• 序列化组件


    一、Serializer

    1.序列化准备:

    模型层:models.py

    class User(models.Model):
        SEX_CHOICES = [
            [0, ''],
            [1, ''],
        ]
        name = models.CharField(max_length=64)
        pwd = models.CharField(max_length=32)
        phone = models.CharField(max_length=11, null=True, default=None)
        sex = models.IntegerField(choices=SEX_CHOICES, default=0)
        icon = models.ImageField(upload_to='icon', default='icon/default.jpg')
    
        class Meta:
            db_table = 'old_boy_user'
            verbose_name = '用户'
            verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    
        def __str__(self):
            return '%s' % self.name

    后台管理层:admin.py

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    admin.site.register(models.User)

    配置层:settings.py

    # 注册rest_framework
    INSTALLED_APPS = [
        # ...
        'rest_framework',
    ]
    
    # 配置数据库
    DATABASES = {
        'default': {
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
            'NAME': 'day70',
            'USER': 'root',
            'PASSWORD': '123'
        }
    }
    
    # media资源
    MEDIA_URL = '/media/'  # 后期高级序列化类与视图类,会使用该配置
    MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'media')  # media资源路径
    
    # 国际化配置
    LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans'
    TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'
    USE_I18N = True
    USE_L10N = True
    USE_TZ = False

    主路由:项目下urls.py

    urlpatterns = [
        # ...
        url(r'^api/', include('api.urls')),
    
        url(r'^media/(?P<path>.*)', serve, {'document_root': settings.MEDIA_ROOT}),
    ]

    子路由:应用下urls.py

    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^users/$', views.User.as_view()),
        url(r'^users/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.User.as_view()),
    ]

    2.序列化使用

    序列化层:api/serializers.py

    """
    1)设置需要返回给前台 那些model类有对应的 字段,不需要返回的就不用设置了
    2)设置方法字段,字段名可以随意,字段值有 get_字段名 提供,来完成一些需要处理在返回的数据
    """
    # 序列化组件 - 为每一个model类通过一套序列化工具类
    # 序列化组件的工作方式与django froms组件非常相似
    from rest_framework import serializers, exceptions
    from django.conf import settings
    
    from . import models
    
    class UserSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
        name = serializers.CharField()
        phone = serializers.CharField()
        # 序列化提供给前台的字段个数由后台决定,可以少提供,
        # 但是提供的数据库对应的字段,名字一定要与数据库字段相同
        # sex = serializers.IntegerField()
        # icon = serializers.ImageField()
    
        # 自定义序列化属性
        # 属性名随意,值由固定的命名规范方法提供:
        #       get_属性名(self, 参与序列化的model对象)
        #       返回值就是自定义序列化属性的值
        gender = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
        def get_gender(self, obj):
            # choice类型的解释型值 get_字段_display() 来访问
            return obj.get_sex_display()
    
    
        icon = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
        def get_icon(self, obj):
            # settings.MEDIA_URL: 自己配置的 /media/,给后面高级序列化与视图类准备的
            # obj.icon不能直接作为数据返回,因为内容虽然是字符串,但是类型是ImageFieldFile类型
            return '%s%s%s' % (r'http://127.0.0.1:8000', settings.MEDIA_URL, str(obj.icon))

    视图层

    """
    1)从数据库中将要序列化给前台的model对象,或是对个model对象查询出来
        user_obj = models.User.objects.get(pk=pk) 或者
        user_obj_list = models.User.objects.all()
    2)将对象交给序列化处理,产生序列化对象,如果序列化的是多个数据,要设置many=True
        user_ser = serializers.UserSerializer(user_obj) 或者
        user_ser = serializers.UserSerializer(user_obj_list, many=True)
    3)序列化 对象.data 就是可以返回给前台的序列化数据
        return Response({
            'status': 0,
            'msg': 0,
            'results': user_ser.data
        })
    """
    class User(APIView):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            pk = kwargs.get('pk')
            if pk:
                try:
                    # 用户对象不能直接作为数据返回给前台
                    user_obj = models.User.objects.get(pk=pk)
                    # 序列化一下用户对象
                    user_ser = serializers.UserSerializer(user_obj)
                    # print(user_ser, type(user_ser))
                    return Response({
                        'status': 0,
                        'msg': 0,
                        'results': user_ser.data
                    })
                except:
                    return Response({
                        'status': 2,
                        'msg': '用户不存在',
                    })
            else:
                # 用户对象列表(queryset)不能直接作为数据返回给前台
                user_obj_list = models.User.objects.all()
                # 序列化一下用户对象
                user_ser_data = serializers.UserSerializer(user_obj_list, many=True).data
                return Response({
                    'status': 0,
                    'msg': 0,
                    'results': user_ser_data
                })

    二、ModelSerializer

    配置:settings.py

    INSTALLED_APPS = [
        # ...
        'rest_framework',
    ]
    ​
    DATABASES = {
        'default': {
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
            'NAME': 'dg_proj',
            'USER': 'root',
            'PASSWORD': '123',
        }
    }
    """
    任何__init__文件
    import pymysql
    pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()
    """
    ​
    LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans'
    TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'
    USE_I18N = True
    USE_L10N = True
    USE_TZ = False
    ​
    MEDIA_URL = '/media/'
    MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'media')
    View Code

    路由

    #
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from django.contrib import admin
    from django.views.static import serve
    from django.conf import settings
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
        url(r'^api/', include('api.urls')),
        url(r'^media/(?P<path>.*)', serve, {'document_root': settings.MEDIA_ROOT}),
    ]
    ​
    ​
    #
    from django.conf.urls import url
    from . import views
    urlpatterns = [
        
    ]
    View Code

    多表设计

    """ Book表:name、price、img、authors、publish、is_delete、create_time
    
    Publish表:name、address、is_delete、create_time Author表:name、age、is_delete、create_time
    
    AuthorDetail表:mobile, author、is_delete、create_time BaseModel基表 is_delete、create_time 上面四表继承基表,可以继承两个字段 """

    基表

    class BaseModel(models.Model): is_delete = models.BooleanField(default=False) create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    
    # 设置 abstract = True 来声明基表,作为基表的Model不能在数据库中形成对应的表
    class Meta:
        abstract = True

    断关联多表关系

    """ 1、外键位置: 一对多 - 外键放多的一方
           一对一 - 从逻辑正反向考虑,如作者表与作者详情表,作者删除级联删除详情,详情删除作者依旧存在,所以建议外键在详情表中 
          多对多 - 外键在关系表中
       2、ORM正向方向连表查找:
          正向:通过外键字段 eg: author_detial_obj.author
          反向:通过related_name的值 eg:author_obj.detail 
                                         注:依赖代码见下方 
       3、连表操作关系:
         1)作者删除,详情级联 - on_delete=models.CASCADE
         2)作者删除,详情置空 - null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL 
         3)作者删除,详情重置 - default=0, on_delete=models.SET_DEFAULT 
         4)作者删除,详情不动 - on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING
                                   注:拿作者与作者详情表举例 
       4、外键关联字段的参数 - 如何实现 断关联、目前表间操作关系、方向查询字段 
         i)作者详情表中的 author = models.OneToOneField( to='Author', related_name='detail', db_constraint=False, on_delete=models.CASCADE )
        ii)图书表中的
     publish = models.ForeignKey(
        to='Publish',
        related_name='books',
        db_constraint=False,
        on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING,
    )
    authors = models.ManyToManyField(
        to='Author'
        related_name='books',
        db_constraint=False,
    )
    注:ManyToManyField不能设置on_delete,OneToOneField、ForeignKey必须设置on_delete(django1.x系统默认级联,但是django2.x必须手动明确)
    """

    model类

    from django.db import models
    
    图书管理系统:Book、Author、AuthorDetail、Publish
    
    """ Book表: name、price、img、authors、publish、is_delete、create_time Publish表: name、address、is_delete、create_time Author表: name、age、is_delete、create_time AuthorDetail表: mobile, author、is_delete、create_time """
    
    class BaseModel(models.Model): is_delete = models.BooleanField(default=False) create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    
    # 作为基表的Model不能在数据库中形成对应的表,设置 abstract = True
    class Meta:
        abstract = True
    class Book(BaseModel): """name、price、img、authors、publish、is_delete、create_time""" name = models.CharField(max_length=64) price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2) img = models.ImageField(upload_to='img', default='img/default.jpg') publish = models.ForeignKey( to='Publish', db_constraint=False, # 断关联 related_name='books', # 反向查询字段:publish_obj.books 就能访问所有出版的书 on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING, # 设置连表操作关系 ) authors = models.ManyToManyField( to='Author', db_constraint=False, related_name='books' )
    
    # 序列化插拔式属性 - 完成自定义字段名完成连表查询
    @property
    def publish_name(self):
        return self.publish.name
    ​
    @property
    def author_list(self):
        return self.authors.values('name', 'age', 'detail__mobile').all()
    ​
    class Meta:
        db_table = 'book'
        verbose_name = '书籍'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name
    class Publish(BaseModel): """name、address、is_delete、create_time""" name = models.CharField(max_length=64) address = models.CharField(max_length=64)
    
    class Meta:
        db_table = 'publish'
        verbose_name = '出版社'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name
    class Author(BaseModel): """name、age、is_delete、create_time""" name = models.CharField(max_length=64) age = models.IntegerField()
    
    class Meta:
        db_table = 'author'
        verbose_name = '作者'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name
    class AuthorDetail(BaseModel): """mobile, author、is_delete、create_time""" mobile = models.CharField(max_length=11) author = models.OneToOneField( to='Author', db_constraint=False, related_name='detail', on_delete=models.CASCADE, )
    
    class Meta:
        db_table = 'author_detail'
        verbose_name = '作者详情'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    def __str__(self):
        return '%s的详情' % self.author.name
     
    View Code

    序列化

    序列化层:api/serializers.py

    from rest_framework.serializers import ModelSerializer, SerializerMethodField from rest_framework.exceptions import ValidationError from . import models
    
    class PublishModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = models.Publish fields = ('name', 'address')
    
    class BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): # 了解: 该方式设置的序列化字段,必须在fields中声明 # publish_address = SerializerMethodField() # def get_publish_address(self, obj): # return obj.publish.address
    
    # 自定义连表深度 - 子序列化方式 - 该方式不能参与反序列化,使用在序列化反序列化共存时,不能书写
    publish = PublishModelSerializer()
    ​
    class Meta:
        # 序列化类关联的model类
        model = models.Book
        # 参与序列化的字段
        fields = ('name', 'price', 'img', 'author_list', 'publish')
    ​
        # 了解知识点
        # 所有字段
        # fields = '__all__'
        # 与fields不共存,exclude排除哪些字段
        # exclude = ('id', 'is_delete', 'create_time')
        # 自动连表深度
        # depth = 1

    视图层:api/views.py

    # 序列化
    class Book(APIView):
        def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
            pk = kwargs.get('pk')
            if pk:
                try:
                    book_obj = models.Book.objects.get(pk=pk,is_delete=False)
                    book_data = serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data
                except:
                    return Response({
                        'status':1,
                        'msg':'书籍不存在'
                    })
            else:
                book_query = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all()
                book_data = serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_query,many=True).data
            return Response({
                'status':0,
                'msg':'ok',
                'results':book_data
            })

    路由层:api/urls.py

    urlpatterns = [ url(r'^books/$', views.Book.as_view()), url(r'^books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.Book.as_view()), ]

    反序列化

    序列化层:api/serializers.py

    # 反序列化
    class BookModelDeserializer(ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            fields = ('name','price','publish','authors')
            # extra_kwargs 用来完成反序列化字段 系统检测规则
            extra_kwargs = {
                'name':{
                    'required':True,
                    'min_length':1,
                    'error_messages':{
                        'required':'必填项',
                        'min_length':'太短',
                    }
                }
            }
            # 局部钩子
            def validate_name(self,value):
                if 'g' in value.lower():
                    raise ValidationError('该书不能出版')
                return value
            # 全局钩子
            def validate(self,attrs):
                publish = attrs.get('publish')
                name = attrs.get('name')
                if models.Book.objects.filter(name=name,publish=publish):
                    raise ValidationError({'book':'该书已存在'})
                return attrs

    视图层:api/views.py

        # 反序列化
        def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
            request_data = request.data
            book_ser = serializers.BookModelDeserializer(data=request_data)
            # raise_exception=True 当校验失败,马上终止当前视图方法
            book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
            book_obj = book_ser.save()
            return Response({
                'status':0,
                'msg':'ok',
                'results':serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data
            })

    路由层:api/urls.py

    urlpatterns = [ url(r'^books/$', views.Book.as_view()), url(r'^books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.Book.as_view()), ]

    序列化与反序列化整合(重点)

    """
    1) fields中设置所有序列化与反序列化字段
    2) extra_kwargs划分只序列化或只反序列化字段
        write_only:只反序列化
        read_only:只序列化
        自定义字段默认只序列化(read_only)
    3) 设置反序列化所需的 系统、局部钩子、全局钩子 等校验规则
    """

    序列化层:api/serializers.py

    class V2BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.Book
            fields = ('name', 'price', 'img', 'author_list', 'publish_name', 'publish', 'authors')
            extra_kwargs = {
                'name': {
                    'required': True,
                    'min_length': 1,
                    'error_messages': {
                        'required': '必填项',
                        'min_length': '太短',
                    }
                },
                'publish': {
                    'write_only': True
                },
                'authors': {
                    'write_only': True
                },
                'img': {
                    'read_only': True,
                },
                'author_list': {
                    'read_only': True,
                },
                'publish_name': {
                    'read_only': True,
                }
            }
    
        def validate_name(self, value):
            # 书名不能包含 g 字符
            if 'g' in value.lower():
                raise ValidationError('该g书不能出版')
            return value
    
        def validate(self, attrs):
            publish = attrs.get('publish')
            name = attrs.get('name')
            if models.Book.objects.filter(name=name, publish=publish):
                raise ValidationError({'book': '该书已存在'})
            return attrs

    视图层:api/views.py

        # 单增:传的数据是与model对应的字典
        # 群增:传的数据是 装多个 model对应字典 的列表
        def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
            request_data = request.data
            if isinstance(request_data,dict):
                many = False
            elif isinstance(request_data,list):
                many = True
            else:
                return Response({
                    'status':1,
                    'msg':'数据有误',
                })
            book_ser = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(data=request_data,many=many)
    
            book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
            book_result = book_ser.save()
            return Response({
                'status':0,
                'msg':'ok',
                'results':serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_result,many=many).data
            })
    
        # 单删:有pk
        # 群删:有pks   |  {"pks": [1, 2, 3]}
    
        def delete(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
            pk = kwargs.get('pk')
            if pk:
                pks = [pk]
            else:
                pks = request.data.get('pks')
            if models.Book.objects.filter(pk__in=pks,is_delete=False).update(is_delete=True):
                return Response({
                'status':0,
                'msg':'删除成功'
            })
            return Response({
                'status':1,
                'msg':'删除失败'
            })

    路由层:api/urls.py

    urlpatterns = [ url(r'^v2/books/$', views.V2Book.as_view()), url(r'^v2/books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.V2Book.as_view()), ]

    三、ListModelSerializer

    整体单改

    路由层、模型层、序列化层不需要做修改,只需要处理视图层:views.py

    """
    1) 单整体改,说明前台要提供修改的数据,那么数据就需要校验,校验的数据应该在实例化“序列化类对象”时,赋值给data
    2)修改,就必须明确被修改的模型类对象,并在实例化“序列化类对象”时,赋值给instance
    3)整体修改,所有校验规则有required=True的字段,都必须提供,因为在实例化“序列化类对象”时,参数partial默认为False
    
    
    注:如果partial值设置为True,就是可以局部改
    1)单整体修改,一般用put请求:
    V2BookModelSerializer(
        instance=要被更新的对象, 
        data=用来更新的数据,
        partial=默认False,必须的字段全部参与校验
    )
    2)单局部修改,一般用patch请求:
    V2BookModelSerializer(
        instance=要被更新的对象, 
        data=用来更新的数据,
        partial=设置True,必须的字段都变为选填字段
    )
        注:partial设置True的本质就是使字段 required=True 校验规则失效
    """
    class V2Book(APIView):
        # 单整体改: 对 v2/books/(pk)/ 传的数据是与model对应的字典{name|price|publish|authors}
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            request_data = request.data
            pk = kwargs.get('pk')
            old_book_obj = models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
            # 目的:将众多数据的校验交给序列化类来处理 - 让序列化类扮演反序列化角色,校验成功后,序列化类来帮你入库
            book_ser = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(instance=old_book_obj, data=request_data, partial=False)
            book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
            # 校验通过,完成数据的更新:要更新的目标,用来更新的新数据
            book_obj = book_ser.save()
    
            return Response({
                'status': 0,
                'msg': 'ok',
                'results': serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data
            })

    单与整体局部修改

    序列化层:serializers.py

    # 重点:ListSerializer与ModelSerializer建立关联的是:
    # ModelSerializer的Meta类的 - list_serializer_class
    class V2BookListSerializer(ListSerializer):
        def update(self, instance, validated_data):
            # print(instance)  # 要更新的对象们
            # print(validated_data)  # 更新的对象对应的数据们
            # print(self.child)  # 服务的模型序列化类 - V2BookModelSerializer
            for index, obj in enumerate(instance):
                self.child.update(obj, validated_data[index])
            return instance
        
    # 原模型序列化类变化
    class V2BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            # ...
            # 群改,需要设置 自定义ListSerializer,重写群改的 update 方法
            list_serializer_class = V2BookListSerializer
        # ...

    视图层:views.py

    class V2Book(APIView):
        # 单局部改:对 v2/books/(pk)/ 传的数据,数据字段key都是选填
        # 群局部改:对 v2/books/ 
        # 请求数据 - [{pk:1, name:123}, {pk:3, price:7}, {pk:7, publish:2}]
        def patch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            request_data = request.data
            pk = kwargs.get('pk')
    
            # 将单改,群改的数据都格式化成 pks=[要需要的对象主键标识] | request_data=[每个要修改的对象对应的修改数据]
            if pk and isinstance(request_data, dict):  # 单改
                pks = [pk, ]
                request_data = [request_data, ]
            elif not pk and isinstance(request_data, list): # 群改
                pks = []
                for dic in request_data:  # 遍历前台数据[{pk:1, name:123}, {pk:3, price:7}, {pk:7, publish:2}],拿一个个字典
                    pk = dic.pop('pk', None)
                    if pk:
                        pks.append(pk)
                    else:
                        return Response({
                            'status': 1,
                            'msg': '数据有误',
                        })
            else:
                return Response({
                    'status': 1,
                    'msg': '数据有误',
                })
    
            # pks与request_data数据筛选,
            # 1)将pks中的没有对应数据的pk与数据已删除的pk移除,request_data对应索引位上的数据也移除
            # 2)将合理的pks转换为 objs
            objs = []
            new_request_data = []
            for index, pk in enumerate(pks):
                try:
                    # pk对应的数据合理,将合理的对象存储
                    obj = models.Book.objects.get(pk=pk)
                    objs.append(obj)
                    # 对应索引的数据就需要保存下来
                    new_request_data.append(request_data[index])
                except:
                    # 重点:反面教程 - pk对应的数据有误,将对应索引的data中request_data中移除
                    # index = pks.index(pk)
                    # request_data.pop(index)
                    continue
    
            book_ser = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(instance=objs, data=new_request_data, partial=True, many=True)
            book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
            book_objs = book_ser.save()
    
            return Response({
                'status': 0,
                'msg': 'ok',
                'results': serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_objs, many=True).data
            })

    四、视图类传递参数给序列化类

     1)在视图类中实例化序列化对象时,可以设置context内容
     2)在序列化类中的局部钩子、全局钩子、create、update方法中,都可以用self.context访问视图类传递过来的内容
    
    
     需求:
     1) 在视图类中,可以通过request得到登陆用户request.user
     2) 在序列化类中,要完成数据库数据的校验与入库操作,可能会需要知道当前的登陆用户,但序列化类无法访问request
     3) 在视图类中实例化序列化对象时,将request对象传递进去

    视图层:views.py

    class Book(APIView):
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            book_ser = serializers.BookModelSerializer(data=request_data,context={'request':request})
            book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
            book_result = book_ser.save()
            return Response({
                'status': 0,
                'msg': 'ok',
                'results': serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_result).data
            })

    序列化层:serializers.py

    class BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.Book
            fields = ('name', 'price')
        def validate_name(self, value):
            print(self.context.get('request').method)
            return value
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/xiongying4/p/11687337.html
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