• drf框架 视图、工具视图、视图集


    一、视图类传递参数给序列化类

    # 1)在视图类中实例化序列化对象时,可以设置context内容
    # 2)在序列化类中的局部钩子、全局钩子、create、update方法中,都可以用self.context访问视图类传递过来的内容
    
    
    # 需求:
    # 1) 在视图类中,可以通过request得到登陆用户request.user
    # 2) 在序列化类中,要完成数据库数据的校验与入库操作,可能会需要知道当前的登陆用户,但序列化类无法访问request
    # 3) 在视图类中实例化序列化对象时,将request对象传递进去

    视图层:views.py

    class Book(APIView):
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            book_ser = serializers.BookModelSerializer(data=request_data,context={'request':request})
            book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
            book_result = book_ser.save()
            return Response({
                'status': 0,
                'msg': 'ok',
                'results': serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_result).data
            })

    序列化层:serializers.py

    class BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.Book
            fields = ('name', 'price')
        def validate_name(self, value):
            print(self.context.get('request').method)
            return value

    二、二次封装Rseponse类

    """
    Response({
        'status': 0,
        'msg': 'ok',
        'results': [],
        'token': ''  # 有这样的额外的key-value数据结果
    },status=http_status,headers=headers,exception=True|False)
    
    APIResponse() => Response({'status': 0,'msg': 'ok'})
    """
    
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    
    class APIResponse(Response):
        def __init__(self, data_status=0, data_msg='ok', results=None, http_status=None, headers=None, exception=False, **kwargs):
            # data的初始状态:状态码与状态信息
            data = {
                'status': data_status,
                'msg': data_msg,
            }
            # data的响应数据体
            # results可能是False、0等数据,这些数据某些情况下也会作为合法数据返回
            if results is not None:
                data['results'] = results
            # data响应的其他内容
            # if kwargs is not None:
            #     for k, v in kwargs.items():
            #         setattr(data, k, v)
            data.update(kwargs)
    
            super().__init__(data=data, status=http_status, headers=headers, exception=exception)

    三、视图家族

    1、views:视图

    2、generics:视图工具

    3、mixins:视图工具集

    4、viewsets:视图集

    APIView  =》GenericAPIView =》mixins的五大工具类 =》generics中的工具视图 =》viewsets中的视图集

    1》GenericAPIView基类

    # GenericAPIView是继承APIView的,使用完全兼容APIView
    # 重点:GenericAPIView在APIView基础上完成了哪些事
    # 1)get_queryset():从类属性queryset中获得model的queryset数据
    # 2)get_object():从类属性queryset中获得model的queryset数据,再通过有名分组pk确定唯一操作对象
    # 3)get_serializer():从类属性serializer_class中获得serializer的序列化类

    路由层

    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^v2/books/$', views.BookGenericAPIView.as_view()),
        url(r'^v2/books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.BookGenericAPIView.as_view()),
    ]

    视图层

    from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
    class BookGenericAPIView(GenericAPIView):
        queryset = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False)
        serializer_class = serializers.BookModelSerializer
        # 自定义主键的 有名分组 名
        lookup_field = 'pk'
        # 群取
        # def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        #     book_query = self.get_queryset()
        #     book_ser = self.get_serializer(book_query, many=True)
        #     book_data = book_ser.data
        #     return APIResponse(results=book_data)
    
        # 单取
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            book_query = self.get_object()
            book_ser = self.get_serializer(book_query)
            book_data = book_ser.data
            return APIResponse(results=book_data)

    2》mixins视图工具集---辅助GenericAPIView

    # 1)mixins有五个工具类文件,一共提供了五个工具类,六个工具方法:单查、群查、单增、单删、单整体改、单局部改
    # 2)继承工具类可以简化请求函数的实现体,但是必须继承GenericAPIView,需要GenericAPIView类提供的几个类属性和方法(见上方GenericAPIView基类知识点)
    # 3)工具类的工具方法返回值都是Response类型对象,如果要格式化数据格式再返回给前台,可以通过 response.data 拿到工具方法返回的Response类型对象的响应数据

    路由层

    urlpatterns = [
           url(r'^v3/books/$', views.BookMixinGenericAPIView.as_view()),
        url(r'^v3/books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.BookMixinGenericAPIView.as_view()),
    ]

    视图层

    from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin, CreateModelMixin, RetrieveModelMixin, UpdateModelMixin
    
    class BookMixinGenericAPIView(ListModelMixin, CreateModelMixin, RetrieveModelMixin, UpdateModelMixin, GenericAPIView):
        queryset = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False)
        serializer_class = serializers.BookModelSerializer
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            if 'pk' in kwargs:
                response = self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)
            else:
                # mixins提供的list方法的响应对象是Response,想将该对象格式化为APIResponse
                response = self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)
            # response的数据都存放在response.data中
            return APIResponse(results=response.data)
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            response = self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)
            return APIResponse(results=response.data)
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            response = self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)
            return APIResponse(results=response.data)
    
        def patch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            response = self.partial_update(request, *args, **kwargs)
            return APIResponse(results=response.data)

    3》工具视图

    # 1)工具视图都是GenericAPIView的子类,且不同的子类继承了不同的工具类,重写了请求方法
    # 2)工具视图的功能如果直接可以满足需求,只需要继承工具视图,提供queryset与serializer_class即可

    路由层

    urlpatterns = [
           url(r'^v4/books/$', views.BookListCreatePIView.as_view()),
        url(r'^v4/books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.BookListCreatePIView.as_view()),
    ]

    视图层

    from rest_framework.generics import ListCreateAPIView, UpdateAPIView
    class BookListCreatePIView(ListCreateAPIView, UpdateAPIView):
        queryset = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False)
        serializer_class = serializers.BookModelSerializer

    4》视图集

    # 1)视图集都是优先继承ViewSetMixin类,再继承一个视图类(GenericAPIView或APIView)
    #       GenericViewSet、ViewSet
    # 2)ViewSetMixin提供了重写的as_view()方法,继承视图集的视图类,配置路由时调用as_view()必须传入 请求名-函数名 映射关系字典
    #       eg: url(r'^v5/books/$', views.BookGenericViewSet.as_view({'get': 'my_get_list'})),
    #       表示get请求会交给my_get_list视图函数处理

    路由层

    urlpatterns = [
           # View的as_view():将get请求映射到视图类的get方法
        # ViewSet的as_view({'get': 'my_get_list'}):将get请求映射到视图类的my_get_list方法
        url(r'^v5/books/$', views.BookGenericViewSet.as_view({'get': 'my_get_list'})),
        url(r'^v5/books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.BookGenericViewSet.as_view({'get': 'my_get_obj'})),
    ]

    视图层

    from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet
    from rest_framework import mixins
    class BookGenericViewSet(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin, mixins.ListModelMixin, GenericViewSet):
        queryset = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False)
        serializer_class = serializers.BookModelSerializer
    
        def my_get_list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)
    
        def my_get_obj(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)

    5》GenericAPIView与APIView最为两大继承视图的区别

    # 1)GenericViewSet和ViewSet都继承了ViewSetMixin,as_view都可以配置 请求-函数 映射
    # 2)GenericViewSet继承的是GenericAPIView视图类,用来完成标准的 model 类操作接口
    # 3)ViewSet继承的是APIView视图类,用来完成不需要 model 类参与,或是非标准的 model 类操作接口
    #       post请求在标准的 model 类操作下就是新增接口,登陆的post不满足
    #       post请求验证码的接口,不需要 model 类的参与
    # 案例:登陆的post请求,并不是完成数据的新增,只是用post提交数据,得到的结果也不是登陆的用户信息,而是登陆的认证信息

    6》工具视图集

    路由层

    urlpatterns = [
           url(r'^v6/books/$', views.BookModelViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list', 'post': 'create'})),
        url(r'^v6/books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.BookModelViewSet.as_view({'get': 'retrieve', 'put': 'update', 'patch': 'partial_update', 'delete': 'destroy'})),
    ]

    视图层

    from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
    class BookModelViewSet(ModelViewSet):
        queryset = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False)
        serializer_class = serializers.BookModelSerializer
    
        # 删不是数据库,而是该记录中的删除字段
        def destroy(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            instance = self.get_object()  # type: models.Book
            if not instance:
                return APIResponse(1, '删除失败')  # 实际操作,在此之前就做了判断
            instance.is_delete = True
            instance.save()
            return APIResponse(0, '删除成功')

    7》路由组件(了解)

    from django.conf.urls import include
    from rest_framework.routers import SimpleRouter
    router = SimpleRouter()
    # 所有路由与ViewSet视图类的都可以注册,会产生 '^v6/books/$' 和 '^v6/books/(?P<pk>[^/.]+)/$'
    router.register('v6/books', views.BookModelViewSet)
    
    urlpatterns = [
        # 第一种添加子列表方式
        url(r'^', include(router.urls)),
    ]
    # 第二种添加子列表方式
    # urlpatterns.extend(router.urls)

     

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/xiaowangba9494/p/11708789.html
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