• 网络编程


    1. Socket介绍

    概念

    network socket is an endpoint of a connection across a computer network. Today, most communication between computers is based on the Internet Protocol; therefore most network sockets are Internet sockets. More precisely, a socket is a handle (abstract reference) that a local program can pass to the networking application programming interface (API) to use the connection, for example "send this data on this socket".

    For example, to send "Hello, world!" via TCP to port 80 of the host with address 1.2.3.4, one might get a socket, connect it to the remote host, send the string, then close the socket.

    实现一个socket至少要分以下几步,(伪代码)

    Socket socket = getSocket(type = "TCP")  #设定好协议类型
    connect(socket, address = "1.2.3.4", port = "80") #连接远程机器
    send(socket, "Hello, world!") #发送消息
    close(socket) #关闭连接

    socket API is an application programming interface (API), usually provided by the operating system, that allows application programs to control and use network sockets. Internet socket APIs are usually based on the Berkeley sockets standard. In the Berkeley sockets standard, sockets are a form of file descriptor (a file handle), due to the Unix philosophy that "everything is a file", and the analogies between sockets and files: you can read, write, open, and close both.   

    socket address is the combination of an IP address and a port number, much like one end of a telephone connection is the combination of a phone number and a particular extension. Sockets need not have an address (for example for only sending data), but if a program binds a socket to an address, the socket can be used to receive data sent to that address. Based on this address, internet sockets deliver incoming data packets to the appropriate application process or thread.

    Socket Families(地址簇)

    socket.AF_UNIX unix本机进程间通信 

    socket.AF_INET IPV4 

    socket.AF_INET6  IPV6

    These constants represent the address (and protocol) families, used for the first argument to socket(). If the AF_UNIX constant is not defined then this protocol is unsupported. More constants may be available depending on the system.

    Socket Types

    socket.SOCK_STREAM  #for tcp

    socket.SOCK_DGRAM   #for udp 

    socket.SOCK_RAW     #原始套接字,普通的套接字无法处理ICMP、IGMP等网络报文,而SOCK_RAW可以;其次,SOCK_RAW也可以处理特殊的IPv4报文;此外,利用原始套接字,可以通过IP_HDRINCL套接字选项由用户构造IP头。

    socket.SOCK_RDM  #是一种可靠的UDP形式,即保证交付数据报但不保证顺序。SOCK_RAM用来提供对原始协议的低级访问,在需要执行某些特殊操作时使用,如发送ICMP报文。SOCK_RAM通常仅限于高级用户或管理员运行的程序使用。

    socket.SOCK_SEQPACKET #废弃了

    These constants represent the socket types, used for the second argument to socket(). More constants may be available depending on the system. (Only SOCK_STREAM and SOCK_DGRAM appear to be generally useful.)

    2. Socket 参数介绍

    socket.socket(family=AF_INETtype=SOCK_STREAMproto=0fileno=None)  必会

    Create a new socket using the given address family, socket type and protocol number. The address family should be AF_INET (the default), AF_INET6AF_UNIXAF_CAN or AF_RDS. The socket type should beSOCK_STREAM (the default), SOCK_DGRAMSOCK_RAW or perhaps one of the other SOCK_ constants. The protocol number is usually zero and may be omitted or in the case where the address family is AF_CAN the protocol should be one of CAN_RAW or CAN_BCM. If fileno is specified, the other arguments are ignored, causing the socket with the specified file descriptor to return. Unlike socket.fromfd()fileno will return the same socket and not a duplicate. This may help close a detached socket using socket.close().

    socket.socketpair([family[, type[, proto]]])

    Build a pair of connected socket objects using the given address family, socket type, and protocol number. Address family, socket type, and protocol number are as for the socket() function above. The default family is AF_UNIX if defined on the platform; otherwise, the default is AF_INET.

    socket.create_connection(address[, timeout[, source_address]])

    Connect to a TCP service listening on the Internet address (a 2-tuple (host, port)), and return the socket object. This is a higher-level function than socket.connect(): if host is a non-numeric hostname, it will try to resolve it for both AF_INET and AF_INET6, and then try to connect to all possible addresses in turn until a connection succeeds. This makes it easy to write clients that are compatible to both IPv4 and IPv6.

    Passing the optional timeout parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance before attempting to connect. If no timeout is supplied, the global default timeout setting returned by getdefaulttimeout() is used.

    If supplied, source_address must be a 2-tuple (host, port) for the socket to bind to as its source address before connecting. If host or port are ‘’ or 0 respectively the OS default behavior will be used.

    socket.getaddrinfo(hostportfamily=0type=0proto=0flags=0) #获取要连接的对端主机地址 必会

    sk.bind(address) 必会

      s.bind(address) 将套接字绑定到地址。address地址的格式取决于地址族。在AF_INET下,以元组(host,port)的形式表示地址。

    sk.listen(backlog) 必会

      开始监听传入连接。backlog指定在拒绝连接之前,可以挂起的最大连接数量。

          backlog等于5,表示内核已经接到了连接请求,但服务器还没有调用accept进行处理的连接个数最大为5
          这个值不能无限大,因为要在内核中维护连接队列

    sk.setblocking(bool) 必会

      是否阻塞(默认True),如果设置False,那么accept和recv时一旦无数据,则报错。

    sk.accept() 必会

      接受连接并返回(conn,address),其中conn是新的套接字对象,可以用来接收和发送数据。address是连接客户端的地址。

      接收TCP 客户的连接(阻塞式)等待连接的到来

    sk.connect(address) 必会

      连接到address处的套接字。一般,address的格式为元组(hostname,port),如果连接出错,返回socket.error错误。

    sk.connect_ex(address)

      同上,只不过会有返回值,连接成功时返回 0 ,连接失败时候返回编码,例如:10061

    sk.close() 必会

      关闭套接字

    sk.recv(bufsize[,flag]) 必会

      接受套接字的数据。数据以字符串形式返回,bufsize指定最多可以接收的数量。flag提供有关消息的其他信息,通常可以忽略。

      缓冲区默认大小为8K,bufsize大小不要超过8K。

    sk.recvfrom(bufsize[.flag])

      与recv()类似,但返回值是(data,address)。其中data是包含接收数据的字符串,address是发送数据的套接字地址。

    sk.send(string[,flag]) 必会

      将string中的数据发送到连接的套接字。返回值是要发送的字节数量,该数量可能小于string的字节大小。即:可能未将指定内容全部发送。

    sk.sendall(string[,flag]) 必会

      将string中的数据发送到连接的套接字,但在返回之前会尝试发送所有数据。成功返回None,失败则抛出异常。

          内部通过递归调用send,将所有内容发送出去。

    sk.sendto(string[,flag],address)

      将数据发送到套接字,address是形式为(ipaddr,port)的元组,指定远程地址。返回值是发送的字节数。该函数主要用于UDP协议。

    sk.settimeout(timeout) 必会

      设置套接字操作的超时期,timeout是一个浮点数,单位是秒。值为None表示没有超时期。一般,超时期应该在刚创建套接字时设置,因为它们可能用于连接的操作(如 client 连接最多等待5s )

    sk.getpeername()  必会

      返回连接套接字的远程地址。返回值通常是元组(ipaddr,port)。

    sk.getsockname() 

      返回套接字自己的地址。通常是一个元组(ipaddr,port)

    sk.fileno() 

      套接字的文件描述符

    socket.sendfile(fileoffset=0count=None)

         发送文件 ,但目前多数情况下并无什么卵用。

    3. 基本Socket实例

    import socket
     2 
     3 server = socket.socket() #获得socket实例
     4 
     5 server.bind(("localhost",9998)) #绑定ip port
     6 server.listen()  #开始监听
     7 print("等待客户端的连接...")
     8 conn,addr = server.accept() #接受并建立与客户端的连接,程序在此处开始阻塞,只到有客户端连接进来...
     9 print("新连接:",addr )
    10 
    11 data = conn.recv(1024)
    12 print("收到消息:",data)
    13 
    14 
    15 server.close()
    SocketServer.py
    import socket
    2 
    3 client = socket.socket()
    4 
    5 client.connect(("localhost",9998))
    6 
    7 client.send(b"hey")
    8 
    9 client.close()
    SocketClient.py

    上面的代码的有一个问题, 就是SocketServer.py运行起来后, 接收了一次客户端的data就退出了。。。, 但实际场景中,一个连接建立起来后,可能要进行多次往返的通信。

     

    多次的数据交互怎么实现呢?

    import socket
     2 
     3 server = socket.socket() #获得socket实例
     4 
     5 server.bind(("localhost",9998)) #绑定ip port
     6 server.listen()  #开始监听
     7 print("等待客户端的连接...")
     8 conn,addr = server.accept() #接受并建立与客户端的连接,程序在此处开始阻塞,只到有客户端连接进来...
     9 print("新连接:",addr )
    10 while True:
    11 
    12     data = conn.recv(1024)
    13 
    14     print("收到消息:",data)
    15     conn.send(data.upper())
    16 
    17 server.close()
    socketserver 支持多次交互
    import socket
    
    client = socket.socket()
    
    client.connect(("localhost",9998))
    
    while True:
        msg = input(">>:").strip()
        if len(msg) == 0:continue
        client.send( msg.encode("utf-8") )
    
        data = client.recv(1024)
        print("来自服务器:",data)
    
    client.close()
    
    socket客户端支持多交互
    socket客户端支持多交互

    4.Socket实现多连接处理

    上面的代码虽然实现了服务端与客户端的多次交互,但是你会发现,如果客户端断开了, 服务器端也会跟着立刻断开,因为服务器只有一个while 循环,客户端一断开,服务端收不到数据 ,就会直接break跳出循环,然后程序就退出了,这显然不是我们想要的结果 ,我们想要的是,客户端如果断开了,我们这个服务端还可以为下一个客户端服务,它不能断,她接完一个客,擦完嘴角的遗留物,就要接下来勇敢的去接待下一个客人。 在这里如何实现呢?

    conn,addr = server.accept() #接受并建立与客户端的连接,程序在此处开始阻塞,只到有客户端连接进来...
    

    我们知道上面这句话负责等待并接收新连接,对于上面那个程序,其实在while break之后,只要让程序再次回到上面这句代码这,就可以让服务端继续接下一个客户啦。 

    import socket
     
    server = socket.socket() #获得socket实例
     
    server.bind(("localhost",9998)) #绑定ip port
    server.listen()  #开始监听
     
    while True: #第一层loop
        print("等待客户端的连接...")
        conn,addr = server.accept() #接受并建立与客户端的连接,程序在此处开始阻塞,只到有客户端连接进来...
        print("新连接:",addr )
        while True:
     
            data = conn.recv(1024)
            if not data:
                print("客户端断开了...")
                break #这里断开就会再次回到第一次外层的loop
            print("收到消息:",data)
            conn.send(data.upper())
     
    server.close()
    View Code

    注意了, 此时服务器端依然只能同时为一个客户服务,其客户来了,得排队(连接挂起),不能玩 three some. 这时你说想,我就想玩3p,就想就想嘛,其实也可以,多交钱嘛,继续往下看,后面开启新姿势后就可以玩啦。。。

    5.通过socket实现简单的ssh

    光只是简单的发消息、收消息没意思,干点正事,可以做一个极简版的ssh,就是客户端连接上服务器后,让服务器执行命令,并返回结果给客户端。

    import socket
    import os
    
    
    server = socket.socket() #获得socket实例
    #server.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
    
    server.bind(("localhost",9998)) #绑定ip port
    server.listen()  #开始监听
    
    while True: #第一层loop
        print("等待客户端的连接...")
        conn,addr = server.accept() #接受并建立与客户端的连接,程序在此处开始阻塞,只到有客户端连接进来...
        print("新连接:",addr )
        while True:
    
            data = conn.recv(1024)
            if not data:
                print("客户端断开了...")
                break #这里断开就会再次回到第一次外层的loop
            print("收到命令:",data)
            res = os.popen(data.decode()).read() #py3 里socket发送的只有bytes,os.popen又只能接受str,所以要decode一下
            print(len(res))
            conn.send(res.encode("utf-8"))
    
    server.close()
    Socket ssh server
    import socket
    
    client = socket.socket()
    
    client.connect(("localhost",9998))
    
    while True:
        msg = input(">>:").strip()
        if len(msg) == 0:continue
        client.send( msg.encode("utf-8") )
    
        data = client.recv(1024)
        print(data.decode()) #命令执行结果
    
    client.close()
    socket ssh client

    6. SocketServer

    The socketserver module simplifies the task of writing network servers.  

    socketserver一共有这么几种类型

    class socketserver.TCPServer(server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True)
    

    This uses the Internet TCP protocol, which provides for continuous streams of data between the client and server. 

    class socketserver.UDPServer(server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True)
    

    This uses datagrams, which are discrete packets of information that may arrive out of order or be lost while in transit. The parameters are the same as for TCPServer.

    class socketserver.UnixStreamServer(server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True)
    class socketserver.UnixDatagramServer(server_address, RequestHandlerClass,bind_and_activate=True)
    

    These more infrequently used classes are similar to the TCP and UDP classes, but use Unix domain sockets; they’re not available on non-Unix platforms. The parameters are the same as for TCPServer.

    There are five classes in an inheritance diagram, four of which represent synchronous servers of four types:

    +------------+
    | BaseServer |
    +------------+
          |
          v
    +-----------+        +------------------+
    | TCPServer |------->| UnixStreamServer |
    +-----------+        +------------------+
          |
          v
    +-----------+        +--------------------+
    | UDPServer |------->| UnixDatagramServer |
    +-----------+        +--------------------+

    创建一个socketserver 至少分以下几步:

    1. First, you must create a request handler class by subclassing the BaseRequestHandlerclass and overriding its handle() method; this method will process incoming requests.   
    2. Second, you must instantiate one of the server classes, passing it the server’s address and the request handler class.
    3. Then call the handle_request() orserve_forever() method of the server object to process one or many requests.
    4. Finally, call server_close() to close the socket.

    基本的socketserver代码

    import socketserver
    
    class MyTCPHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
        """
        The request handler class for our server.
    
        It is instantiated once per connection to the server, and must
        override the handle() method to implement communication to the
        client.
        """
    
        def handle(self):
            # self.request is the TCP socket connected to the client
            self.data = self.request.recv(1024).strip()
            print("{} wrote:".format(self.client_address[0]))
            print(self.data)
            # just send back the same data, but upper-cased
            self.request.sendall(self.data.upper())
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        HOST, PORT = "localhost", 9999
    
        # Create the server, binding to localhost on port 9999
        server = socketserver.TCPServer((HOST, PORT), MyTCPHandler)
    
        # Activate the server; this will keep running until you
        # interrupt the program with Ctrl-C
        server.serve_forever()
    View Code

    但你发现,上面的代码,依然不能同时处理多个连接,擦,那我搞这个干嘛?别急,不是不能处理多并发,如果你想,你还要启用多线程,多线程我们现在还没讲,但你大体知道,有了多线程,就能同时让cpu干多件事了就行先。

    让你的socketserver并发起来, 必须选择使用以下一个多并发的类

    class socketserver.ForkingTCPServer

    class socketserver.ForkingUDPServer

    class socketserver.ThreadingTCPServer

    class socketserver.ThreadingUDPServer

    so 只需要把下面这句

    server = socketserver.TCPServer((HOST, PORT), MyTCPHandler)
    

    换成下面这个,就可以多并发了,这样,客户端每连进一个来,服务器端就会分配一个新的线程来处理这个客户端的请求

    server = socketserver.ThreadingTCPServer((HOST, PORT), MyTCPHandler)
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/yezl/p/6265322.html
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