初试API(数据库操作接口CRUD)
现在我们进入交互式python命令行,尝试一下django为你创建的各种API,通过以下命令打开python命令行:
py -3 manage.py shell进入python命令行
D:djangomysite>py -3 manage.py shell
Python 3.7.3 (v3.7.3:ef4ec6ed12, Mar 25 2019, 22:22:05) [MSC v.1916 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
我们使用这个命令而不是简单的使用”python”是因为manage.py会设置DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE环境变量,这个变量会让django根据mysite/settings.py文件来设置python包的导入路径
当我们成功进入命令行后,来试试database API:
命令行下初始化模型类并查询:
#导入模型类
>>> from polls.models import Choice, Question
#查询模型类数据
>>> Question.objects.all()
<QuerySet []>
#创建Question类对象
#在django的默认配置文件中,时区time zones已经被启用
#pub_date字段需要待时区信息(tzinfo)的时间,所以要使用timezone.now(),而不是
#datetiem.datetime.now(),这方便于进行时区的切换后时间的展示
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> q = Question(question_text="What's new?", pub_date=timezone.now())
>>> q.save()
>>> q.id
1
>>> q.question_text
"What's new?"
>>> q.pub_date
datetime.datetime(2019, 10, 4, 10, 4, 45, 113879, tzinfo=<UTC>)
>>> q.pub_text = "What's up?"
>>> q.save()
>>> Question.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Question: Question object (1)>]>
>>>
<Question: Question object (1)>对于我们了解这个对象的细节没什么帮助。让我们通过编辑question模型的代码(polls/models.py中)来修复这个问题。
给Question和Choice增加__str__()方法。
给模型添加__str__()方法
polls/models.py:
from django.db import models # Create your models here. class Question(models.Model): question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200) pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published') def __str__(self): return self.question_text class Choice(models.Model): question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE) choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200) votes = models.IntegerField(default=0) def __str__(self): return self.choice_text
给模型增加__str__()方法很重要,这不仅仅能给你在命令行里使用带来方便,django自动生成的admin里也使用这个方法表示对象。
注意:这些都是常规的python方法,让我们添加一个自定义的方法,进行演示:
from django.db import models from django.utils import timezone import datetime # Create your models here. class Question(models.Model): question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200) pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published') def __str__(self): return self.question_text def was_published_recently(self): return self.pub_date >= timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
新加入的import datetime和from django.utils import timezone分别导入了python的标准datetime模块和django中和时区相关的django.utils.timezone工具模块。
保存文件然后通过python manage.py shell命令再次打开python交互命令行:
再次查询
>>> from polls.models import Choice, Question
#查询Question类所有对象,查看__str__()是否起作用
Question.objects.all()查询所有Question对象
>>> Question.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Question: What's new?>]>
Question.objects.filter(id=1)查询id为1的
>>> Question.objects.filter(id=1)
<QuerySet [<Question: What's new?>]>
Question.objects.filter(question_text__startswith='What')查询前缀是What的
#startswith前面是两个下划线
>>> Question.objects.filter(question_text__startswith='What')
<QuerySet [<Question: What's new?>]>
from django.utils import timezone引入时区对象
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> current_year = timezone.now().year
>>> current_year
2019
Question.objects.get(pub_date__year=current_year)
#查找发布时间是今年的问题
>>> Question.objects.get(pub_date__year=current_year)
<Question: What's new?>
Question.objects.get(id=2)按id查询
#查找没有的会报错
>>> Question.objects.get(id=2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
…
polls.models.Question.DoesNotExist: Question matching query does not exist.
django提供主键查询的缩写格式pk=1
Question.objects.get(pk=1)
#
>>> Question.objects.get(pk=1)
<Question: What's new?>
>>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1)
q.was_published_recently()调用实例方法
>>> q.was_published_recently()
True
q.choice_set.create()给question对象添加choice关系对象
我们给question对象添加几个Choice类的关系对象。
q.choice_set.create()中的create方法构造一个新的Choice实例对象,操作insert语句,把Choice实例对象添加到可用的choice对象的集合中,并返回新的Choice实例对象
django会创建一个集合,这个集合用来存储外键关系的”另一侧”的对象,例如question对象的关系的另一侧:choice(选项),之后就可以通过数据库操作API访问到这个写关系对象
q.choice_set.all()查看question的choice选项,用choice_set返回QuerySet对象,可以继续操作查询
#开始时choice关系对象是空
>>> q.choice_set.all()
<QuerySet []>
创建三个choice关系对象
>>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Not much', votes=0)
<Choice: Not much>
>>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='The sky', votes=0)
<Choice: The sky>
>>> c = q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Just hacking again', votes=0)
c.question查看choice对象的question关系对象
>>> c.question
<Question: What's new?>
#再次查询question对象的choice关系对象
>>> q.choice_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Just hacking again>]>
q.choice_set.count()查看关系对象的数量
>>> q.choice_set.count()
3
API会按照你的需要自动的处理关联关系,使用双下划线分隔关系,你想要多少层就可以有多少层,没有限制
下面的例子是找到选项(choice)对应的所有问题,筛选其中发布日期是在今年的所有对象
重用在上面建的current_year变量
c.delete()删除对象
Choice.objects.filter(question__pub_date__year=current_year)
>>> Choice.objects.filter(question__pub_date__year=current_year)
<QuerySet [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Just hacking again>]>
>>> c = q.choice_set.filter(choice_text__startswith='Just hacking')
>>> c
<QuerySet [<Choice: Just hacking again>]>
>>> c.delete()
(1, {'polls.Choice': 1})
>>> c
<QuerySet []>
>>> q.choice_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>]>
>>> Choice.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>]>
>>>
timezone.now()
>>> timezone.now()
datetime.datetime(2019, 10, 5, 2, 20, 10, 762960, tzinfo=<UTC>)
>>> tz = timezone.now()
tz.year
>>> tz.year
2019
tz.month
>>> tz.month
10
tz.day
>>> tz.day
5
tz.hour
>>> tz.hour
2
tz.minute
>>> tz.minute
20
tz.second
>>> tz.second
22
tz.tzinfo
>>> tz.tzinfo
<UTC>