/******************************************************************/
//Preparing data and maps
//
/******************************************************************/
Map viewing and data editing tasks that are performed in the field are quite different than those performed in the office. Form（形式；外形） factor of the mobile device (including display resolution, key, rocker and/or stylus interaction), device memory and storage constraints, and the physical conditions in field tasks will be performed (direct sunlight, rain, darkness) can influence the design of your mobile map. Therefore it is extremely important that you design mobile maps with purpose and consider the workflows, tasks and devices that the maps will be used with.
This topic illustrates some key design considerations and details how mobile applications work with ArcGIS map symbology.
在野外操作地图浏览和数据编辑工作和这些在室内操作的是很大的不同的。移动设备的外形因素，设备的内存和存储限制以及野外任务运行的物理条件，可以影响你的移动地图的设计。因此你应该有目的的去设计地图，考虑工作流，任务以及使用地图的设备。
本章介绍了一些关键的设计考虑点和mobile 应用程序如何和Maobile程序如何和ArcGIS 符号工作的详细信息。
Design For Purpose
When designing a mobile map it is critical that you consider the tasks and workflows that will be performed in the field, where and when the application will be used (work environment conditions), and the vocabulary（词汇, 词汇量） or terminology（术语，术语学） used by the field worker. All of these factors will dictate（规定，要求） what layers of information are important for visualization, navigation and collection/update in the field.
When working through the design of your mobile map you should also consider how it will be deployed and managed in the field. Most mobile maps are composed of 2 primary types of layers – base map layers and operational layers.
设计用途
当设计一个移动的地图，至关重要的是，你要考虑它的任务和在野外执行的工作流，程序工作的地点和工作的时间（工作环境条件），以及野外工作人员使用术语的词汇量。所有的这些因素将会规定什么样的图层信息对可视化、导航、野外的收集和更新是重要的，
当对移动地图进行设计工作的时候，你应该考虑地图在野外是如何展示和管理的。大多数的移动地图都有两个主要类型的图层组成—基础地图图层和操作地图。
Base map layers provide reference information used for visualization and/or navigation purposes (aerial imagery, streets, land parcel boundaries, etc). Base map layers are maintained by other departments within the enterprise or are acquired（取得，获得；学到） or purchased（买，购买 n.购买，购买的物品） from an external source. There is no need to synchronize base map layers so they can be provisioned（供应；预备；条款[ pl.]给养，口粮） onto mobile devices independent of a specific field project.
Using the Create Mobile Base Map Geoprocessing Tool that is a part of ArcGIS Desktop, you can build a base map dataset that can be provisioned onto mobile devices. Start by designing your mobile map with all layers that need to be displayed and/or updated in the field. Then using the geoprocessing tool, you can input the map document, choose which layers are base map layers , and create a new folder full of base map data. It is important to note that the spatial reference of your base map must match the spatial reference of the map you publish as a service.
基础地图提供参考信息用于可视化、导航目的。基础底图由企业的其他部门进行维护或者从外部的资源中获取或者购买。没有必要同步基础地图图层，因此他们可以向移动设备提供，并且独立于特殊领域的项目。
使用超级移动基础地图地理处理工具，你可以创建一个基础地图数据集，并可以向移动设备提供基础数据集，并且这个地图处理工具是ArcGISDesktop的一个组成部分。开始使用所有需要在野外展示或者更新的图层来设计的移动地图。然后使用地理处理工具，你可以输入地图文档，选择那些图层作为基础地图图层，并为全部的基础地图数据创建一个新的文件夹。主要的是要注意你的基础地图的空间参考必须要和你发布为服务的地图的空间参考相匹配。
Operational map layers include layers that are updated in the field and/or provide information that may change during the course（课程；过程；做法；路线） of a field project. Operational map layers are published as a GIS service and can be synchronized between the mobile device and a server. Using ArcGIS Mobile you can post changes that are made from the field to the GIS Server and you can receive changes that are made either in the office or by others while in the field.
Once you have designed your mobile map and created a base map dataset from reference layers, it is recommended that you remove the base map layers from your map document and publish only operational layers as a map service with mobile data access capabilities. Furthermore（而且、此外）, you can provision mobile devices with a mobile service cache by running the Generate Mobile Service Geoprocessing tool. It uses that map server connection as input and will create a mobile service cache folder full of data that you can then copy to your mobile device.
可以操作的地图图层包含在野外用于更新的地图图层，或者其提供的信息在野外的工程操作中可能会改变的图层。可操作的地图图层被发布为一个GIS服务并且可以在移动设备和服务器之间保持同步。使用ArcGIS Mbile 你可以将在野外生成的改变发送到GIS服务器端，并且你还可以接受改变，这些改变可以来自室内，也可以来自室外。
一旦你设计了你的移动地图，并从参考的图层创建了一个基础地图数据集，建议你从你的地图文档上面移除所有的基础地图图层，然后仅仅将操作的地图图层发布为一个服务，并且这个地图服务具有访问移动数据的能力。 此外，你还可以向移动设备提供一个移动服务缓存，它是通过运行Generate Mobile Service Geoprocessing工具生成的。 它使用地图服务器连接作为一个输入，还将创建一个移动服务缓存文件夹，里面充满了你可以拷贝到移动设备上的地图数据。
Regardless of whether or not you start with an existing map or you are creating a new map from scratch（拼凑的）, you will need to consider factors such as the work environment conditions, display resolution of the device that you are taking to the field and the orientation of the device display (landscape（风景；风景画） or portrait（肖像，画像）), symbols chosen to represent features (mobile devices do not support all of the symbols and styles that ArcGIS Desktop provides to you), and layer scale dependency.
不管你是使用一个现存的地图或者用拼凑创建的地图，你都需要考虑一些因素，比如：工作环境条件，你将要带到野外的设备的分辨率和设备展示的目标（比如：风景画或肖像），选择的符号代表要素（移动设备不支持所有的由ArcGIS Desktop提供给你的符号和样式），以及图层比例依赖。
Work Environment Conditions
The field work environment may include intense（强烈的） sunlight, rain or subzero snow conditions. Lighting conditions have a direct impact on the colors and symbols you choose when designing your map. In the office you are designing maps under ideal conditions. The artificial light and large monitors used in the office enable the use of a wide range of colors and symbols. Unfortunately this is something that you solve by trial and error. As a general guideline, design background layers as transparent as possible. The key to designing a successful mobile map is contrast（对比；反差 vt.对比 vi.(with)形成对比） and simplicity. If you have to display parcels, districts, or any area-based feature as background information, try your best not to fill the polygon. Use grey tones（色调） as much as you can and limit the amount of text that you need to display.
工作环境条件
野外的工作环境包括强烈的光线，下雨、或者零下下雪的条件。 光线条件对设计地图时图标和颜色的选择有着直接的影响。 在办公室内，你是在良好光照条件下设计地图。 在办公室内使用的人造灯光和大的显示器让对颜色和图表有很大的选择范围。 不幸的是，这些是你在实验或者错误情况下的解决方法。 作为一个公用的准则，尽最大可能的设计背景图层为透明。成功设计一个移动地图的关键是对比和简约。 如果你必须展示包裹、区域、或者任何基于区域的要素作为背景信息，尽最大的努力不要去填充多边形。 尽可能多的使用灰色的色调、显示你需要展示的文本的数量。
|
Bad mobile map |
Good mobile map |
Device Form Factors
You need to think about the form factor of the mobile device you are targeting with your application and what format maps will be displayed in (portrait or landscape). Most Pocket PC’s have a resolution（分辨率） of 320 x 240. The monitor you are designing maps on is most likely 1024 x 780 or 1280 x 1024 or even higher. Resolution has a direct impact on scale dependency. It is very important to add scale dependency to the layers in your map so that you display layer content only when its needed. This improves the clarity（清晰、明了） of your maps and more importantly it reduces the time it takes to draw the map.
You should set a visible scale for each layer so that It is important to note that the Mobile SDK does not honor the reference scale you set on a map so symbols will not scale as you zoom in and out on your map. When designing for the device form factor, it is recommended that you shrink the size of the map display in ArcMap to mimic the size of the device and set scale dependency accordingly. Note that the Mobile SDK does not honor the reference scale set on the map, so symbols will not scale as you zoom in or out on the map display. You need to take this into consideration when determining the appropriate marker symbol size and line symbol thickness.
设备外形因素
你需要考虑运行你应用程序的移动设备外形的因素和在设备里面展示什么格式的地图（风景、肖像）。大所述的Pocket PC有一个320*240的分辨率。 而你设计地图的显示器的分辨率很有可能是1024*768或者1280 x 1024或者更高的分辨率。分辨率对依赖的比例尺有直接的影响。 非常重要的添加比例到你地图中的图层，所以当需要的时候，你才展示图层内容。这个提高了你的地图的清晰度，最重要的是它减少了绘制地图的时间。
你应该为每一个图层设置一个显示比例，因此，一个很重要的地方是：Mobile SDK没有honor 你在地图上设置的参考比例，所以图标不会随着你的地图的方法和缩小而在地图上改变她的显示。当你在定义标记符号大小属性或者线符号的宽度的时候需要将这些东西考虑在内。
Map Symbology
The symbols you choose to display geographic information will determine how effective the map is in your mobile application. If you are rebuilding an existing application or if paper maps are used in the field then try to use symbols that are familiar to the field worker if possible. Keep the symbols you choose simple and remember that contrast is important in conveying the right information on your map. The challenge is that you are designing your mobile map using a Desktop application that is meant for authoring maps to other Desktop or web applications - not field applications.
Symbology in ArcGIS can be categorized（分类） into the following types of symbols – marker symbols, line symbols, fill symbols, and text symbols. The Mobile SDK support of ArcGIS Symbols is listed below.
The Mobile framework supports the following:
地图符号
你选择的用来展示图形信息的符号将会决定你的移动程序中地图的有效性。如果你正在修改一个现有的应用程序或者在野外使用纸质的地图，然么就尽可能试着使用野外工作人员熟悉的符号。保持你选择的符号简约并且要记住对比对于在你的地图上面展示正确的信息是非常重要的。当前的挑战是使用一个桌面的程序设计你的移动地图，这意味着authoring 地图到其他的桌面应用程序或者web应用程序---而不是野外程序。
Symbology 在ArcGIS中可以被分为以下几类符号，标记符号、线符号、填充符号以及文本符号。 Mobile SDK支持的ArcGIS 符号在下面列出：
Mobile 框架支持下面符号：
Marker Symbols
The mobile framework rasterizes marker symbols on the server and ships a bitmap representation（描写；表现(法)） to the client device. That means that all marker symbol types are supported. However it is important to note that the map’s reference scale is not supported so you need to choose a size based upon the scale at which the point feature is to be display at.
标记符号
Mobile 框架在服务器上rasterizes标记符号，装运一个bitmap符号到客户设备，这就意味着所有的标记符号类型都支持。 尽管很重要知道地图的参考比例是不支持的，所以你需要选择一个size，这个size基于一个展示Feature 的比例。
Line Symbols
When using line symbology, it is important to keep the symbols you choose for your mobile map simple both for map clarity and for performance reasons.
The Mobile Framework supports simple line symbols, character line symbols, and hash line symbols but it does not support marker line symbols and it does not support line decorations like arrows on the endpoint of lines for example.
线符号
当使用线符号的时候，非常重要是保持你为你的mobile地图选择的线符号要简单、即为了地图的干净也为了地图性能的原因。
Mobile 框架支持简单的线图形，字符线图形，以及hash 线图形，但是他不支持标记线图形，也不支持线装饰，比如：线结尾处的箭头装饰。
Fill Symbols
Where possible, you should avoid using a fill symbol for polygons that you draw on a mobile device as it often adds complexity to your map that is not needed on a mobile device.
The Mobile Framework supports simple fill symbols only. It also supports layered polygon symbols where the outline line symbol chosen may be a character or hash line symbol. The framework does not support other fill symbols types (Picture Fill Symbols, Marker Fill Symbols, Line Fill Symbols).
填充样式
如果有可能，你应该避免为你在一个移动设备上绘制的多边形填充符号，因为它常常为你的地图添加复杂性，而这些复杂的东西不是在移动设备上需要的。
移动框架仅仅支持简单的填充符号。 它也支持图层多边形符号，这些多边形选择的外围线可能是一个字符或者是一个hash 线符号。Mobile框架不支持其他的填充符号类型（图形填充符号、标记填充符号、线填充符号）
Text Symbols
The mobile framework supports both labeling on a layer in ArcMap and annotation that is stored in a geodatabase in a mobile map. When labeling a mobile map, it is important to consider the font you choose and how it looks on the device you are authoring the map for. The text rotation angle is also important. For example, Tahoma
The Map control has a property that controls whether or not rotate labels. By default this property is set to False for Pocket PC and Smartphone platforms.
文本符号
Mobile 框架支持在ArcMap中在一个图层上标注文本和注释保存在一个移动地图的地理数据库中。当在标注一个移动地图，考虑你选择的字体和在设备的展示的样式是非常重要的。文本选择的角度也是非常重要的。比如：Tahoma
字体的Justification是不支持的。
Geodatabase Annotation is supported in mobile maps. However support is limited to text only. If you have callouts or graphics in your annotation feature, only the text will be displayed.
地理数据库注释在移动地图上面是支持的。尽管支持仅仅限制于文本。 如果在你的注释要素上面有callouts或者图形，那么仅仅现实文本。
Data Considerations
Field maps often composed one or two editable layers and a larger number of background layers. For example, pole inspection（检查，细看） maps often contain both pole, transformer and transmission layers which may be updated in the field. Inspection maps also include parcel or block boundaries, street centerlines, address information, and even imagery as supportive background information. Since both the layer information and the actual data is cached on the device, it is important that for performance and storage reasons that all background data is as small and as simple as possible. To simplify background data, first consider if the background layer is required to complete the field task that the application is designed for.
If background layers are required, use simple symbology to represent features, use the generalization tools in ArcGIS Desktop to simplify the shape of background layers.
数据考虑
野外地图经常composed 一个或者多个编辑图层和很大数量的背景图层。比如：pole 检查地图经常包含pole transformer 和 transmission图层，这些图层可能在野外被更新。 检查地图也包括包括或者块边界，街道中心线，地址信息甚至图形都作为背景西信息 。 因为图层信息和真实数据缓存在设备中，所以重要的是：为了性能和存储的原因，所有的背景数据都尽可能的小和简单。为了简化背景数据，如果背景图层需要，第一个要考虑的是完成程序设计的野外任务。
如果背景图层要求，使用简单的symbology代替features，在ArcGIS Desktop使用generalization 工具简化背景图层的shape
Supported Layer and Data Types
Field editing tasks on a mobile device are often quite simple and as such the map cache does not replicate the full geodatabase data model and therefore only a subset of the map layer types are supported. They include the following:
支持的图层和数据类型
移动设备上的野外编辑任务通常都是非常简单的，地图缓存不会复制所有的地理数据模型，因此，只有一系列的地图图层类型支持，他们包括在下面：
|
ArcGIS Layer Type |
Supported |
Notes |
|
Feature Layer (Point, Line, Polygon) |
Yes |
|
|
Raster Layers |
Yes |
|
|
Annotation Layer |
Yes |
Text only support. Scale dependency is not supported at the subclass level. |
|
Map Graphics Layer |
No |
Graphic objects stored on the map display are not supported. |
|
Geoprocessing Tool Layer |
Yes |
The output of the geoprocessing tool is supported. |
|
IMS Feature Layer |
Yes |
|
|
Image Service Layers (ArcIMS, ArcWebServices) |
No |
Image service layers are not supported. |
|
CAD Feature Layer |
Yes |
CAD entities represented as point, line and polygon feature layers are supported. |
|
CAD Layer File, CAD Annotation Layer |
No |
CAD text and the layer file itself is not supported. |
|
Raster Catalog Layer |
No |
|
|
Topology Layer |
No |
Feature layers that participate in a topology are supported. |
|
Archive Layer |
Yes |
|
|
Network Analysis Layers |
No |
Network analysis layers are dynamic and results are stored in memory. They are not supported. |
|
Data Interoperability Layers |
Yes |
All direct read layers are supported. |
|
WMS Layer |
No |
Using the Data Interoperability Extension WMS is supported. |
|
WFS Layer |
Yes |
Using Data Interoperability Extension only |
|
OGC Layer |
Yes |
Using the Data Interoperability Extension only. |
|
Terrain Layer |
No |
Breaklines and Mass Points feature layers are supported. |
|
Tin Layer |
No |
|
|
Coverage Annotation Layers |
No |
|
|
Dimension Layer |
No |
|
|
Tracking Layer |
No |
|
|
Representation Layer |
No |
Feature layers cannot use representation rendering functionality. Overrides are not supported. |
|
Schematics Layer |
No |
|