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1748410 Dec 31 06:11 myEtc_ad [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cat myEtc_a* > myetc01 #将切分的多个文件合并成一个文件 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cat myEtc_0* > myetc02 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll total 54620 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11185594 Dec 31 06:06 etc.tgz -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3145728 Dec 31 06:12 myEtc_00 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11185594 Dec 31 06:17 myetc01 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3145728 Dec 31 06:12 myEtc_01 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11185594 Dec 31 06:18 myetc02 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3145728 Dec 31 06:12 myEtc_02 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1748410 Dec 31 06:12 myEtc_03 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3145728 Dec 31 06:11 myEtc_aa -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3145728 Dec 31 06:11 myEtc_ab -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3145728 Dec 31 06:11 myEtc_ac -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1748410 Dec 31 06:11 myEtc_ad [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
二.cpio工具
1>.cpio常用选项介绍
cpio命令是通过重定向的方式将文件进行打包备份，还原恢复的工具，它可以解压以".cpio"或者".tar"结尾的文件。 常用选项如下: -o:
将文件拷贝打包成文件或者将文件输出到设备上 -O filename:
输出到指定的归档文件名 -A:
向已存在的归档文件中追加文件 -i:
解包，将打包文件解压或将设备上的备份还原到系统 -I filename:
对指定的归档文件名解压 -t:
预览，查看文件内容或者输出到设备上的文件内容 -F filename:
使用指定的文件名替代标准输入或输出 -d:
解包生成目录，在cpio还原时，自动的建立目录 -v:
显示打包过程中的文件名称
2>.解包cpio文件
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cp /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64kdump.img ./ [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 13M -rw-------. 1 root root 13M Dec 31 06:53 initramfs-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64kdump.img [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# file initramfs-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64kdump.img initramfs-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64kdump.img: ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC) [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cpio -i < initramfs-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64kdump.img 38 blocks [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 13M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2 Dec 31 06:54 early_cpio -rw-------. 1 root root 13M Dec 31 06:53 initramfs-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64kdump.img drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4.0K Dec 31 06:54 kernel [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# tree . ├── early_cpio ├── initramfs-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64kdump.img └── kernel └── x86 └── microcode └── GenuineIntel.bin 3 directories, 3 files [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
3>.将"/etc"目录备份
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 0 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# find /etc/ | cpio -o > myEtc.cpio 60977 blocks [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 30M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 30M Dec 31 07:03 myEtc.cpio [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
4>.将"/tmp"目录的内容追加到myEtc.cpio文件(该文件是上一步咱们的"/etc"归档文件)中
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 30M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 30M Dec 31 07:07 myEtc.cpio [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# find /tmp/ | cpio -oAF myEtc.cpio 61024 blocks [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 60M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 60M Dec 31 07:08 myEtc.cpio [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
5>.归档文件内容预览
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -h total 60M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 60M Dec 31 07:08 myEtc.cpio [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cpio -tv < myEtc.cpio ...... -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 381 Oct 30 2018 /tmp/test/etc/python/cert-verification.cfg drwxrwxrwt 2 root root 0 Dec 31 01:26 /tmp/.ICE-unix drwxrwxrwt 2 root root 0 Dec 31 01:26 /tmp/.font-unix -rw------- 1 root root 0 Dec 31 01:26 /tmp/yum.log drwxrwxrwt 2 root root 0 Dec 31 01:26 /tmp/.XIM-unix drwxrwxrwt 2 root root 0 Dec 31 01:26 /tmp/.X11-unix drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 31 01:31 /tmp/prl-tools-dir -rwx------ 1 root root 751 Dec 31 01:31 /tmp/ks-script-KhhKXM drwx------ 3 root root 0 Dec 31 03:25 /tmp/systemd-private-ca870d3e3b7c4bc8ab2e38ceee2fe2c1-chronyd.service-alyo6n drwxrwxrwt 2 root root 0 Dec 31 03:25 /tmp/systemd-private-ca870d3e3b7c4bc8ab2e38ceee2fe2c1-chronyd.service-alyo6n/tmp -rwx------ 1 root root 836 Dec 31 01:34 /tmp/ks-script-fTLjOG 122000 blocks [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#