JavaWeb总结(四)—JSP深入解析

一、JSP域对象

1.JSP属性范围(域对象范围)

JSP提供了四个域对象，分别是pageContext、request、session、application。

pageContext: 属性范围仅限于当前JSP页面。一个属性只能在一个页面取得，跳转到其他页面无法取得。

request: 属性作用范围仅限于同一个请求。一个页面中设置的属性，只要经过了服务器的跳转，跳转之后的页面都可以继续取得。

session: 存储在session对象中的属性可以被属于同一个会话的所有Servlet和JSP页面访问。浏览器打开到关闭称作一次会话。

application: 存储在application对象中的属性可以被同一个Web应用程序的所有Servlet和JSP页面访问。

2.域对象的相关方法

(1)setAttribute()

设置属性的方法。之前所讲解的四种属性范围，实际上都是通过pageContext属性范围设置上的。打开pageContext所在的说明文档。

PageContext类继承了JspContext类，在JspContext类中定义了setAttribute方法，如下：

此方法中存在一个scope的整型变量，此变量就表示一个属性的保存范围。

后面有一个int类型的变量，在PageContext中可以发现有4种。

    public static final int PAGE_SCOPE = 1;

    public static final int REQUEST_SCOPE = 2;

    public static final int SESSION_SCOPE = 3;
 
    public static final int APPLICATION_SCOPE = 4;

这个setAttribute()方法如果不写后面的int类型的scope参数，则此参数默认为PAGE_SCOPE，则此时setAttribute()方法设置的就是page属性范围，如果传递过来的int类型参数scope为REQUEST_SCOPE，则此时setAttribute()方法设置的就是request属性范围，同理，传递的scope参数为SESSION_SCOPE和APPLICATION_SCOPE时，则表示setAttribute()方法设置的就是session属性范围和application属性范围。

(2)getAttribute(String name)

获取指定的属性。

(3)getAttributeNames()

获取所有属性名字组成的Enumeration对象。

(2)removeAttribute(String name)

移除指定的属性。

二、请求转发和重定向

1.用法

<html>
  <head>
    
    <title>My JSP 'hello.jsp' starting page</title>
    
  </head>
  
  <body>
  
	<form action="ForwardServlet">
		年龄： <input type="text" name="age"><br>
		<input type="submit" value="提交">
		
	</form>
	  
  </body>
</html>

ForwardServlet.java

public class ForwardServlet extends HttpServlet{

	public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req,HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException,IOException{
		
		String age = req.getParameter("age");
		System.out.println("ForwardServlet: age = " + age);
		
		//请求的转发
		//1.调用HttpServletRequest的getRequestDispatcher()方法获取RequestDispatcher对象。
		String path = "TestServlet";
		RequestDispatcher dispatcher = req.getRequestDispatcher("/" + path);
		//2.调用RequestDispatcher对象的forward()方法
		dispatcher.forward(req,resp);
	}

	public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req,HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException,IOException{
			doGet(req,resp);
	}

}

TestServlet.java

public class TestServlet extends HttpServlet{

	public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req,HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException,IOException{
		String age = req.getParameter("age");
		System.out.println("TestServlet: age = " + age);
	}

	public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req,HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException,IOException{
			doGet(req,resp);
	}

}

结果:

ForwardServlet: age = 123
TestServlet: age = 123

如果把ForwardServlet内部重定向到TestServlet。

public class ForwardServlet extends HttpServlet{

	public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req,HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException,IOException{
		
		String age = req.getParameter("age");
		System.out.println("ForwardServletage = " + age);
		
		//请求的重定向
		String path = "TestServlet";
		resp.sendRedirect(path);
	}

	public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req,HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException,IOException{
			doGet(req,resp);
	}

}

结果:

ForwardServletage = 23
TestServlet: age = null

sendRedirect 方法不仅可以重定向到当前应用程序中的其他资源，它还可以重定向到同一个站点上的其他应用程序中的资源，甚至是使用绝对URL重定向到其他站点的资源。

如果传递给sendRedirect 方法的相对URL以“/”开头，则是相对于整个WEB站点的根目录，而不是相对于当前WEB应用程序的根目录。

2.区别

(1)请求转发:只向服务器发出一次请求。重定向: 向服务器发两次请求。

(2)请求转发: 调用者与被调用者之间共享相同的request对象。重定向: 调用者与被调用者使用各自的request和response对象，它们属于两个独立的请求和响应过程。

(3)请求转发:地址栏是初次发出请求的地址。重定向:地址栏不再是初次发送的请求地址，地址栏是最后响应的地址。

(4)请求转发: 只能将请求转发给同一个WEB应用中的组件。重定向: 可以重定向到同一个站点上的其他应用程序中的资源，甚至是使用绝对URL重定向到其他站点的资源。

(5)如果请求转发的相对URL以“/”开头，它是相对于整个WEB站点的根目录；如果重定向指定的相对URL以“/”开头，它是相对于当前WEB应用程序的根目录。

三、JSP指令

JSP指令的基本语法格式: <%@ 指令属性名=属性值 %>

eg: <%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=gb2312"%>

在目前JSP中，定义了page、include、taglib这三种指令，每种指令有都定义了一些各自的属性。

如果要在一个JSP页面设置同一条指令的多个属性，可以使用多条指令语句单独设置每个属性，也可以使用同一条语句设置该指令。

第一种方式:

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=gb2312"%>
<%@ page import="java.util.Date"%>

第二种方式:

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=gb2312" import="java.util.Date"%>

1.Page指令

JSP 2.0规范中定义的page指令的完整语法：

<%@ page 
	[ language="java" ] 
	[ extends="package.class" ] 
	[ import="{package.class | package.*}, ..." ] 
	[ session="true | false" ] 
	[ buffer="none | 8kb | sizekb" ] 
	[ autoFlush="true | false" ] 
	[ isThreadSafe="true | false" ] 
	[ info="text" ] 
	[ errorPage="relative_url" ] 
	[ isErrorPage="true | false" ] 
	[ contentType="mimeType [ ;charset=characterSet ]" | "text/html ; charset=ISO-8859-1" ] 
	[ pageEncoding="characterSet | ISO-8859-1" ] 
	[ isELIgnored="true | false" ] 
%>

(1)使用errorPage属性指明出错后跳转的错误页面

index.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ page errorPage="/error.jsp" %>

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
  <head>
    <title>测试page指令的errorPage属性</title>
  </head>
  <body>
  <%
		//这行代码肯定会出错，因为除数是0，一运行就会抛出异常
  		int x = 1 / 0;
  %>
  </body>
</html>

error.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
  <head>
    <title>My JSP 'error.jsp' starting page</title>
  </head>
  <body>
  	<h1><font color="red">对不起，出错了！！！</font></h1>
  </body>
</html>

结果:

(2)在web.xml使用<error-page>标签为整个web应用设置错误处理页面

可以在web.xml文件中使用<error-page>元素为整个Web应用程序设置错误处理页面。
<error-page>元素有3个子元素，<error-code>、<exception-type>、<location>
<error-code>: 指定错误的状态码，例如：<error-code>404</error-code>
<exception-type>: 指定异常类的完全限定名，例如：<exception-type>java.lang.ArithmeticException</exception-type>
<location>: 指定以“/”开头的错误处理页面的路径，例如：<location>/ErrorPage/404Error.jsp</location>
如果设置了某个JSP页面的errorPage属性，那么在web.xml文件中设置的错误处理将不对该页面起作用。

web.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app version="3.0" 
	xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" 
	xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee 
	http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd">
  <display-name></display-name>	
  <welcome-file-list>
    <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
  </welcome-file-list>
  
  
  <!-- 针对404错误处理页面 -->
  <error-page>
  	<error-code>404</error-code>
  	<location>/error404.jsp</location>
  </error-page>
  
</web-app>

error404.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
  <head>
    <title>My JSP 'error.jsp' starting page</title>
  </head>
  <body>
  	<h1><font color="red">各位看官，404哟</font></h1>
  </body>
</html>

当访问一个不存在的web资源时，就会跳转到在web.xml中配置的404错误处理页面

2.include指令

语法: <%@ include file="相对URL"%>。路径以"/"开头，代表当前Web应用。

include指令用于引入其它JSP页面，如果使用include指令引入了其它JSP页面，那么JSP引擎将把这两个JSP翻译成一个servlet。所以include指令引入通常也称之为静态引入。

include指令细节注意问题：

(1)被引入的文件必须遵循JSP语法。
(2)被引入的文件可以使用任意的扩展名，即使其扩展名是html，JSP引擎也会按照处理jsp页面的方式处理它里面的内容，为了见明知意，JSP规范建议使用.jspf（JSP fragments(片段)）作为静态引入文件的扩展名。
(3)由于使用include指令将会涉及到2个JSP页面，并会把2个JSP翻译成一个servlet，所以这2个JSP页面的指令不能冲突（除了pageEncoding和导包除外）。

head.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
  <head>
    <title>My JSP 'head.jsp' starting page</title>
  </head>
  
  <body>
  
  <h1><font color="red">这是网页首部</font> </h1>
  
  </body>
</html>

foot.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
  <head>
    <title>My JSP 'head.jsp' starting page</title>
  </head>
  
  <body>
  
  <h1><font color="blue">这是网页尾部</font> </h1>
  
  </body>
</html>

index.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
  <head>
    <title>test</title>
  </head>
  <body>
  
  	<%@ include file="/head.jsp" %>
  	<h1><font color="black">这是网页内容</font> </h1>
    <%@ include file="/foot.jsp" %>
  </body>
</html>

结果:

public final class index_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase
    implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent,
                 org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceImports {

  private static final javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory _jspxFactory =
          javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();

  private static java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> _jspx_dependants;

  static {
    _jspx_dependants = new java.util.HashMap<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long>(2);
    _jspx_dependants.put("/head.jsp", Long.valueOf(1460347479277L));
    _jspx_dependants.put("/foot.jsp", Long.valueOf(1460347481392L));
  }

  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_packages;

  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_classes;

  static {
    _jspx_imports_packages = new java.util.HashSet<>();
    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet");
    _jspx_imports_packages.add("java.util");
    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.http");
    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.jsp");
    _jspx_imports_classes = null;
  }

  private volatile javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;
  private volatile org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_instancemanager;

  public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> getDependants() {
    return _jspx_dependants;
  }

  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getPackageImports() {
    return _jspx_imports_packages;
  }

  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getClassImports() {
    return _jspx_imports_classes;
  }

  public javax.el.ExpressionFactory _jsp_getExpressionFactory() {
    if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
      synchronized (this) {
        if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
          _el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();
        }
      }
    }
    return _el_expressionfactory;
  }

  public org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_getInstanceManager() {
    if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
      synchronized (this) {
        if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
          _jsp_instancemanager = org.apache.jasper.runtime.InstanceManagerFactory.getInstanceManager(getServletConfig());
        }
      }
    }
    return _jsp_instancemanager;
  }

  public void _jspInit() {
  }

  public void _jspDestroy() {
  }

  public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)
      throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException {

    final java.lang.String _jspx_method = request.getMethod();
    if (!"GET".equals(_jspx_method) && !"POST".equals(_jspx_method) && !"HEAD".equals(_jspx_method) && !javax.servlet.DispatcherType.ERROR.equals(request.getDispatcherType())) {
      response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, "JSPs only permit GET POST or HEAD");
      return;
    }

    final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext;
    javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null;
    final javax.servlet.ServletContext application;
    final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config;
    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null;
    final java.lang.Object page = this;
    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null;
    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;


    try {
      response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
      pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,
      			null, true, 8192, true);
      _jspx_page_context = pageContext;
      application = pageContext.getServletContext();
      config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
      session = pageContext.getSession();
      out = pageContext.getOut();
      _jspx_out = out;

      out.write("
");
      out.write("
");
      out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
");
      out.write("<html>
");
      out.write("  <head>
");
      out.write("    <title>test</title>
");
      out.write("  </head>
");
      out.write("  <body>
");
      out.write("  
");
      out.write("  	");
      out.write("
");
      out.write("
");
      out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
");
      out.write("<html>
");
      out.write("  <head>
");
      out.write("    <title>My JSP 'head.jsp' starting page</title>
");
      out.write("  </head>
");
      out.write("  
");
      out.write("  <body>
");
      out.write("  
");
      out.write("  <h1><font color="red">这是网页首部</font> </h1>
");
      out.write("  
");
      out.write("
");
      out.write("  	<h1><font color="black">这是网页内容</font> </h1>
");
      out.write("    ");
      out.write("
");
      out.write("
");
      out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
");
      out.write("<html>
");
      out.write("  <head>
");
      out.write("    <title>My JSP 'head.jsp' starting page</title>
");
      out.write("  </head>
");
      out.write("  
");
      out.write("  <body>
");
      out.write("  
");
      out.write("  <h1><font color="blue">这是网页尾部</font> </h1>
");
      out.write("  
");
      out.write("  </body>
");
      out.write("</html>
");
      out.write("
");
      out.write("  </body>
");
      out.write("</html>
");
    } catch (java.lang.Throwable t) {
      if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){
        out = _jspx_out;
        if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)
          try {
            if (response.isCommitted()) {
              out.flush();
            } else {
              out.clearBuffer();
            }
          } catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
        if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);
        else throw new ServletException(t);
      }
    } finally {
      _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);
    }
  }
}

四、JSP标签

JSP的常用标签有三个: <jsp:include>、<jsp:forward>、<jsp:param>。

1.<jsp:include>标签

<jsp:include>标签用于把另外一个资源的输出内容插入进当前JSP页面的输出内容之中，这种在JSP页面执行时的引入方式称之为动态引入。
语法：<jsp:include page="relativeURL | <%=expression%>" flush="true|false" />
page属性用于指定被引入资源的相对路径，它也可以通过执行一个表达式来获得。
flush属性指定在插入其他资源的输出内容时，是否先将当前JSP页面的已输出的内容刷新到客户端。

index.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
  <head>
    <title>test</title>
  </head>
  <body>
  
  	<jsp:include page="/head.jsp"/>
  	<h1><font color="black">这是网页内容...</font> </h1>
  	<jsp:include page="/foot.jsp"/>
  </body>
</html>

结果:

注意:

这种动态包含并不像include指令生产一个Servlet源文件，而是生成两个Servlet源文件，然后通过一个方法的方式把目标页面包含起来。

public final class index_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase
    implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent,
                 org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceImports {

  private static final javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory _jspxFactory =
          javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();

  private static java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> _jspx_dependants;

  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_packages;

  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_classes;

  static {
    _jspx_imports_packages = new java.util.HashSet<>();
    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet");
    _jspx_imports_packages.add("java.util");
    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.http");
    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.jsp");
    _jspx_imports_classes = null;
  }

  private volatile javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;
  private volatile org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_instancemanager;

  public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> getDependants() {
    return _jspx_dependants;
  }

  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getPackageImports() {
    return _jspx_imports_packages;
  }

  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getClassImports() {
    return _jspx_imports_classes;
  }

  public javax.el.ExpressionFactory _jsp_getExpressionFactory() {
    if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
      synchronized (this) {
        if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
          _el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();
        }
      }
    }
    return _el_expressionfactory;
  }

  public org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_getInstanceManager() {
    if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
      synchronized (this) {
        if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
          _jsp_instancemanager = org.apache.jasper.runtime.InstanceManagerFactory.getInstanceManager(getServletConfig());
        }
      }
    }
    return _jsp_instancemanager;
  }

  public void _jspInit() {
  }

  public void _jspDestroy() {
  }

  public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)
      throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException {

    final java.lang.String _jspx_method = request.getMethod();
    if (!"GET".equals(_jspx_method) && !"POST".equals(_jspx_method) && !"HEAD".equals(_jspx_method) && !javax.servlet.DispatcherType.ERROR.equals(request.getDispatcherType())) {
      response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, "JSPs only permit GET POST or HEAD");
      return;
    }

    final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext;
    javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null;
    final javax.servlet.ServletContext application;
    final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config;
    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null;
    final java.lang.Object page = this;
    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null;
    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;


    try {
      response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
      pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,
      			null, true, 8192, true);
      _jspx_page_context = pageContext;
      application = pageContext.getServletContext();
      config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
      session = pageContext.getSession();
      out = pageContext.getOut();
      _jspx_out = out;

      out.write("
");
      out.write("
");
      out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
");
      out.write("<html>
");
      out.write("  <head>
");
      out.write("    <title>test</title>
");
      out.write("  </head>
");
      out.write("  <body>
");
      out.write("  
");
      out.write("  	");
      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.include(request, response, "/head.jsp", out, false);
      out.write("
");
      out.write("  	<h1><font color="black">这是网页内容...</font> </h1>
");
      out.write("  	");
      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.include(request, response, "/foot.jsp", out, false);
      out.write("
");
      out.write("  </body>
");
      out.write("</html>
");
    } catch (java.lang.Throwable t) {
      if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){
        out = _jspx_out;
        if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)
          try {
            if (response.isCommitted()) {
              out.flush();
            } else {
              out.clearBuffer();
            }
          } catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
        if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);
        else throw new ServletException(t);
      }
    } finally {
      _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);
    }
  }
}

2.<jsp:forward>标签

<jsp:forward>: 用于把请求转发给另外一个资源。
语法：<jsp:forward page="relativeURL | <%=expression%>" />
page属性用于指定请求转发到的资源的相对路径，它也可以通过执行一个表达式来获得。

3.<jsp:param>标签

当使用<jsp:include>和<jsp:forward>标签引入或将请求转发给其它资源时，可以使用<jsp:param>标签向这个资源传递参数。
语法1:

 <jsp:include page="relativeURL | <%=expression%>">
        <jsp:param name="parameterName" value="parameterValue|<%= expression %>" />
 </jsp:include>

语法2:

< jsp:forward page="relativeURL | <%=expression%>">
        <jsp:param name="parameterName" value="parameterValue|<%= expression %>" />
</jsp:forward >

<jsp:param>标签的name属性用于指定参数名，value属性用于指定参数值。在<jsp:include>和<jsp:forward>标签中可以使用多个<jsp:param>标签来传递多个参数。

tempHTML

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原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/yangang2013/p/5376438.html