• TypeScript


    es6中的类

    使用 class 定义类,使用 constructor 定义构造函数。通过 new 生成新实例的时候,会自动调用构造函数。

    class Animal {
        constructor(name) {
            this.name = name;
        }
        sayHi() {
            return `My name is ${this.name}`;
        }
    }
    
    let a = new Animal('Jack');
    console.log(a.sayHi()); // My name is Jack

    使用 extends 关键字实现继承,子类中使用 super 关键字来调用父类的构造函数和方法。

    class Cat extends Animal {
        constructor(name) {
            super(name); // 调用父类的 constructor(name)
            console.log(this.name);
        }
        sayHi() {
            return 'Meow, ' + super.sayHi(); // 调用父类的 sayHi()
        }
    }
    
    let c = new Cat('Tom'); // Tom
    console.log(c.sayHi()); // Meow, My name is Tom

    存取器

    使用 getter 和 setter 可以改变属性的赋值和读取行为:

    class Animal {
        constructor(name) {
            this.name = name;
        }
        get name() {
            return 'Jack';
        }
        set name(value) {
            console.log('setter: ' + value);
        }
    }
    
    let a = new Animal('Kitty'); // setter: Kitty
    a.name = 'Tom'; // setter: Tom
    console.log(a.name); // Jack

    静态方法

    使用 static 修饰符修饰的方法称为静态方法,它们不需要实例化,而是直接通过类来调用:

    class Animal {
        static isAnimal(a) {
            return a instanceof Animal;
        }
    }
    
    let a = new Animal('Jack');
    Animal.isAnimal(a); // true
    a.isAnimal(a); // TypeError: a.isAnimal is not a function

    es7中的类

    ES6 中实例的属性只能通过构造函数中的 this.xxx 来定义,ES7 提案中可以直接在类里面定义:

    class Animal {
        name = 'Jack';
    
        constructor() {
            // ...
        }
    }
    
    let a = new Animal();
    console.log(a.name); // Jack

    ES7 提案中,可以使用 static 定义一个静态属性:

    class Animal {
        static num = 42;
    
        constructor() {
            // ...
        }
    }
    
    console.log(Animal.num); // 42

    TypeScript 中类的用法

    TypeScript 可以使用三种访问修饰符(Access Modifiers),分别是 publicprivateprotected

    • public 修饰的属性或方法是公有的,可以在任何地方被访问到,默认所有的属性和方法都是 public

    • private 修饰的属性或方法是私有的,不能在声明它的类的外部访问

    • protected 修饰的属性或方法是受保护的,它和 private 类似,区别是它在子类中也是允许被访问的

      class Animal {
          public name;
          public constructor(name) {
              this.name = name;
          }
      }
      
      let a = new Animal('Jack');
      console.log(a.name); // Jack
      a.name = 'Tom';
      console.log(a.name); // Tom
      class Animal {
          private name;
          public constructor(name) {
              this.name = name;
          }
      }
      
      let a = new Animal('Jack');
      console.log(a.name); // Jack
      a.name = 'Tom';
      
      // index.ts(9,13): error TS2341: Property 'name' is private and only accessible within class 'Animal'.
      // index.ts(10,1): error TS2341: Property 'name' is private and only accessible within class 'Animal'.

      上面的例子编译后的代码是:

      var Animal = (function () {
          function Animal(name) {
              this.name = name;
          }
          return Animal;
      }());
      var a = new Animal('Jack');
      console.log(a.name);
      a.name = 'Tom';

      使用 private 修饰的属性或方法,在子类中也是不允许访问的:

      class Animal {
          private name;
          public constructor(name) {
              this.name = name;
          }
      }
      
      class Cat extends Animal {
          constructor(name) {
              super(name);
              console.log(this.name);
          }
      }
      
      // index.ts(11,17): error TS2341: Property 'name' is private and only accessible within class 'Animal'.

      而如果是用 protected 修饰,则允许在子类中访问:

      class Animal {
          protected name;
          public constructor(name) {
              this.name = name;
          }
      }
      
      class Cat extends Animal {
          constructor(name) {
              super(name);
              console.log(this.name);
          }
      }
      抽象类

      abstract 用于定义抽象类和其中的抽象方法。

      抽象类是不允许被实例化的:

      abstract class Animal {
          public name;
          public constructor(name) {
              this.name = name;
          }
          public abstract sayHi();
      }
      
      let a = new Animal('Jack');
      
      // index.ts(9,11): error TS2511: Cannot create an instance of the abstract class 'Animal'.

      抽象类中的抽象方法必须被子类实现:

      abstract class Animal {
          public name;
          public constructor(name) {
              this.name = name;
          }
          public abstract sayHi();
      }
      
      class Cat extends Animal {
          public eat() {
              console.log(`${this.name} is eating.`);
          }
      }
      
      let cat = new Cat('Tom');
      
      // index.ts(9,7): error TS2515: Non-abstract class 'Cat' does not implement inherited abstract member 'sayHi' from class 'Animal'.

      上面的例子中,我们定义了一个类 Cat 继承了抽象类 Animal,但是没有实现抽象方法 sayHi,所以编译报错了。下面是一个正确使用抽象类的例子:

      abstract class Animal {
          public name;
          public constructor(name) {
              this.name = name;
          }
          public abstract sayHi();
      }
      
      class Cat extends Animal {
          public sayHi() {
              console.log(`Meow, My name is ${this.name}`);
          }
      }
      
      let cat = new Cat('Tom');

      上面的例子中,我们实现了抽象方法 sayHi,编译通过了。需要注意的是,即使是抽象方法,TypeScript 的编译结果中,仍然会存在这个类,上面的代码的编译结果是:

      var __extends = (this && this.__extends) || function (d, b) {
          for (var p in b) if (b.hasOwnProperty(p)) d[p] = b[p];
          function __() { this.constructor = d; }
          d.prototype = b === null ? Object.create(b) : (__.prototype = b.prototype, new __());
      };
      var Animal = (function () {
          function Animal(name) {
              this.name = name;
          }
          return Animal;
      }());
      var Cat = (function (_super) {
          __extends(Cat, _super);
          function Cat() {
              _super.apply(this, arguments);
          }
          Cat.prototype.sayHi = function () {
              console.log('Meow, My name is ' + this.name);
          };
          return Cat;
      }(Animal));
      var cat = new Cat('Tom');

      给类加上 TypeScript 的类型很简单,与接口类似:

      class Animal {
          name: string;
          constructor(name: string) {
              this.name = name;
          }
          sayHi(): string {
            return `My name is ${this.name}`;
          }
      }
      
      let a: Animal = new Animal('Jack');
      console.log(a.sayHi()); // My name is Jack
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/xjy20170907/p/10883039.html
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