django DRF

DjangoRestFramework

1. 安装：

pip install djangorestframework

2. restful规范：

2.1 API与用户通信协议，总是使用https协议（我们现在用的大部分都是http）

2.2 域名

　　https://api.cainiao.com　　尽量将API部署在专用域名（会存在跨域问题）

　　https://cainiao.com/api/　　API很简单（推荐使用）

2.3 版本

　　URL，如：https://api.cainiao.com/v1/

　　存在跨域问题咱不慌，请往这里看=>：https://www.cnblogs.com/xingxingnbsp/p/10644135.html

2.4 路径，将网络上的所有东西都看成是资源，均使用名词表示（可以使用复数）

　　https://api.cainiao.com/v1/zoos

　　https://api.cainiao.com/v1/animls

　　https://api.cainiao.com/v1/employees

2.5 method（请求方式）

　　GET : 从服务器取出资源（一项或多项）

　　POST : 在服务器新建一个资源

　　PUT : 在服务器更新资源（客户端提供改变后的完整资源）

　　PATCH : 在服务器更新资源（客户端提供改变的属性）

　　DELETE : 从服务器删除资源

2.6 过滤，通过在url上传参的形式传递搜索条件

　　https://api.cainiao.com/v1/zoos?limit=10　　: 指定返回记录的数量

　　https://api.cainiao.com/v1/zoos?offset=10　 : 指定返回记录的数量

　　https://api.cainiao.com/v1/zoos?page=2&per_page=100　　: 指定第几页，以及每页的记录数

　　https://api.cainiao.com/v1/zoos?sortby=name&order=asc　 : 指定返回结果按照哪个属性排序，以及排序规则

2.7 状态码

　　200 OK - [GET]：服务器成功返回用户请求的数据，该操作是幂等的（Idempotent）。

　　201 CREATED - [POST/PUT/PATCH]：用户新建或修改数据成功。

　　202 Accepted - [*]：表示一个请求已经进入后台排队（异步任务）

　　204 NO CONTENT - [DELETE]：用户删除数据成功。

　　400 INVALID REQUEST - [POST/PUT/PATCH]：用户发出的请求有错误，服务器没有进行新建或修改数据的操作，该操作是幂等的。

　　401 Unauthorized - [*]：表示用户没有权限（令牌、用户名、密码错误）。

　　403 Forbidden - [*] 表示用户得到授权（与401错误相对），但是访问是被禁止的。

　　404 NOT FOUND - [*]：用户发出的请求针对的是不存在的记录，服务器没有进行操作，该操作是幂等的。

　　406 Not Acceptable - [GET]：用户请求的格式不可得（比如用户请求JSON格式，但是只有XML格式）。

　　410 Gone -[GET]：用户请求的资源被永久删除，且不会再得到的。

　　422 Unprocesable entity - [POST/PUT/PATCH] 当创建一个对象时，发生一个验证错误。

　　500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR - [*]：服务器发生错误，用户将无法判断发出的请求是否成功。

　　更多看这里：http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html

2.8 错误处理

{
    error:"lnvalid API key"
}

 

2.9 返回结果，针对不同操作，服务器向用户返回的结果应该符合以下规范。

　　GET/collection : 返回资源对象的列表（数组）

　　GET/collection/response : 返回单个资源对象

　　POST/collection : 返回新生成的资源对象

　　PUT/collection/response : 返回完整的资源对象

　　PATCH/collection/response ：返回完整的资源对象

　　DELETE/collection/response ：返回一个空文档

2.10 Hypermedia API，RESTful API最好做到Hypermedia，即返回结果中提供链接，连向其他API方法，使得用户不查文档，也知道下一步应该做什么。

{"link": {
  "rel":   "collection https://www.cainiao.com/zoos",
  "href":  "https://api.cainiao.com/zoos",
  "title": "List of zoos",
  "type":  "application/vnd.yourformat+json"
}}

 3. 配置文件（settings.py）

# django rest framework配置
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    
    # 解析器配置
    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES':[
        'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser'
        'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser'
        'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser'
    ]
    
    # 版本配置
    'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':"rest_framework.versioning.URLPathVersioning",
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',                # 默认版本
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],        # 允许的版本
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'                 # URL中获取值的key
    
    # 用户登录认证
    'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': None,
    'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,
    "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": ["web.utils.TestAuthentication",],
    
    # 用户权限验证
    "DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES": ["web.utils.TestPermission",],
    
    # 用户访问频率限制(匿名时用IP限制+登录时用Token限制)
   'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': [
        'api.utils.throttles.throttles.LuffyAnonRateThrottle',
        'api.utils.throttles.throttles.LuffyUserRateThrottle',
    ],
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
        'anon': '10/day',
        'user': '10/day',
        'luffy_anon': '10/m',
        'luffy_user': '20/m',
},

4.模块详细介绍：

4.1 认证模块,权限模块：

4.1.1 用户url传入的token认证：

urls.py：
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.viewsimport TestView
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
    from rest_framework.request import Request
    from rest_framework import exceptions
    token_list = [
        'sfsfss123kuf3j123',
        'asijnfowerkkf9812',
    ]
    class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
        def authenticate(self, request):
            """
                注释001
            """
            val = request.query_params.get('token')
            if val not in token_list:
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed("用户认证失败")
            return ('登录用户', '用户token')

        def authenticate_header(self, request):
            # 验证失败时，返回的响应头WWW-Authenticate对应的值
            pass

    class TestView(APIView):
        authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication, ]
        permission_classes = []

        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            print(request.user)
            print(request.auth)
            return Response('GET请求，响应内容')

        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')    

4.1.2 请求头认证:

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.viewsimport TestView
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
    ]
views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
    from rest_framework.request import Request
    from rest_framework import exceptions
    token_list = [
        'sfsfss123kuf3j123',
        'asijnfowerkkf9812',
    ]
    class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
        def authenticate(self, request):
            """
                注释001
            """
            import base64
            auth = request.META.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', b'')
            if auth:
                auth = auth.encode('utf-8')
            auth = auth.split()
            if not auth or auth[0].lower() != b'basic':
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('验证失败')
            if len(auth) != 2:
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('验证失败')
            username, part, password = base64.b64decode(auth[1]).decode('utf-8').partition(':')
            if username == 'alex' and password == '123':
                return ('登录用户', '用户token')
            else:
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('用户名或密码错误')
        def authenticate_header(self, request):
            return 'Basic realm=api'
                        
    class TestView(APIView):
        authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication, ]
        permission_classes = []
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            print(request.user)
            print(request.auth)
            return Response('GET请求，响应内容')

        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

4.1.3 多个认证规则:

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views.s2_auth import TestView
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
    ]
views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
    from rest_framework.request import Request
    from rest_framework import exceptions
    token_list = [
        'sfsfss123kuf3j123',
        'asijnfowerkkf9812',
    ]
    class Test1Authentication(BaseAuthentication):
        def authenticate(self, request):
            """
                注释001
            """
            import base64
            auth = request.META.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', b'')
            if auth:
                auth = auth.encode('utf-8')
            else:
                return None
            print(auth,'xxxx')
            auth = auth.split()
            if not auth or auth[0].lower() != b'basic':
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('验证失败')
            if len(auth) != 2:
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('验证失败')
            username, part, password = base64.b64decode(auth[1]).decode('utf-8').partition(':')
            if username == 'alex' and password == '123':
                return ('登录用户', '用户token')
            else:
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('用户名或密码错误')

        def authenticate_header(self, request):
            # return 'Basic realm=api'
            pass

    class Test2Authentication(BaseAuthentication):
        def authenticate(self, request):
            """
                注释001
            """
            val = request.query_params.get('token')
            if val not in token_list:
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed("用户认证失败")

            return ('登录用户', '用户token')

        def authenticate_header(self, request):
            pass

    class TestView(APIView):
        authentication_classes = [Test1Authentication, Test2Authentication]
        permission_classes = []

        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            print(request.user)
            print(request.auth)
            return Response('GET请求，响应内容')

        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

4.1.4 认证和权限:

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
    ]
views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
    from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission
    from rest_framework.request import Request
    from rest_framework import exceptions
    token_list = [
        'sfsfss123kuf3j123',
        'asijnfowerkkf9812',
    ]
    class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
        def authenticate(self, request):
            """
                注释001
            """
            val = request.query_params.get('token')
            if val not in token_list:
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed("用户认证失败")
            return ('登录用户', '用户token')

        def authenticate_header(self, request):
            pass

    class TestPermission(BasePermission):
        message = "权限验证失败"

        def has_permission(self, request, view):
            """
            判断是否有权限访问当前请求
            Return `True` if permission is granted, `False` otherwise.
            :param request: 
            :param view: 
            :return: True有权限；False无权限
            """
            if request.user == "管理员":
                return True

        # GenericAPIView中get_object时调用
        def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):
            """
            视图继承GenericAPIView，并在其中使用get_object时获取对象时，触发单独                对象权限验证
            Return `True` if permission is granted, `False` otherwise.
            :param request: 
            :param view: 
            :param obj: 
            :return: True有权限；False无权限
            """
            if request.user == "管理员":
                return True


    class TestView(APIView):
        # 认证的动作是由request.user触发
        authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication, ]

        # 权限
        # 循环执行所有的权限
        permission_classes = [TestPermission, ]

        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # self.dispatch
            print(request.user)
            print(request.auth)
            return Response('GET请求，响应内容')

        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

4.1.5 全局使用：

settings.py:
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': None,
        'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,
        "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": [
            "web.utils.TestAuthentication",
        ],
        "DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES": [
            "web.utils.TestPermission",
        ],
    }

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # self.dispatch
            print(request.user)
            print(request.auth)
            return Response('GET请求，响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

4.1.6 基于django-rest-framework的JWT认证(推荐使用):

安装：

pip install djangorestframework-jwt

配置：

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
   'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': (
       'rest_framework_jwt.authentication.JSONWebTokenAuthentication',    #新增
       'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication',
       'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication',
   ),
}
                 
JWT_AUTH = {
　　#JWT_EXPIRATION_DELTA 指明token的有效期
   'JWT_EXPIRATION_DELTA':datetime.timedelta(days=1),
}

使用：

from rest_framework_jwt.settings import api_settings
jwt_payload_handler = api_settings.JWT_PAYLOAD_HANDLER
jwt_encode_handler = api_settings.JWT_ENCODE_HANDLER
payload = jwt_payload_handler(user)
token = jwt_encode_handler(payload)

使用Django REST framework JWT进行用户登录：

from rest_framework_jwt.views import obtain_jwt_token
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^authorizations/$', obtain_jwt_token),
]

4.2 用户访问次数/频率限制:

4.2.1 基于用户IP限制访问频率:

urls.py
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
    ]
views.py:
    import time
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import exceptions
    from rest_framework.throttling import BaseThrottle
    from rest_framework.settings import api_settings
    # 保存访问记录
    RECORD = {
        '用户IP': [12312139, 12312135, 12312133, ]
    }

    class TestThrottle(BaseThrottle):
        ctime = time.time
        def get_ident(self, request):
            """
            根据用户IP和代理IP，当做请求者的唯一标识
            """
            xff = request.META.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR')
            remote_addr = request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
            num_proxies = api_settings.NUM_PROXIES
            if num_proxies is not None:
                if num_proxies == 0 or xff is None:
                    return remote_addr
                addrs = xff.split(',')
                client_addr = addrs[-min(num_proxies, len(addrs))]
                return client_addr.strip()

            return ''.join(xff.split()) if xff else remote_addr

        def allow_request(self, request, view):
            """
            是否仍然在允许范围内
            Return `True` if the request should be allowed, `False` otherwise.
            :param request: 
            :param view: 
            :return: True，表示可以通过；False表示已超过限制，不允许访问
            """
            # 获取用户唯一标识（如：IP）
            # 允许一分钟访问10次
            num_request = 10
            time_request = 60
            now = self.ctime()
            ident = self.get_ident(request)
            self.ident = ident
            if ident not in RECORD:
                RECORD[ident] = [now, ]
                return True
            history = RECORD[ident]
            while history and history[-1] <= now - time_request:
                history.pop()
            if len(history) < num_request:
                history.insert(0, now)
                return True

        def wait(self):
            """
            多少秒后可以允许继续访问
            Optionally, return a recommended number of seconds to wait before
            the next request.
            """
            last_time = RECORD[self.ident][0]
            now = self.ctime()
            return int(60 + last_time - now)

    class TestView(APIView):
        throttle_classes = [TestThrottle, ]
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # self.dispatch
            print(request.user)
            print(request.auth)
            return Response('GET请求，响应内容')
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
        def throttled(self, request, wait):
            """
            访问次数被限制时，定制错误信息
            """
            class Throttled(exceptions.Throttled):
                default_detail = '请求被限制.'
                extra_detail_singular = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'
                extra_detail_plural = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'
            raise Throttled(wait)

4.2.2 基于用户IP显示访问频率（利于Django缓存）:

settings.py:
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
        'test_scope': '10/m',
    },
}

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import exceptions
    from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle
    
    
    class TestThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
        # 配置文件定义的显示频率的Key
        scope = "test_scope"
    
        def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
            if not request.user:
                ident = self.get_ident(request)
            else:
                ident = request.user
            return self.cache_format % {
                'scope': self.scope,
                'ident': ident
            }
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        throttle_classes = [TestThrottle, ]
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # self.dispatch
            print(request.user)
            print(request.auth)
            return Response('GET请求，响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
    
        def throttled(self, request, wait):
            """
            访问次数被限制时，定制错误信息
            """
    
            class Throttled(exceptions.Throttled):
                default_detail = '请求被限制.'
                extra_detail_singular = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'
                extra_detail_plural = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'
    
            raise Throttled(wait)

4.2.3 view中限制请求频率:

settings.py:
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
            'xxxxxx': '10/m',
        },
    }

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
    ]

views.py:
    # !/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import exceptions
    from rest_framework.throttling import ScopedRateThrottle
    
    
    # 继承 ScopedRateThrottle
    class TestThrottle(ScopedRateThrottle):
        def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
            """
            应该返回一个惟一的缓存键，该缓存键可用于节流。
            必须覆盖。
            如果请求不应该被节流，可以返回“None”。
            """
            if not request.user:
                ident = self.get_ident(request)
            else:
                ident = request.user
    
            return self.cache_format % {
                'scope': self.scope,
                'ident': ident
            }
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        throttle_classes = [TestThrottle, ]
        # 在settings中获取 xxxxxx 对应的频率限制值
        throttle_scope = "xxxxxx"
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # self.dispatch
            print(request.user)
            print(request.auth)
            return Response('GET请求，响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
    
        def throttled(self, request, wait):
            """
            访问次数被限制时，定制错误信息
            """
    
            class Throttled(exceptions.Throttled):
                default_detail = '请求被限制.'
                extra_detail_singular = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'
                extra_detail_plural = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'
    
            raise Throttled(wait)

4.3.4 匿名时用IP限制+登录时用Token限制:

settings.py:
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': None,
        'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,
        'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
            'luffy_anon': '10/m',
            'luffy_user': '20/m',
        },
    }

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views.s3_throttling import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle
    
    
    class LuffyAnonRateThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
        """
        匿名用户，根据IP进行限制
        """
        scope = "luffy_anon"
    
        def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
            # 用户已登录，则跳过 匿名频率限制
            if request.user:
                return None
    
            return self.cache_format % {
                'scope': self.scope,
                'ident': self.get_ident(request)
            }
    
    
    class LuffyUserRateThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
        """
        登录用户，根据用户token限制
        """
        scope = "luffy_user"
    
        def get_ident(self, request):
            """
            认证成功时：request.user是用户对象；request.auth是token对象
            :param request: 
            :return: 
            """
            # return request.auth.token
            return "user_token"
    
        def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
            """
            获取缓存key
            :param request: 
            :param view: 
            :return: 
            """
            # 未登录用户，则跳过 Token限制
            if not request.user:
                return None
    
            return self.cache_format % {
                'scope': self.scope,
                'ident': self.get_ident(request)
            }
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        throttle_classes = [LuffyUserRateThrottle, LuffyAnonRateThrottle, ]
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # self.dispatch
            print(request.user)
            print(request.auth)
            return Response('GET请求，响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

4.3.5 全局使用

settings.py:
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': [
            'api.utils.throttles.throttles.LuffyAnonRateThrottle',
            'api.utils.throttles.throttles.LuffyUserRateThrottle',
        ],
        'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
            'anon': '10/day',
            'user': '10/day',
            'luffy_anon': '10/m',
            'luffy_user': '20/m',
        },
    }

4.3 版本控制：

4.3.1 基于url的get传参方式(如：/users?version=v1):

settings.py:
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',  # 默认版本
        'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],  # 允许的版本
        'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'  # URL中获取值的key
    }

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.versioning import QueryParameterVersioning
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        versioning_class = QueryParameterVersioning
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # 获取版本
            print(request.version)
            # 获取版本管理的类
            print(request.versioning_scheme)
            # 反向生成URL
            reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
            print(reverse_url)
            return Response('GET请求，响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

4.3.2 基于url的正则方式(如：/v1/users/):

settings.py:
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',  # 默认版本
        'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],  # 允许的版本
        'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'  # URL中获取值的key
    }

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^(?P<version>[v1|v2]+)/test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.versioning import URLPathVersioning
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        versioning_class = URLPathVersioning
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # 获取版本
            print(request.version)
            # 获取版本管理的类
            print(request.versioning_scheme)
            # 反向生成URL
            reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
            print(reverse_url)
            return Response('GET请求，响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

4.3.3 基于 accept 请求头方式(如：Accept: application/json; version=1.0):

settings.py:
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',  # 默认版本
        'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],  # 允许的版本
        'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'  # URL中获取值的key
    }

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.versioning import AcceptHeaderVersioning
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        versioning_class = AcceptHeaderVersioning
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # 获取版本 HTTP_ACCEPT头
            print(request.version)
            # 获取版本管理的类
            print(request.versioning_scheme)
            # 反向生成URL
            reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
            print(reverse_url)
            return Response('GET请求，响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

4.3.4 基于主机名方法(如：v1.example.com):

settings.py:
    ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',  # 默认版本
        'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],  # 允许的版本
        'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'  # URL中获取值的key
    }

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.versioning import HostNameVersioning
    class TestView(APIView):
        versioning_class = HostNameVersioning
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # 获取版本
            print(request.version)
            # 获取版本管理的类
            print(request.versioning_scheme)
            # 反向生成URL
            reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
            print(reverse_url)
            return Response('GET请求，响应内容')
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

4.3.5  基于django路由系统的namespace(如：example.com/v1/users/):

settings.py:
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',  # 默认版本
        'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],  # 允许的版本
        'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'  # URL中获取值的key
    }

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^v1/', ([url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'), ], None, 'v1')),
        url(r'^v2/', ([url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'), ], None, 'v2')),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.versioning import NamespaceVersioning
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        versioning_class = NamespaceVersioning
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # 获取版本
            print(request.version)
            # 获取版本管理的类
            print(request.versioning_scheme)
            # 反向生成URL
            reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
            print(reverse_url)
            return Response('GET请求，响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

4.3.6 全局使用:

settings.py:
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':"rest_framework.versioning.URLPathVersioning",
        'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',
        'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],
        'VERSION_PARAM': 'version' 
    }

4.4 解析器（parser）:(根据请求头 content-type 选择对应的解析器就请求体内容进行处理。)

4.4.1 仅处理请求头content-type为application/json的请求体:

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views.s5_parser import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.request import Request
    from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        parser_classes = [JSONParser, ]
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            print(request.content_type)
            # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
            print(request.data)
            # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，                        request.POST中才有值
            print(request.POST)
            print(request.FILES)
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

4.4.2 仅处理请求头content-type为application/x-www-form-urlencoded 的请求体:

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.request import Request
    from rest_framework.parsers import FormParser
    class TestView(APIView):
        parser_classes = [FormParser, ]
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            print(request.content_type)
            # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
            print(request.data)
            # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，                        request.POST中才有值
            print(request.POST)
            print(request.FILES)
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

4.4.3 仅处理请求头content-type为multipart/form-data的请求体

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.request import Request
    from rest_framework.parsers import MultiPartParser
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        parser_classes = [MultiPartParser, ]
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            print(request.content_type)
            # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
            print(request.data)
            # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，                        request.POST中才有值
            print(request.POST)
            print(request.FILES)
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')


upload.html:
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang = "en">
    <head>
        <meta charset = "UTF-8">
        <title> Title </title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <form action = "http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/" method = "post" enctype = "multipart/form-data">
    　　<input type = "text" name = "user"/>
    　　<input type = "file" name = "img">
    　　<input type = "submit" value = "提交">
    </form>
    </body>
    </html>

4.4.4 仅上传文件:

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/(?P<filename>[^/]+)', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.request import Request
    from rest_framework.parsers import FileUploadParser
    class TestView(APIView):
        parser_classes = [FileUploadParser, ]
        def post(self, request, filename, *args, **kwargs):
            print(filename)
            print(request.content_type)
            # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
            print(request.data)
            # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，                        request.POST中才有值
            print(request.POST)
            print(request.FILES)
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

upload.html:
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <form action="http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/f1.numbers" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
        <input type="text" name="user" />
        <input type="file" name="img">
        <input type="submit" value="提交">
    </form>
    </body>
    </html>

4.4.5 同时多个Parser(当同时使用多个parser时，rest framework会根据请求头content-type自动进行比对，并使用对应parser)

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.request import Request
    from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser, FormParser, MultiPartParser
    class TestView(APIView):
        parser_classes = [JSONParser, FormParser, MultiPartParser, ]
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            print(request.content_type)
            # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
            print(request.data)
            # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，                        request.POST中才有值
            print(request.POST)
            print(request.FILES)
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

4.4.6 全局使用:

settings.py:
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES':[
            'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser'
            'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser'
            'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser'
        ]
    }

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    class TestView(APIView):
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            print(request.content_type)
            # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
            print(request.data)
            # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，                        request.POST中才有值
            print(request.POST)
            print(request.FILES)
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

4.5 序列化（序列化用于对用户请求数据进行验证和数据进行序列化。）

4.5.1 自定义字段:

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .. import models
    
    
    class PasswordValidator(object):
        def __init__(self, base):
            self.base = base
    
        def __call__(self, value):
            if value != self.base:
                message = 'This field must be %s.' % self.base
                raise serializers.ValidationError(message)
    
        def set_context(self, serializer_field):
            """
            This hook is called by the serializer instance,
            prior to the validation call being made.
            """
            # 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象
            pass
    
    
    class UserSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
        ut_title = serializers.CharField(source='ut.title')
        user = serializers.CharField(min_length=6)
        pwd = serializers.CharField(error_messages={'required': '密码不能为空'}, validators=[PasswordValidator('666')])
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # 序列化，将数据库查询字段序列化为字典
            data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
            ser = UserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True)
            # 或
            # obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
            # ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)
            return Response(ser.data)
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # 验证，对请求发来的数据进行验证
            ser = UserSerializer(data=request.data)
            if ser.is_valid():
                print(ser.validated_data)
            else:
                print(ser.errors)
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

4.5.2 基于Model自动生成字段:

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .. import models
    class PasswordValidator(object):
        def __init__(self, base):
            self.base = str(base)

        def __call__(self, value):
            if value != self.base:
                message = 'This field must be %s.' % self.base
                raise serializers.ValidationError(message)
        def set_context(self, serializer_field):
            """
            This hook is called by the serializer instance,
            prior to the validation call being made.
            """
            # 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象
            pass

    class ModelUserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        user = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
            # fields = ['user', 'pwd', 'ut']
            depth = 2
            extra_kwargs = {'user': {'min_length': 6}, 'pwd': {'validators':                                     [PasswordValidator(666), ]}}
            # read_only_fields = ['user']

    class TestView(APIView):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # 序列化，将数据库查询字段序列化为字典
            data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
            ser = ModelUserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True)
            # 或
            # obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
            # ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)
            return Response(ser.data)
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # 验证，对请求发来的数据进行验证
            print(request.data)
            ser = ModelUserSerializer(data=request.data)
            if ser.is_valid():
                print(ser.validated_data)
            else:
                print(ser.errors)

            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

4.5.3 生成URL:

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
        url(r'detail/(?P<pk>d+)/', TestView.as_view(), name='detail'),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .. import models
    class PasswordValidator(object):
        def __init__(self, base):
            self.base = str(base)
        def __call__(self, value):
            if value != self.base:
                message = 'This field must be %s.' % self.base
                raise serializers.ValidationError(message)
        def set_context(self, serializer_field):
            """
            This hook is called by the serializer instance,
            prior to the validation call being made.
            """
            # 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象
            pass

    class ModelUserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        ut = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='detail')
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
            extra_kwargs = {
                'user': {'min_length': 6},
                'pwd': {'validators': [PasswordValidator(666),]},
            }
    class TestView(APIView):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # 序列化，将数据库查询字段序列化为字典
            data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
            ser = ModelUserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True, context={'request': request})
            # 或
            # obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
            # ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)
            return Response(ser.data)
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # 验证，对请求发来的数据进行验证
            print(request.data)
            ser = ModelUserSerializer(data=request.data)
            if ser.is_valid():
                print(ser.validated_data)
            else:
                print(ser.errors)
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

4.5.4 自动生成URL:

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
        url(r'detail/(?P<pk>d+)/', TestView.as_view(), name='xxxx'),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .. import models
    class PasswordValidator(object):
        def __init__(self, base):
            self.base = str(base)

        def __call__(self, value):
            if value != self.base:
                message = 'This field must be %s.' % self.base
                raise serializers.ValidationError(message)
        def set_context(self, serializer_field):
            """
            This hook is called by the serializer instance,
            prior to the validation call being made.
            """
            # 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象
            pass

    class ModelUserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
        ll = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='xxxx')
        tt = serializers.CharField(required=False)
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
            list_serializer_class = serializers.ListSerializer
            extra_kwargs = {
                'user': {'min_length': 6},
                'pwd': {'validators': [PasswordValidator(666), ]},
                'url': {'view_name': 'xxxx'},
                'ut': {'view_name': 'xxxx'},
            }
    class TestView(APIView):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # # 序列化，将数据库查询字段序列化为字典
            data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
            ser = ModelUserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True, context={'request': request})
            # # 如果Many=True
            # # 或
            # # obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
            # # ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)
            return Response(ser.data)
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # 验证，对请求发来的数据进行验证
            print(request.data)
            ser = ModelUserSerializer(data=request.data)
            if ser.is_valid():
                print(ser.validated_data)
            else:
                print(ser.errors)
            return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

4.6 分页:

4.6.1 根据页码进行分页:

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from rest_framework import routers
    from web.views import s9_pagination

    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', s9_pagination.UserViewSet.as_view()),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .. import models
    from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination
    class StandardResultsSetPagination(PageNumberPagination):
        # 默认每页显示的数据条数
        page_size = 1
        # 获取URL参数中设置的每页显示数据条数
        page_size_query_param = 'page_size'
        # 获取URL参数中传入的页码key
        page_query_param = 'page'
        # 最大支持的每页显示的数据条数
        max_page_size = 1

    class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"

    class UserViewSet(APIView):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id')
            # 实例化分页对象，获取数据库中的分页数据
            paginator = StandardResultsSetPagination()
            page_user_list = paginator.paginate_queryset(user_list, self.request, view=self)
            # 序列化对象
            serializer = UserSerializer(page_user_list, many=True)
            # 生成分页和数据
            response = paginator.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
            return response

4.6.2 位置和个数进行分页:

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import s9_pagination
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', s9_pagination.UserViewSet.as_view()),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .. import models
    from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination,LimitOffsetPagination
    class StandardResultsSetPagination(LimitOffsetPagination):
        # 默认每页显示的数据条数
        default_limit = 10
        # URL中传入的显示数据条数的参数
        limit_query_param = 'limit'
        # URL中传入的数据位置的参数
        offset_query_param = 'offset'
        # 最大每页显得条数
        max_limit = None

    class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"

    class UserViewSet(APIView):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id')
            # 实例化分页对象，获取数据库中的分页数据
            paginator = StandardResultsSetPagination()
            page_user_list = paginator.paginate_queryset(user_list, self.request, view=self)
            # 序列化对象
            serializer = UserSerializer(page_user_list, many=True)
            # 生成分页和数据
            response = paginator.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
            return response

4.6.3 游标分页:

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import s9_pagination
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', s9_pagination.UserViewSet.as_view()),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .. import models
    from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination, LimitOffsetPagination, CursorPagination
    
    
    class StandardResultsSetPagination(CursorPagination):
        # URL传入的游标参数
        cursor_query_param = 'cursor'
        # 默认每页显示的数据条数
        page_size = 2
        # URL传入的每页显示条数的参数
        page_size_query_param = 'page_size'
        # 每页显示数据最大条数
        max_page_size = 1000
        # 根据ID从大到小排列
        ordering = "id"
    
    
    class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
    
    
    class UserViewSet(APIView):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id')
            # 实例化分页对象，获取数据库中的分页数据
            paginator = StandardResultsSetPagination()
            page_user_list = paginator.paginate_queryset(user_list, self.request, view=self)
            # 序列化对象
            serializer = UserSerializer(page_user_list, many=True)
            # 生成分页和数据
            response = paginator.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
            return response

4.7 路由系统:

4.7.1 自定义路由:

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import s11_render
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
        url(r'^test.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
        url(r'^test/(?P<pk>[^/.]+)/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
        url(r'^test/(?P<pk>[^/.]+).(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$', s11_render.TestView.as_view())
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from .. import models
    class TestView(APIView):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            print(kwargs)
            print(self.renderer_classes)
            return Response('...')

4.7.2 半自动路由:

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import s10_generic
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list', 'post': 'create'})),
        url(r'^test/(?P<pk>d+)/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view(
                    {'get': 'retrieve', 'put': 'update', 'patch': 'partial_update', 'delete': 'destroy'})),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .. import models
    class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"

    class UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):
        queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        serializer_class = UserSerializer

4.7.3 全自动路由:

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from rest_framework import routers
    from web.views import s10_generic
    
    router = routers.DefaultRouter()
    router.register(r'users', s10_generic.UserViewSet)
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^', include(router.urls)),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .. import models
    
    
    class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
    
    
    class UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):
        queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        serializer_class = UserSerializer

4.8 视图:

4.8.1 GenericViewSet:

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views.s7_viewset import TestView
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/', TestView.as_view({'get':'list'}), name='test'),
        url(r'detail/(?P<pk>d+)/', TestView.as_view({'get':'list'}), name='xxxx'),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework import viewsets
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    class TestView(viewsets.GenericViewSet):
        def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('...')
        def add(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            pass
        def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            pass
        def edit(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            pass

4.8.2 ModelViewSet（自定义URL）:

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import s10_generic
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list', 'post': 'create'})),
        url(r'^test/(?P<pk>d+)/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view(
                    {'get': 'retrieve', 'put': 'update', 'patch': 'partial_update', 'delete': 'destroy'})),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .. import models
    class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"

    class UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):
        queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        serializer_class = UserSerializer

4.8.3 ModelViewSet（rest framework路由）:

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from rest_framework import routers
    from app01 import views
    router = routers.DefaultRouter()
    router.register(r'users', views.UserViewSet)
    router.register(r'groups', views.GroupViewSet)
    # Wire up our API using automatic URL routing.
    # Additionally, we include login URLs for the browsable API.
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^', include(router.urls)),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework import viewsets
    from rest_framework import serializers
    
    
    class UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.User
            fields = ('url', 'username', 'email', 'groups')
    
    
    class GroupSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.Group
            fields = ('url', 'name')
    
    
    class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
        """
        API endpoint that allows users to be viewed or edited.
        """
        queryset = User.objects.all().order_by('-date_joined')
        serializer_class = UserSerializer
    
    
    class GroupViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
        """
        API endpoint that allows groups to be viewed or edited.
        """
        queryset = Group.objects.all()
        serializer_class = GroupSerializer

4.9 渲染器:

4.9.1 简介：

　　根据 用户请求URL 或 用户可接受的类型，筛选出合适的 渲染组件。

　　用户请求URL：

　　　　http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=json

　　　　http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.json

　　用户请求头：

　　　　Accept:text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8

4.9.2 json：　

　　访问URL：

　　　　http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=json

　　　　http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.json

　　　　http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/ 

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import s11_render
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
        url(r'^test.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
    from .. import models
    
    
    class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        renderer_classes = [JSONRenderer, ]
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
            ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=True)
            return Response(ser.data)

4.9.3 表格:

　　访问URL：

　　　　http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=admin

　　　　http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.admin

　　　　http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/ 

views.py:
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from rest_framework.renderers import AdminRenderer
    from .. import models
    class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"

    class TestView(APIView):
        renderer_classes = [AdminRenderer, ]
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
            ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=True)
            return Response(ser.data)

4.9.4 Form表单:　

　　访问URL：

　　　　http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=form

　　　　http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.form

　　　　http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/ 

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
    from rest_framework.renderers import AdminRenderer
    from rest_framework.renderers import HTMLFormRenderer
    from .. import models
    class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"

    class TestView(APIView):
        renderer_classes = [HTMLFormRenderer, ]
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
            ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=False)
            return Response(ser.data)

4.9.5 自定义显示模板:

　　访问URL：

　　　　http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=html

　　　　http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.html

　　　　http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/

urls.py:
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import s11_render
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
        url(r'^test.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
    ]

views.py:
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from rest_framework.renderers import TemplateHTMLRenderer
    from .. import models
    
    
    class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        renderer_classes = [TemplateHTMLRenderer, ]
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
            ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=False)
            return Response(ser.data, template_name='user_detail.html')


userdetail.html:
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang = "en">
    <head>
        <meta charset = "UTF-8">
        <title> Title </title>
    </head>
    <body>
        {{user}}
        {{pwd}}
        {{ut}}
    </body>
    </html>

4.9.5 浏览器格式API+JSON:

　　访问URL：

　　　　http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=api

　　　　http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.api

　　　　http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/ 

views.py:
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
    from rest_framework.renderers import BrowsableAPIRenderer
    from .. import models

    class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"

    class CustomBrowsableAPIRenderer(BrowsableAPIRenderer):
        def get_default_renderer(self, view):
            return JSONRenderer()

    class TestView(APIView):
        renderer_classes = [CustomBrowsableAPIRenderer, ]
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
            ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=False)
            return Response(ser.data, template_name='user_detail.html')

注意：如果同时多个存在时，自动根据URL后缀来选择渲染器。