Swift Tour

设置常数使用let，设置变量使用var

var myVariable = 42
myVariable = 50
let myConstant = 42

编译器可以自己推断出变量类型因此不用显式限定。

如果没有赋初值或信息不足以让编译器判断，则可以通过冒号显式声明：

let implicitInteger = 70
let implicitDouble = 70.0
let explicitDouble: Double = 70

任何变量类型都不可以隐式转换，所有变量之间的转换都为显式：

let label = "The width is "
let width = 94
let widthLabel = label + String(width)

对于String的转换，有一种更简单的方法：

let apples = 3
let oranges = 5
let appleSummary = "I have (apples) apples."
let fruitSummary = "I have (apples + oranges) pieces of fruit."

Dictionary和List：

var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "tulips", "blue paint"]
shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"
 
var occupations = [
    "Malcolm": "Captain",
    "Kaylee": "Mechanic",
]
occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"

初始化：

let emptyArray = [String]()
let emptyDictionary = [String: Float]()

如果类型相对固定，可以使用[]或[:]创建空的list和dictionary：

shoppingList = []
occupations = [:]

for if语句：

let individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12]
var teamScore = 0
for score in individualScores {
    if score > 50 {
        teamScore += 3
    } else {
        teamScore += 1
    }
}
print(teamScore)

需要注意，由于没有隐式转换，所以直接用数字当比较条件会报错。

但是在optional变量时，可以使用let和if一起判断是否optional变量存在

var optionalString: String? = "Hello"
print(optionalString == nil)
 
var optionalName: String? = "John Appleseed"
var greeting = "Hello!"
if let name = optionalName {
    greeting = "Hello, (name)"
}

对于optional变量，还可以通过??赋予默认值：

let nickName: String? = nil
let fullName: String = "John Appleseed"
let informalGreeting = "Hi (nickName ?? fullName)"

let还可以用于对变量进行匹配：

let vegetable = "red pepper"
switch vegetable {
case "celery":
    print("Add some raisins and make ants on a log.")
case "cucumber", "watercress":
    print("That would make a good tea sandwich.")
case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"):
    print("Is it a spicy (x)?")
default:
    print("Everything tastes good in soup.")
}

swift中的switch语句自动break。

当使用for-in遍历dictionary的时候，key-value对是无序的：

let interestingNumbers = [
    "Prime": [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13],
    "Fibonacci": [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8],
    "Square": [1, 4, 9, 16, 25],
]
var largest = 0
for (kind, numbers) in interestingNumbers {
    for number in numbers {
        if number > largest {
            largest = number
        }
    }
}
print(largest)

while和do-while

var n = 2
while n < 100 {
    n = n * 2
}
print(n)
 
var m = 2
repeat {
    m = m * 2
} while m < 100
print(m)

循环时还可以使用..<进行range循环：

var total = 0
for i in 0..<4 {
    total += i
}
print(total)

使用func声明函数，通过->将形参和返回值分开：

func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String {
    return "Hello (name), today is (day)."
}
greet("Bob", day: "Tuesday")

函数还可以传入list，返回tuple：

func calculateStatistics(scores: [Int]) -> (min: Int, max: Int, sum: Int) {
    var min = scores[0]
    var max = scores[0]
    var sum = 0
    
    for score in scores {
        if score > max {
            max = score
        } else if score < min {
            min = score
        }
        sum += score
    }
    
    return (min, max, sum)
}
let statistics = calculateStatistics([5, 3, 100, 3, 9])
print(statistics.sum)
print(statistics.2)

同时形参还可以不定：

func sumOf(numbers: Int...) -> Int {
    var sum = 0
    for number in numbers {
        sum += number
    }
    return sum
}
sumOf()
sumOf(42, 597, 12)

函数还可以嵌套声明：

func sumOf(numbers: Int...) -> Int {
    var sum = 0
    for number in numbers {
        sum += number
    }
    return sum
}
sumOf()
sumOf(42, 597, 12)

函数还可以作为参数进行传递：

func makeIncrementer() -> ((Int) -> Int) {
    func addOne(number: Int) -> Int {
        return 1 + number
    }
    return addOne
}
var increment = makeIncrementer()
increment(7)

func hasAnyMatches(list: [Int], condition: (Int) -> Bool) -> Bool {
    for item in list {
        if condition(item) {
            return true
        }
    }
    return false
}
func lessThanTen(number: Int) -> Bool {
    return number < 10
}
var numbers = [20, 19, 7, 12]
hasAnyMatches(numbers, condition: lessThanTen)

类声明和对象声明：

class Shape {
    var numberOfSides = 0
    func simpleDescription() -> String {
        return "A shape with (numberOfSides) sides."
    }
}

var shape = Shape()
shape.numberOfSides = 7
var shapeDescription = shape.simpleDescription()

构造函数：

class NamedShape {
    var numberOfSides: Int = 0
    var name: String
    
    init(name: String) {
        self.name = name
    }
    
    func simpleDescription() -> String {
        return "A shape with (numberOfSides) sides."
    }
}

析构函数为deinit

继承时，override的方法需要显式声明：

class Square: NamedShape {
    var sideLength: Double
    
    init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
        self.sideLength = sideLength
        super.init(name: name)
        numberOfSides = 4
    }
    
    func area() ->  Double {
        return sideLength * sideLength
    }
    
    override func simpleDescription() -> String {
        return "A square with sides of length (sideLength)."
    }
}
let test = Square(sideLength: 5.2, name: "my test square")
test.area()
test.simpleDescription()

Setter和Getter

class EquilateralTriangle: NamedShape {
    var sideLength: Double = 0.0
    
    init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
        self.sideLength = sideLength
        super.init(name: name)
        numberOfSides = 3
    }
    
    var perimeter: Double {
        get {
            return 3.0 * sideLength
        }
        set {
            sideLength = newValue / 3.0
        }
    }
    
    override func simpleDescription() -> String {
        return "An equilateral triangle with sides of length (sideLength)."
    }
}
var triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: 3.1, name: "a triangle")
print(triangle.perimeter)
triangle.perimeter = 9.9
print(triangle.sideLength)

在这里setter传参隐式声明为newValue，可以在set后面括号前面声明自定义的变量名。

如果需要在set之前或之后进行预定义操作，可以使用willSet和didSet：

class TriangleAndSquare {
    var triangle: EquilateralTriangle {
        willSet {
            square.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
        }
    }
    var square: Square {
        willSet {
            triangle.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
        }
    }
    init(size: Double, name: String) {
        square = Square(sideLength: size, name: name)
        triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: size, name: name)
    }
}
var triangleAndSquare = TriangleAndSquare(size: 10, name: "another test shape")
print(triangleAndSquare.square.sideLength)
print(triangleAndSquare.triangle.sideLength)
triangleAndSquare.square = Square(sideLength: 50, name: "larger square")
print(triangleAndSquare.triangle.sideLength)

在对optional变量操作时，如果optional变量为nil，则?之后的语句全部不执行，整条语句为nil。

let optionalSquare: Square? = Square(sideLength: 2.5, name: "optional square")
let sideLength = optionalSquare?.sideLength

structure和class的不同在于，structure通过复制的方式传参，而class通过引用。