• Python之旅.第九章.并发编程


    进程

    #串行: 一个一个的运行

    1、什么是程序?什么是进程?

        程序说白了就是一堆文件

        进程就是一个正在执行的过程/程序,所以说进程是一个抽象的概念。这个概念起源操作系统

     

    2、什么是操作系统

        定义:操作系统是位于计算机硬件与应用软件之间,用于协调、管理、控制计算机硬件与软件的资源的一种控制程序

     

    3、操作系统的两大作用:

        1、把复杂丑陋的硬件操作都封装成美丽的接口,提供给应用程序使用

        2、把进程对硬件的竞争变的有序

     

    4、多道技术(单个CPU在多个程序中切换以实现并发)

        多道的产生背景是想要在单个cpu的情况下实现多个进程并发执行的效果

        a、空间上的复用 (多道程序复用内存的空间)

        b、时间上的复用  (多道程序复用CPU时间)

        

        cpu遇到IO操作要切换(提升效率)

        一个进程占用cpu时间过长也切(降低效率)

    进程与进程之间的内存空间是互相隔离的

     

     

    并发的本质:切换+保持状态

    一、同一个程序执行多次是多个进程

    每一个进程有一个PID

    import os

    print('爹是:',os.getppid())    #父的pid (pycharm.exe)

    print('me: ',os.getpid())     #自己的pid (python.exe)

     

    二、开启子进程的两种方式

    windows (createprocess) 创建子进程时子辈除了拷贝父辈的信息还创建了些自己的东西

    unix (fork) 创建子进程时拷贝父辈的信息,子进程的初始状态和父辈一致

     

    第一种(比较常用)                                                                                                                                                                                                            

    from multiprocessing import Process                                                                                                                                                                                  

    import time                                                                                                                                                                                                          

                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

    def task(name):                                                                                                                                                                                                      

        print('%s is running' %name)                                                                                                                                                                                     

        time.sleep(3)                                                                                                                                                                                                    

        print('%s is done' %name)                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

    if __name__ == '__main__':                                                                                                                                                                                           

        # windows系统之上,开启子进程的操作一定要放到这下面                                                                                                                                                                                  

        # Process(target=task,kwargs={'name':'egon'})   #两种传参方式皆可                                                                                                                                                         

        p=Process(target=task,args=('egon',))          #两种传参方式皆可                                                                                                                                                         

        p.start() # 向操作系统发送请求,操作系统会申请内存空间,然后把父进程的数据拷贝给子进程,作为子进程的初始状态                                                                                                                                                     

        print('======')                                                                                                                                                                                                 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

    第二种                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

    from multiprocessing import Process                                                                                                                                                                                  

    import time                                                                                                                                                                                                          

                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

    class MyProcess(Process):                                                                                                                                                                                            

        def __init__(self,name):                                                                                                                                                                                         

            super(MyProcess,self).__init__()     #Processinit里面有相应设置,要遗传下来,否则报错                                                                                                                                         

            self.name=name                                                                                                                                                                                               

                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

        def run(self):                                                                                                                                                                                                   

            print('%s is running' %self.name)                                                                                                                                                                            

            time.sleep(3)                                                                                                                                                                                                

            print('%s is done' %self.name)                                                                                                                                                                               

                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

    if __name__ == '__main__':                                                                                                                                                                                           

        p=MyProcess('egon')                                                                                                                                                                                              

        p.start()   #p.start()调用了类中的run()方法(规定)                                                                                                                                                                          

    print('') 

     

    三、进程的内存空间相互隔离

    from multiprocessing import Process                     

    import time                                             

                                                            

    x=1000                                                  

                                                            

    def task():                                             

        time.sleep(3)                                       

        global x                                            

        x=0                                                 

        print('儿子死啦',x)                                     

     

    #在之前最好只有函数或变量的定义,没有具体的执行(print等)                                                        

    if __name__ == '__main__':                                                                       

        p=Process(target=task)                              

        p.start()                                           

        time.sleep(5)                                       

    print(x)     

    #在子进程中对变量x的修改不影响父进程中x的值

     

    四、父进程等待子进程结束 p1.join()

    #

    from multiprocessing import Process                                     

    import time                                                             

                                                                            

    x=1000                                                                  

                                                                            

    def task(n):                                                            

        print('%s is runing' %n)                                            

        time.sleep(n)                                                       

                                                                            

    if __name__ == '__main__':                                              

        start_time=time.time()                                              

                                                                            

        p1=Process(target=task,args=(1,))                                   

        p2=Process(target=task,args=(2,))                                   

        p3=Process(target=task,args=(3,))                                   

        p1.start()                                                          

        p2.start()                                                          

        p3.start()                                                          

                                                                            

        p3.join() #3s                                                       

        p1.join()                                                           

        p2.join(    )                                                       

                                                                            

    print('',(time.time() - start_time))        #3.01637601852417      

     

    #用循环

    from multiprocessing import Process                                   

    import time                                                           

                                                                          

    x=1000                                                                

                                                                          

    def task(n):                                                          

        print('%s is runing' %n)                                          

        time.sleep(n)                                                     

                                                                          

    if __name__ == '__main__':                                            

        start_time=time.time()                                            

        p_l=[]                                                            

        for i in range(1,4):                                              

            p=Process(target=task,args=(i,))                              

            p_l.append(p)                                                 

            p.start()                                                     

                                                                          

        for p in p_l:                                                     

            p.join()                                                      

                                                                          

    print('',(time.time() - start_time))       #3.0141923427581787 

     

    五、进程对象的其他属性

    from multiprocessing import Process                                      

    import time                                                              

                                                                             

    def task(n):                                                             

        print('%s is runing' %n)                                             

        time.sleep(n)                                                        

                                                                             

    if __name__ == '__main__':                                               

        start_time=time.time()                                               

        p1=Process(target=task,args=(1,),name='任务1')                         

        p1.start()                                                           

        print(p1.pid)                                                        

        print(p1.name)     #如前面不定义name,默认process-1 etc                       

        p1.terminate()     #向操作系统发请求,关闭需要一点时间                                

        p1.join()                                                            

        print(p1.is_alive())                                                 

        print('')   

     

    from multiprocessing import Process                          

    import time,os                                               

                                                                 

    def task():                                                  

        print('self:%s parent:%s' %(os.getpid(),os.getppid()))   

        time.sleep(3)                                            

                                                                 

    if __name__ == '__main__':                                   

        p1=Process(target=task,)                                 

        p1.start()                                               

        print(p1.pid)                                            

    print('',os.getpid())   

     

    六、僵尸进程与孤儿进程

    unix系统中init是所有进程的爹;创建进程用fork,回收进程用waitpid

    僵尸进程(有害:占用pid):子代先于父代终结,其部分信息(pid等)没有从系统中删除,需要父代回收。join中含有回收子代信息的功能。

    孤儿进程(无害):父代先于子代终结,子代终结后的部分信息由init代收。

     

    from multiprocessing import Process                      

    import time,os                                           

                                                             

    def task(n):                                             

        print('%s is running' %n)                            

        time.sleep(n)                                        

                                                             

    if __name__ == '__main__':                               

        p1=Process(target=task,args=(1,))                    

        p1.start()                                           

        p1.join()     # join中含有回收子代信息的功能(wait                                       

        print('======',os.getpid())                         

        time.sleep(10000)                                    

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/yangli0504/p/8930957.html
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