• K8S集群安装


    主要参考 https://github.com/opsnull/follow-me-install-kubernetes-cluster

    01.系统初始化和全局变量

    添加 k8s 和 docker 账户

    在每台机器上添加 k8s 账户,可以无密码 sudo:

    $ sudo useradd -m k8s
    $ sudo visudo
    $ sudo grep '%wheel.*NOPASSWD: ALL' /etc/sudoers
    %wheel	ALL=(ALL)	NOPASSWD: ALL
    $ sudo gpasswd -a k8s wheel
    

    在每台机器上添加 docker 账户,将 k8s 账户添加到 docker 组中,同时配置 dockerd 参数:

    $ sudo useradd -m docker
    $ sudo gpasswd -a k8s docker
    $ sudo mkdir -p  /etc/docker/
    $ cat /etc/docker/daemon.json
    {
        "registry-mirrors": ["https://hub-mirror.c.163.com", "https://docker.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn"],
        "max-concurrent-downloads": 20
    }
    

    无密码 ssh 登录其它节点

    ssh-copy-id root@docker86-18
    ssh-copy-id root@docker86-21
    ssh-copy-id root@docker86-91
    ssh-copy-id root@docker86-9

    ssh-copy-id k8s@docker86-155
    ssh-copy-id k8s@docker86-18
    ssh-copy-id root@docker86-21
    ssh-copy-id root@docker86-91
    ssh-copy-id root@docker86-9

    source ./environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "mkdir -p /opt/k8s/bin && chown -R k8s /opt/k8s && mkdir -p /etc/kubernetes/cert &&chown -R k8s /etc/kubernetes && mkdir -p /etc/etcd/cert && chown -R k8s /etc/etcd/cert &&  mkdir -p /var/lib/etcd && chown -R k8s /etc/etcd/cert"
        scp environment.sh k8s@${node_ip}:/opt/k8s/bin/
        ssh k8s@${node_ip} "chmod +x /opt/k8s/bin/*"
      done
    

    定义全局变量

    cat <<EOF >environment.sh 
    #!/usr/bin/bash
    
    # 生成 EncryptionConfig 所需的加密 key
    ENCRYPTION_KEY=$(head -c 32 /dev/urandom | base64)
    
    # 最好使用 当前未用的网段 来定义服务网段和 Pod 网段
    
    # 服务网段,部署前路由不可达,部署后集群内路由可达(kube-proxy 和 ipvs 保证)
    SERVICE_CIDR="10.69.0.0/16"
    
    # Pod 网段,建议 /16 段地址,部署前路由不可达,部署后集群内路由可达(flanneld 保证)
    CLUSTER_CIDR="170.22.0.0/16"
    
    # 服务端口范围 (NodePort Range)
    export NODE_PORT_RANGE="10000-40000"
    
    # 集群各机器 IP 数组
    export NODE_IPS=(192.168.86.154 192.168.86.155 192.168.86.156 192.168.86.18 192.168.86.21 192.168.86.91 192.168.86.9)
    
    # etcd节点
    export ETCD_NODE_IPS=(192.168.86.154 192.168.86.155 192.168.86.156)
    
    # 集群各 IP 对应的 主机名数组
    export NODE_NAMES=(docker86-154 docker86-155 docker86-156 docker86-18 docker86-21 docker86-91 docker86-9)
    
    # kube-apiserver 的 VIP(HA 组件 keepalived 发布的 IP)
    export MASTER_VIP=192.168.86.214
    
    # kube-apiserver VIP 地址(HA 组件 haproxy 监听 8443 端口)
    export KUBE_APISERVER="https://${MASTER_VIP}:8443"
    
    # HA 节点,配置 VIP 的网络接口名称
    export VIP_IF="em1"
    
    # etcd 集群服务地址列表
    export ETCD_ENDPOINTS="https://192.168.86.154:2379,https://192.168.86.155:2379,https://192.168.86.156:2379"
    
    # etcd 集群间通信的 IP 和端口
    export ETCD_NODES="docker86-154=https://192.168.86.154:2380,docker86-155=https://192.168.86.155:2380,docker86-156=https://192.168.86.156:2380"
    
    # flanneld 网络配置前缀
    export FLANNEL_ETCD_PREFIX="/kubernetes/network"
    
    # kubernetes 服务 IP (一般是 SERVICE_CIDR 中第一个IP)
    export CLUSTER_KUBERNETES_SVC_IP="10.69.0.1"
    
    # 集群 DNS 服务 IP (从 SERVICE_CIDR 中预分配)
    export CLUSTER_DNS_SVC_IP="10.69.0.2"
    
    # 集群 DNS 域名
    export CLUSTER_DNS_DOMAIN="cluster.local."
    
    # 将二进制目录 /opt/k8s/bin 加到 PATH 中
    export PATH=/opt/k8s/bin:$PATH
    EOF
    

    然后,把全局变量定义脚本拷贝到所有节点的 /opt/k8s/bin 目录:

    source ./environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        scp environment.sh k8s@${node_ip}:/opt/k8s/bin/
        ssh k8s@${node_ip} "chmod +x /opt/k8s/bin/*"
      done
    

    CA证书

    配置文件:
    17520h 2年,最大2年

    cat > ca-config.json <<EOF
    {
      "signing": {
        "default": {
          "expiry": "17520h"
        },
        "profiles": {
          "kubernetes": {
            "usages": [
                "signing",
                "key encipherment",
                "server auth",
                "client auth"
            ],
            "expiry": "87600h"
          }
        }
      }
    }
    EOF
    

    ca证书签名请求

    cat > ca-csr.json <<EOF
    {
      "CN": "kubernetes",
      "key": {
        "algo": "rsa",
        "size": 2048
      },
      "names": [
        {
          "C": "CN",
          "ST": "BeiJing",
          "L": "BeiJing",
          "O": "k8s",
          "OU": "4Paradigm"
        }
      ]
    }
    EOF
    
    • CN:Common Name,kube-apiserver 从证书中提取该字段作为请求的用户名 (User Name),浏览器使用该字段验证网站是否合法;
    • O:Organization,kube-apiserver 从证书中提取该字段作为请求用户所属的组 (Group)
    • kube-apiserver 将提取的 User、Group 作为 RBAC 授权的用户标识;

    生成 CA 证书和私钥

    cfssl gencert -initca ca-csr.json | cfssljson -bare ca
    ls ca*
    

    将生成的 CA 证书、秘钥文件、配置文件拷贝到所有节点的 /etc/kubernetes/cert 目录下:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh # 导入 NODE_IPS 环境变量
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "mkdir -p /etc/kubernetes/cert && chown -R k8s /etc/kubernetes"
        scp ca*.pem ca-config.json k8s@${node_ip}:/etc/kubernetes/cert
      done
    

    客户端安装

    wget https://dl.k8s.io/v1.12.1/kubernetes-client-linux-amd64.tar.gz
    tar -xzvf kubernetes-client-linux-amd64.tar.gz

    分发到所有使用 kubectl 的节点:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        scp kubernetes/client/bin/kubectl k8s@${node_ip}:/opt/k8s/bin/
        ssh k8s@${node_ip} "chmod +x /opt/k8s/bin/*"
      done
    

    创建 admin 证书和私钥

    kubectl 与 apiserver https 安全端口通信,apiserver 对提供的证书进行认证和授权。

    kubectl 作为集群的管理工具,需要被授予最高权限。这里创建具有最高权限的 admin 证书。

    创建证书签名请求:

    cat > admin-csr.json <<EOF
    {
      "CN": "admin",
      "hosts": [],
      "key": {
        "algo": "rsa",
        "size": 2048
      },
      "names": [
        {
          "C": "CN",
          "ST": "BeiJing",
          "L": "BeiJing",
          "O": "system:masters",
          "OU": "4Paradigm"
        }
      ]
    }
    EOF
    

    O 为 system:masters,kube-apiserver 收到该证书后将请求的 Group 设置为 system:masters;
    预定义的 ClusterRoleBinding cluster-admin 将 Group system:masters 与 Role cluster-admin 绑定,该 Role 授予所有 API的权限;
    该证书只会被 kubectl 当做 client 证书使用,所以 hosts 字段为空;

    生成证书和私钥:

    cfssl gencert -ca=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem 
      -ca-key=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca-key.pem 
      -config=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca-config.json 
      -profile=kubernetes admin-csr.json | cfssljson -bare admin
    ls admin*
    

    创建 kubeconfig 文件

    kubeconfig 为 kubectl 的配置文件,包含访问 apiserver 的所有信息,如 apiserver 地址、CA 证书和自身使用的证书;

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    # 设置集群参数
    kubectl config set-cluster kubernetes 
      --certificate-authority=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem 
      --embed-certs=true 
      --server=${KUBE_APISERVER} 
      --kubeconfig=kubectl.kubeconfig
    
    # 设置客户端认证参数
    kubectl config set-credentials admin 
      --client-certificate=admin.pem 
      --client-key=admin-key.pem 
      --embed-certs=true 
      --kubeconfig=kubectl.kubeconfig
    
    # 设置上下文参数
    kubectl config set-context kubernetes 
      --cluster=kubernetes 
      --user=admin 
      --kubeconfig=kubectl.kubeconfig
      
    # 设置默认上下文
    kubectl config use-context kubernetes --kubeconfig=kubectl.kubeconfig
    --certificate-authority:验证 kube-apiserver 证书的根证书;
    --client-certificate、--client-key:刚生成的 admin 证书和私钥,连接 kube-apiserver 时使用;
    --embed-certs=true:将 ca.pem 和 admin.pem 证书内容嵌入到生成的 kubectl.kubeconfig 文件中(不加时,写入的是证书文件路径);
    

    分发 kubeconfig 文件

    分发到所有使用 kubectl 命令的节点:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh k8s@${node_ip} "mkdir -p ~/.kube"
        scp kubectl.kubeconfig k8s@${node_ip}:~/.kube/config
        ssh root@${node_ip} "mkdir -p ~/.kube"
        scp kubectl.kubeconfig root@${node_ip}:~/.kube/config
      done
    

    保存到用户的 ~/.kube/config 文件;

    etcd安装

    https://github.com/coreos/etcd/releases 页面下载最新版本的发布包:

    wget https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/releases/download/v3.3.10/etcd-v3.3.10-linux-amd64.tar.gz
    tar -xvf etcd-v3.3.10-linux-amd64.tar.gz
    

    分发二进制文件到集群所有节点:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        scp etcd-v3.3.10-linux-amd64/etcd* k8s@${node_ip}:/opt/k8s/bin
        ssh k8s@${node_ip} "chmod +x /opt/k8s/bin/*"
      done
    

    创建 etcd 证书和私钥

    创建证书签名请求:

    cat > etcd-csr.json <<EOF
    {
      "CN": "etcd",
      "hosts": [
        "127.0.0.1",
        "192.168.86.156",
        "192.168.86.155",
        "192.168.86.154"
      ],
      "key": {
        "algo": "rsa",
        "size": 2048
      },
      "names": [
        {
          "C": "CN",
          "ST": "BeiJing",
          "L": "BeiJing",
          "O": "k8s",
          "OU": "4Paradigm"
        }
      ]
    }
    EOF
    

    生成证书和私钥:

    cfssl gencert -ca=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem 
        -ca-key=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca-key.pem 
        -config=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca-config.json 
        -profile=kubernetes etcd-csr.json | cfssljson -bare etcd
    ls etcd*
    

    分发生成的证书和私钥到各 etcd 节点:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "mkdir -p /etc/etcd/cert && chown -R k8s /etc/etcd/cert"
        scp etcd*.pem k8s@${node_ip}:/etc/etcd/cert/
      done
    

    ETCD_NODE_IPS

    创建 etcd 的 systemd unit 模板文件

    cat > etcd.service.template <<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=Etcd Server
    After=network.target
    After=network-online.target
    Wants=network-online.target
    Documentation=https://github.com/coreos

    [Service]
    User=k8s
    Type=notify
    WorkingDirectory=/var/lib/etcd/
    ExecStart=/opt/k8s/bin/etcd
    --data-dir=/var/lib/etcd
    --name=##NODE_NAME##

    --cert-file=/etc/etcd/cert/etcd.pem
    --key-file=/etc/etcd/cert/etcd-key.pem
    --trusted-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem
    --peer-cert-file=/etc/etcd/cert/etcd.pem
    --peer-key-file=/etc/etcd/cert/etcd-key.pem
    --peer-trusted-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem
    --peer-client-cert-auth
    --client-cert-auth
    --listen-peer-urls=https://##NODE_IP##:2380
    --initial-advertise-peer-urls=https://##NODE_IP##:2380
    --listen-client-urls=https://##NODE_IP##:2379,http://127.0.0.1:2379
    --advertise-client-urls=https://##NODE_IP##:2379
    --initial-cluster-token=etcd-cluster-0
    --initial-cluster=${ETCD_NODES}
    --initial-cluster-state=new
    Restart=on-failure
    RestartSec=5
    LimitNOFILE=65536

    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    EOF

    User:指定以 k8s 账户运行;
    WorkingDirectory、--data-dir:指定工作目录和数据目录为 /var/lib/etcd,需在启动服务前创建这个目录;
    --name:指定节点名称,当 --initial-cluster-state 值为 new 时,--name 的参数值必须位于 --initial-cluster 列表中;
    --cert-file、--key-file:etcd server 与 client 通信时使用的证书和私钥;
    --trusted-ca-file:签名 client 证书的 CA 证书,用于验证 client 证书;
    --peer-cert-file、--peer-key-file:etcd 与 peer 通信使用的证书和私钥;
    --peer-trusted-ca-file:签名 peer 证书的 CA 证书,用于验证 peer 证书;

    为各节点创建和分发 etcd systemd unit 文件

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for (( i=0; i < 3; i++ ))
      do
        sed -e "s/##NODE_NAME##/${NODE_NAMES[i]}/" -e "s/##NODE_IP##/${NODE_IPS[i]}/" etcd.service.template > etcd-${NODE_IPS[i]}.service 
      done
    ls *.service
    

    分发生成的 systemd unit 文件:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
    do
    echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
    ssh root@${node_ip} "mkdir -p /var/lib/etcd && chown -R k8s /var/lib/etcd"
    scp etcd-${node_ip}.service root@${node_ip}:/etc/systemd/system/etcd.service
    done

    启动 etcd 服务

    source ./environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
    do
    echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
    ssh root@${node_ip} "systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl enable etcd && systemctl restart etcd &"
    done

    etcd 进程首次启动时会等待其它节点的 etcd 加入集群,命令 systemctl start etcd 会卡住一段时间,为正常现象。

    检查启动结果

    source ./environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh k8s@${node_ip} "systemctl status etcd|grep Active"
      done
    

    确保状态为 active (running),否则查看日志,确认原因:

    $ journalctl -u etcd

    验证服务状态

    部署完 etcd 集群后,在任一 etc 节点上执行如下命令:

    source ./environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
    do
    echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
    ETCDCTL_API=3 /opt/k8s/bin/etcdctl
    --endpoints=https://${node_ip}:2379
    --cacert=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem
    --cert=/etc/etcd/cert/etcd.pem
    --key=/etc/etcd/cert/etcd-key.pem endpoint health
    done
    预期输出:

    192.168.86.154
    https://192.168.86.154:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 2.197007ms

    192.168.86.155
    https://192.168.86.155:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 2.299328ms

    192.168.86.156
    https://192.168.86.156:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 2.014274ms

    05.部署 flannel 网络

    kubernetes 要求集群内各节点(包括 master 节点)能通过 Pod 网段互联互通。flannel 使用 vxlan 技术为各节点创建一个可以互通的 Pod 网络,使用的端口为 UDP 8472,需要开放该端口(如公有云 AWS 等)。

    flannel 第一次启动时,从 etcd 获取 Pod 网段信息,为本节点分配一个未使用的 /24 段地址,然后创建 flannel.1(也可能是其它名称,如 flannel1 等) 接口。

    flannel 将分配的 Pod 网段信息写入 /run/flannel/docker 文件,docker 后续使用这个文件中的环境变量设置 docker0 网桥。

    下载和分发 flanneld 二进制文件

    https://github.com/coreos/flannel/releases 页面下载最新版本的发布包:

    mkdir flannel
    wget https://github.com/coreos/flannel/releases/download/v0.10.0/flannel-v0.10.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
    tar -xzvf flannel-v0.10.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz -C flannel
    

    创建证书签名请求:

    cat > flanneld-csr.json <<EOF
    {
      "CN": "flanneld",
      "hosts": [],
      "key": {
        "algo": "rsa",
        "size": 2048
      },
      "names": [
        {
          "C": "CN",
          "ST": "BeiJing",
          "L": "BeiJing",
          "O": "k8s",
          "OU": "4Paradigm"
        }
      ]
    }
    EOF
    

    该证书只会被 kubectl 当做 client 证书使用,所以 hosts 字段为空;
    生成证书和私钥:

    cfssl gencert -ca=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem 
      -ca-key=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca-key.pem 
      -config=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca-config.json 
      -profile=kubernetes flanneld-csr.json | cfssljson -bare flanneld
    ls flanneld*pem
    

    分发 flanneld 二进制文件和flannel 证书、私钥 到集群所有节点:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        scp  flannel/{flanneld,mk-docker-opts.sh} k8s@${node_ip}:/opt/k8s/bin/
        ssh k8s@${node_ip} "chmod +x /opt/k8s/bin/*"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "mkdir -p /etc/flanneld/cert && chown -R k8s /etc/flanneld"
    	scp flanneld*.pem k8s@${node_ip}:/etc/flanneld/cert
      done
    

    创建
    flannel 从 etcd 集群存取网段分配信息,而 etcd 集群启用了双向 x509 证书认证,所以需要为 flanneld 生成证书和私钥。

    向 etcd 写入集群 Pod 网段信息
    注意:本步骤只需执行一次。

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    etcdctl 
      --endpoints=${ETCD_ENDPOINTS} 
      --ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem 
      --cert-file=/etc/flanneld/cert/flanneld.pem 
      --key-file=/etc/flanneld/cert/flanneld-key.pem 
      set ${FLANNEL_ETCD_PREFIX}/config '{"Network":"'${CLUSTER_CIDR}'", "SubnetLen": 24, "Backend": {"Type": "vxlan"}}'
    

    flanneld 当前版本 (v0.10.0) 不支持 etcd v3,故使用 etcd v2 API 写入配置 key 和网段数据;
    写入的 Pod 网段 ${CLUSTER_CIDR} 必须是 /16 段地址,必须与 kube-controller-manager 的 --cluster-cidr 参数值一致;

    创建 flanneld 的 systemd unit 文件

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    export IFACE=eno1 # 有的为em1,eth0
    cat > flanneld.service << EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=Flanneld overlay address etcd agent
    After=network.target
    After=network-online.target
    Wants=network-online.target
    After=etcd.service
    Before=docker.service
    
    [Service]
    Type=notify
    ExecStart=/opt/k8s/bin/flanneld \
      -etcd-cafile=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem \
      -etcd-certfile=/etc/flanneld/cert/flanneld.pem \
      -etcd-keyfile=/etc/flanneld/cert/flanneld-key.pem \
      -etcd-endpoints=${ETCD_ENDPOINTS} \
      -etcd-prefix=${FLANNEL_ETCD_PREFIX} \
      -iface=${IFACE}
    ExecStartPost=/opt/k8s/bin/mk-docker-opts.sh -k DOCKER_NETWORK_OPTIONS -d /run/flannel/docker
    Restart=on-failure
    
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    RequiredBy=docker.service
    EOF
    

    mk-docker-opts.sh 脚本将分配给 flanneld 的 Pod 子网网段信息写入 /run/flannel/docker 文件,后续 docker 启动时使用这个文件中的环境变量配置 docker0 网桥;
    flanneld 使用系统缺省路由所在的接口与其它节点通信,对于有多个网络接口(如内网和公网)的节点,可以用 -iface 参数指定通信接口,如上面的 eth0 接口;
    flanneld 运行时需要 root 权限;
    完整 unit 见 flanneld.service

    注意:
    有的IFACE=eno1,有的为em1,eth,通过ifconfig查看

    分发 flanneld systemd unit 文件到所有节点

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        scp flanneld.service root@${node_ip}:/etc/systemd/system/
      done
    

    启动 flanneld 服务

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl enable flanneld && systemctl restart flanneld"
      done
    

    检查启动结果

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh k8s@${node_ip} "systemctl status flanneld|grep Active"
      done
    

    确保状态为 active (running),否则查看日志,确认原因:

    $ journalctl -u flanneld

    检查分配给各 flanneld 的 Pod 网段信息

    查看集群 Pod 网段(/16):

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    etcdctl
    --endpoints=${ETCD_ENDPOINTS}
    --ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem
    --cert-file=/etc/flanneld/cert/flanneld.pem
    --key-file=/etc/flanneld/cert/flanneld-key.pem
    get ${FLANNEL_ETCD_PREFIX}/config
    输出:

    {"Network":"170.22.0.0/16", "SubnetLen": 24, "Backend": {"Type": "vxlan"}}

    查看已分配的 Pod 子网段列表(/24):

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    etcdctl
    --endpoints=${ETCD_ENDPOINTS}
    --ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem
    --cert-file=/etc/flanneld/cert/flanneld.pem
    --key-file=/etc/flanneld/cert/flanneld-key.pem
    ls ${FLANNEL_ETCD_PREFIX}/subnets
    输出:

    /kubernetes/network/subnets/170.22.76.0-24
    /kubernetes/network/subnets/170.22.84.0-24
    /kubernetes/network/subnets/170.22.45.0-24
    /kubernetes/network/subnets/170.22.7.0-24
    /kubernetes/network/subnets/170.22.12.0-24
    /kubernetes/network/subnets/170.22.78.0-24
    /kubernetes/network/subnets/170.22.5.0-24

    查看某一 Pod 网段对应的节点 IP 和 flannel 接口地址:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    etcdctl
    --endpoints=${ETCD_ENDPOINTS}
    --ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem
    --cert-file=/etc/flanneld/cert/flanneld.pem
    --key-file=/etc/flanneld/cert/flanneld-key.pem
    get ${FLANNEL_ETCD_PREFIX}/subnets/170.22.76.0-24
    输出:

    {"PublicIP":"192.168.86.156","BackendType":"vxlan","BackendData":{"VtepMAC":"6a:aa:ca:8a:ac:ed"}}

    验证各节点能通过 Pod 网段互通
    在各节点上部署 flannel 后,检查是否创建了 flannel 接口(名称可能为 flannel0、flannel.0、flannel.1 等):

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
    do
    echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
    ssh ${node_ip} "/usr/sbin/ip addr show flannel.1|grep -w inet"
    done
    输出:

    inet 172.30.81.0/32 scope global flannel.1
    inet 172.30.29.0/32 scope global flannel.1
    inet 172.30.39.0/32 scope global flannel.1
    在各节点上 ping 所有 flannel 接口 IP,确保能通:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
    do
    echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
    ssh ${node_ip} "ping -c 1 172.30.81.0"
    ssh ${node_ip} "ping -c 1 172.30.29.0"
    ssh ${node_ip} "ping -c 1 172.30.39.0"
    done

    06-0.部署 master 节点

    kubernetes master 节点运行如下组件:

    kube-apiserver
    kube-scheduler
    kube-controller-manager
    kube-scheduler 和 kube-controller-manager 可以以集群模式运行,通过 leader 选举产生一个工作进程,其它进程处于阻塞模式。

    对于 kube-apiserver,可以运行多个实例(本文档是 3 实例),但对其它组件需要提供统一的访问地址,该地址需要高可用。本文档使用 keepalived 和 haproxy 实现 kube-apiserver VIP 高可用和负载均衡。

    下载最新版本的二进制文件

    从 CHANGELOG页面 下载 server tarball 文件(需要翻墙)

    wget https://dl.k8s.io/v1.12.1/kubernetes-server-linux-amd64.tar.gz
    tar -xzvf kubernetes-server-linux-amd64.tar.gz
    

    将二进制文件拷贝到所有 所有节点:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        scp kubernetes/server/bin/* k8s@${node_ip}:/opt/k8s/bin/
        ssh k8s@${node_ip} "chmod +x /opt/k8s/bin/*"
      done
    

    如果有老版本运行,先停止:

    systemctl stop kubelet.service 
    systemctl stop kube-controller-manager.service 
    systemctl stop kube-apiserver.service 
    systemctl stop kube-proxy.service 
    systemctl stop kube-scheduler.service
    systemctl stop etcd
    systemctl stop 
    

    06-1.部署高可用组件(keepalived+haproxy)

    使用 keepalived 和 haproxy 实现 kube-apiserver 高可用的步骤:

    • keepalived 提供 kube-apiserver 对外服务的 VIP;
    • haproxy 监听 VIP,后端连接所有 kube-apiserver 实例,提供健康检查和负载均衡功能;
    • 运行 keepalived 和 haproxy 的节点称为 LB 节点。由于 keepalived 是一主多备运行模式,故至少两个 LB 节点。

    本文档复用 master 节点的三台机器,haproxy 监听的端口(8443) 需要与 kube-apiserver 的端口 6443 不同,避免冲突。

    keepalived 在运行过程中周期检查本机的 haproxy 进程状态,如果检测到 haproxy 进程异常,则触发重新选主的过程,VIP 将飘移到新选出来的主节点,从而实现 VIP 的高可用。

    所有组件(如 kubeclt、apiserver、controller-manager、scheduler 等)都通过 VIP 和 haproxy 监听的 8443 端口访问 kube-apiserver 服务。

    安装软件包

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "yum install -y keepalived haproxy"
      done
    

    ubuntu机器,apt-get install

    配置和下发 haproxy 配置文件

    haproxy 配置文件:

    cat > haproxy.cfg <<EOF
     global
         log /dev/log    local0
         log /dev/log    local1 notice
         chroot /var/lib/haproxy
         stats socket /var/run/haproxy-admin.sock mode 660 level admin
         stats timeout 30s
         user haproxy
         group haproxy
         daemon
         nbproc 1
     
     defaults
         log     global
         timeout connect 5000
         timeout client  10m
         timeout server  10m
     
     listen  admin_stats
         bind 0.0.0.0:10080
         mode http
         log 127.0.0.1 local0 err
         stats refresh 30s
         stats uri /status
         stats realm welcome login Haproxy
         stats auth admin:123456
         stats hide-version
         stats admin if TRUE
     
     listen kube-master
         bind 0.0.0.0:8443
         mode tcp
         option tcplog
         balance source
         server 192.168.86.154 192.168.86.154:6443 check inter 2000 fall 2 rise 2 weight 1
         server 192.168.86.155 192.168.86.155:6443 check inter 2000 fall 2 rise 2 weight 1
         server 192.168.86.156 192.168.86.156:6443 check inter 2000 fall 2 rise 2 weight 1
    
    	EOF
    
    • haproxy 在 10080 端口输出 status 信息;
    • haproxy 监听所有接口的 8443 端口,该端口与环境变量 ${KUBE_APISERVER} 指定的端口必须一致;
    • server 字段列出所有 kube-apiserver 监听的 IP 和端口;

    下发 haproxy.cfg 到所有 master 节点:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        scp haproxy.cfg root@${node_ip}:/etc/haproxy
      done
    

    起 haproxy 服务

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "systemctl restart haproxy"
      done
    

    检查 haproxy 服务状态

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "systemctl status haproxy|grep Active"
      done
    

    确保状态为 active (running),否则查看日志,确认原因:

    192.168.86.154
    Active: active (running) since Tue 2018-11-06 10:48:13 CST; 5s ago

    192.168.86.155
    Active: active (running) since Tue 2018-11-06 10:48:14 CST; 5s ago

    192.168.86.156
    Active: active (running) since Tue 2018-11-06 10:48:13 CST; 5s ago

    journalctl -u haproxy
    检查 haproxy 是否监听 8443 端口:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "netstat -lnpt|grep haproxy"
      done
    

    确保输出类似于:

    tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:8443 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 45606/haproxy

    配置和下发 keepalived 配置文件

    keepalived 是一主(master)多备(backup)运行模式,故有两种类型的配置文件。master 配置文件只有一份,backup 配置文件视节点数目而定,对于本文档而言,规划如下:

    master: 192.168.86.156
    backup:192.168.86.155,192.168.86.154

    master 配置文件:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    cat  > keepalived-master.conf <<EOF
    global_defs {
        router_id lb-master-105
    }
    
    vrrp_script check-haproxy {
        script "killall -0 haproxy"
        interval 5
        weight -30
    }
    
    vrrp_instance VI-kube-master {
        state MASTER
        priority 120
        dont_track_primary
        interface ${VIP_IF}
        virtual_router_id 68
        advert_int 3
        track_script {
            check-haproxy
        }
        virtual_ipaddress {
            ${MASTER_VIP}
        }
    }
    EOF
    

    VIP 所在的接口(interface ${VIP_IF})为 em1
    使用 killall -0 haproxy 命令检查所在节点的 haproxy 进程是否正常。如果异常则将权重减少(-30),从而触发重新选主过程;
    router_id、virtual_router_id 用于标识属于该 HA 的 keepalived 实例,如果有多套 keepalived HA,则必须各不相同;
    backup 配置文件:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    cat > keepalived-backup.conf <<EOF
    global_defs {
    router_id lb-backup-105
    }

    vrrp_script check-haproxy {
    script "killall -0 haproxy"
    interval 5
    weight -30
    }

    vrrp_instance VI-kube-master {
    state BACKUP
    priority 110
    dont_track_primary
    interface ${VIP_IF}
    virtual_router_id 68
    advert_int 3
    track_script {
    check-haproxy
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
    ${MASTER_VIP}
    }
    }
    EOF

    VIP 所在的接口(interface ${VIP_IF})为 em1
    使用 killall -0 haproxy 命令检查所在节点的 haproxy 进程是否正常。如果异常则将权重减少(-30),从而触发重新选主过程;
    router_id、virtual_router_id 用于标识属于该 HA 的 keepalived 实例,如果有多套 keepalived HA,则必须各不相同;
    priority 的值必须小于 master 的值;

    下发 keepalived 配置文件

    下发 master 配置文件:

    scp keepalived-master.conf root@172.27.129.105:/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
    

    下发 backup 配置文件:

    scp keepalived-backup.conf root@172.27.129.111:/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
    scp keepalived-backup.conf root@172.27.129.112:/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
    

    起 keepalived 服务

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "systemctl restart keepalived"
      done
    

    检查 keepalived 服务
    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
    do
    echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
    ssh root@${node_ip} "systemctl status keepalived|grep Active"
    done
    确保状态为 active (running),否则查看日志(journalctl -u keepalived),确认原因:

    192.168.86.154
    Active: active (running) since Tue 2018-11-06 10:54:01 CST; 17s ago

    192.168.86.155
    Active: active (running) since Tue 2018-11-06 10:54:03 CST; 18s ago

    192.168.86.156
    Active: active (running) since Tue 2018-11-06 10:54:03 CST; 17s ago

    查看 VIP 所在的节点,确保可以 ping 通 VIP:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
    do
    echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
    ssh ${node_ip} "/usr/sbin/ip addr show ${VIP_IF}"
    ssh ${node_ip} "ping -c 1 ${MASTER_VIP}"
    done
    查看 haproxy 状态页面
    浏览器访问 ${MASTER_VIP}:10080/status 地址,查看 haproxy 状态页面:

    06-1.部署 kube-apiserver 组件

    使用 keepalived 和 haproxy 部署一个 3 节点高可用 master 集群的步骤,对应的 LB VIP 为环境变量 ${MASTER_VIP}。

    创建 kubernetes 证书和私钥

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    cat > kubernetes-csr.json <<EOF
    {
      "CN": "kubernetes",
      "hosts": [
        "127.0.0.1",
        "192.168.86.156",
        "192.168.86.155",
        "192.168.86.154",
        "192.168.86.9",
        "${MASTER_VIP}",
        "${CLUSTER_KUBERNETES_SVC_IP}",
        "kubernetes",
        "kubernetes.default",
        "kubernetes.default.svc",
        "kubernetes.default.svc.local",
        "kubernetes.default.svc.local.com"
      ],
      "key": {
        "algo": "rsa",
        "size": 2048
      },
      "names": [
        {
          "C": "CN",
          "ST": "BeiJing",
          "L": "BeiJing",
          "O": "k8s",
          "OU": "4Paradigm"
        }
      ]
    }
    EOF
    
    • hosts 字段指定授权使用该证书的 IP 或域名列表,这里列出了 VIP 、apiserver 节点 IP、kubernetes 服务 IP 和域名
    • 域名最后字符不能是 .(如不能为 kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local.),否则解析时失败,提示: x509: cannot parse dnsName "kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local.";
    • 如果使用非 cluster.local 域名,如 opsnull.com,则需要修改域名列表中的最后两个域名为:kubernetes.default.svc.opsnull、kubernetes.default.svc.opsnull.com
    • kubernetes 服务 IP 是 apiserver 自动创建的,一般是 --service-cluster-ip-range 参数指定的网段的第一个IP,后续可以通过如下命令获取:kubectl get svc kubernetes

    生成证书和私钥:

    cfssl gencert -ca=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem 
      -ca-key=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca-key.pem 
      -config=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca-config.json 
      -profile=kubernetes kubernetes-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kubernetes
    ls kubernetes*pem
    

    将生成的证书和私钥文件拷贝到 master 节点:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "mkdir -p /etc/kubernetes/cert/ && sudo chown -R k8s /etc/kubernetes/cert/"
        scp kubernetes*.pem k8s@${node_ip}:/etc/kubernetes/cert/
      done
    

    k8s 账户可以读写 /etc/kubernetes/cert/ 目录;

    创建加密配置文件

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    cat > encryption-config.yaml <<EOF
    kind: EncryptionConfig
    apiVersion: v1
    resources:
      - resources:
          - secrets
        providers:
          - aescbc:
              keys:
                - name: key1
                  secret: ${ENCRYPTION_KEY}
          - identity: {}
    EOF
    
    将加密配置文件拷贝到 master 节点的 /etc/kubernetes 目录下:
    
    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        scp encryption-config.yaml root@${node_ip}:/etc/kubernetes/
      done
    

    创建 kube-apiserver systemd unit 模板文件

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    cat > kube-apiserver.service.template <<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=Kubernetes API Server
    Documentation=https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes
    After=network.target
    
    [Service]
    ExecStart=/opt/k8s/bin/kube-apiserver \
      --enable-admission-plugins=Initializers,NamespaceLifecycle,NodeRestriction,LimitRanger,ServiceAccount,DefaultStorageClass,ResourceQuota \
      --anonymous-auth=false \
      --experimental-encryption-provider-config=/etc/kubernetes/encryption-config.yaml \
      --advertise-address=##NODE_IP## \
      --bind-address=##NODE_IP## \
      --insecure-port=0 \
      --authorization-mode=Node,RBAC \
      --runtime-config=api/all \
      --enable-bootstrap-token-auth \
      --service-cluster-ip-range=${SERVICE_CIDR} \
      --service-node-port-range=${NODE_PORT_RANGE} \
      --tls-cert-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/kubernetes.pem \
      --tls-private-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/kubernetes-key.pem \
      --client-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem \
      --kubelet-client-certificate=/etc/kubernetes/cert/kubernetes.pem \
      --kubelet-client-key=/etc/kubernetes/cert/kubernetes-key.pem \
      --service-account-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca-key.pem \
      --etcd-cafile=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem \
      --etcd-certfile=/etc/kubernetes/cert/kubernetes.pem \
      --etcd-keyfile=/etc/kubernetes/cert/kubernetes-key.pem \
      --etcd-servers=${ETCD_ENDPOINTS} \
      --enable-swagger-ui=true \
      --allow-privileged=true \
      --apiserver-count=3 \
      --audit-log-maxage=30 \
      --audit-log-maxbackup=3 \
      --audit-log-maxsize=100 \
      --audit-log-path=/var/log/kube-apiserver-audit.log \
      --event-ttl=1h \
      --alsologtostderr=true \
      --logtostderr=false \
      --log-dir=/var/log/kubernetes \
      --v=2
    Restart=on-failure
    RestartSec=5
    Type=notify
    User=k8s
    LimitNOFILE=65536
    
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    EOF
    
    • --experimental-encryption-provider-config:启用加密特性;
    • --authorization-mode=Node,RBAC: 开启 Node 和 RBAC 授权模式,拒绝未授权的请求;
    • --enable-admission-plugins:启用 ServiceAccount 和 NodeRestriction;
    • --service-account-key-file:签名 ServiceAccount Token 的公钥文件,kube-controller-manager 的 --service-account-private-key-file 指定私钥文件,两者配对使用;
    • --tls-*-file:指定 apiserver 使用的证书、私钥和 CA 文件。--client-ca-file 用于验证 client (kue-controller-manager、kube-scheduler、kubelet、kube-proxy 等)请求所带的证书;
    • --kubelet-client-certificate、--kubelet-client-key:如果指定,则使用 https 访问 kubelet APIs;需要为证书对应的用户(上面 kubernetes*.pem 证书的用户为 kubernetes) 用户定义 RBAC 规则,否则访问 kubelet API * 时提示未授权;
    • --bind-address: 不能为 127.0.0.1,否则外界不能访问它的安全端口 6443;
    • --insecure-port=0:关闭监听非安全端口(8080);
    • --service-cluster-ip-range: 指定 Service Cluster IP 地址段;
    • --service-node-port-range: 指定 NodePort 的端口范围;
    • --runtime-config=api/all=true: 启用所有版本的 APIs,如 autoscaling/v2alpha1;
    • --enable-bootstrap-token-auth:启用 kubelet bootstrap 的 token 认证;
    • --apiserver-count=3:指定集群运行模式,多台 kube-apiserver 会通过 leader 选举产生一个工作节点,其它节点处于阻塞状态;
    • User=k8s:使用 k8s 账户运行;

    为各节点创建和分发 kube-apiserver systemd unit 文件

    替换模板文件中的变量,为各节点创建 systemd unit 文件:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for (( i=0; i < 3; i++ ))
      do
        sed -e "s/##NODE_NAME##/${NODE_NAMES[i]}/" -e "s/##NODE_IP##/${NODE_IPS[i]}/" kube-apiserver.service.template > kube-apiserver-${NODE_IPS[i]}.service 
      done
    ls kube-apiserver*.service
    

    分发生成的 systemd unit 文件

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "mkdir -p /var/log/kubernetes && chown -R k8s /var/log/kubernetes"
        scp kube-apiserver-${node_ip}.service root@${node_ip}:/etc/systemd/system/kube-apiserver.service
      done
    

    启动 kube-apiserver 服务

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
    do
    echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
    ssh root@${node_ip} "systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl enable kube-apiserver && systemctl restart kube-apiserver"
    done

    检查 kube-apiserver 运行状态

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "systemctl status kube-apiserver |grep 'Active:'"
      done
    

    确保状态为 active (running),否则到 master 节点查看日志,确认原因:

    journalctl -u kube-apiserver

    打印 kube-apiserver 写入 etcd 的数据

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl
    --endpoints=${ETCD_ENDPOINTS}
    --cacert=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem
    --cert=/etc/etcd/cert/etcd.pem
    --key=/etc/etcd/cert/etcd-key.pem
    get /registry/ --prefix --keys-only

    检查集群信息

    kubectl cluster-info
    kubectl get all --all-namespaces
    kubectl get componentstatuses
    

    检查 kube-apiserver 监听的端口
    sudo netstat -lnpt|grep kube
    tcp 0 0 172.27.129.105:6443 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 13075/kube-apiserve

    6443: 接收 https 请求的安全端口,对所有请求做认证和授权;
    由于关闭了非安全端口,故没有监听 8080;

    授予 kubernetes 证书访问 kubelet API 的权限

    在执行 kubectl exec、run、logs 等命令时,apiserver 会转发到 kubelet。这里定义 RBAC 规则,授权 apiserver 调用 kubelet API。

    kubectl create clusterrolebinding kube-apiserver:kubelet-apis --clusterrole=system:kubelet-api-admin --user kubernetes
    

    06-3.部署高可用 kube-controller-manager 集群

    该集群包含 3 个节点,启动后将通过竞争选举机制产生一个 leader 节点,其它节点为阻塞状态。当 leader 节点不可用后,剩余节点将再次进行选举产生新的 leader 节点,从而保证服务的可用性。

    为保证通信安全,本文档先生成 x509 证书和私钥,kube-controller-manager 在如下两种情况下使用该证书:

    与 kube-apiserver 的安全端口通信时;
    在安全端口(https,10252) 输出 prometheus 格式的 metrics;

    创建 kube-controller-manager 证书和私钥

    创建证书签名请求:

    cat > kube-controller-manager-csr.json <<EOF
    {
        "CN": "system:kube-controller-manager",
        "key": {
            "algo": "rsa",
            "size": 2048
        },
        "hosts": [
          "127.0.0.1",
          "192.168.86.156",
    	  "192.168.86.155",
    	  "192.168.86.154"
        ],
        "names": [
          {
            "C": "CN",
            "ST": "BeiJing",
            "L": "BeiJing",
            "O": "system:kube-controller-manager",
            "OU": "4Paradigm"
          }
        ]
    }
    EOF
    

    hosts 列表包含所有 kube-controller-manager 节点 IP;
    CN 为 system:kube-controller-manager、O 为 system:kube-controller-manager,kubernetes 内置的 ClusterRoleBindings system:kube-controller-manager 赋予 kube-controller-manager 工作所需的权限。
    生成证书和私钥:

    cfssl gencert -ca=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem 
      -ca-key=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca-key.pem 
      -config=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca-config.json 
      -profile=kubernetes kube-controller-manager-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kube-controller-manager
    

    将生成的证书和私钥分发到所有 master 节点:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        scp kube-controller-manager*.pem k8s@${node_ip}:/etc/kubernetes/cert/
      done
    

    创建和分发 kubeconfig 文件

    kubeconfig 文件包含访问 apiserver 的所有信息,如 apiserver 地址、CA 证书和自身使用的证书;

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    kubectl config set-cluster kubernetes 
      --certificate-authority=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem 
      --embed-certs=true 
      --server=${KUBE_APISERVER} 
      --kubeconfig=kube-controller-manager.kubeconfig
    
    kubectl config set-credentials system:kube-controller-manager 
      --client-certificate=kube-controller-manager.pem 
      --client-key=kube-controller-manager-key.pem 
      --embed-certs=true 
      --kubeconfig=kube-controller-manager.kubeconfig
    
    kubectl config set-context system:kube-controller-manager 
      --cluster=kubernetes 
      --user=system:kube-controller-manager 
      --kubeconfig=kube-controller-manager.kubeconfig
    
    kubectl config use-context system:kube-controller-manager --kubeconfig=kube-controller-manager.kubeconfig
    

    分发 kubeconfig 到所有 master 节点:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        scp kube-controller-manager.kubeconfig k8s@${node_ip}:/etc/kubernetes/
      done
    

    创建和分发 kube-controller-manager systemd unit 文件

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    cat > kube-controller-manager.service <<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=Kubernetes Controller Manager
    Documentation=https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes
    
    [Service]
    ExecStart=/opt/k8s/bin/kube-controller-manager \
      --port=0 \
      --secure-port=10252 \
      --bind-address=127.0.0.1 \
      --kubeconfig=/etc/kubernetes/kube-controller-manager.kubeconfig \
      --service-cluster-ip-range=${SERVICE_CIDR} \
      --cluster-name=kubernetes \
      --cluster-signing-cert-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem \
      --cluster-signing-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca-key.pem \
      --experimental-cluster-signing-duration=17520h \
      --root-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem \
      --service-account-private-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca-key.pem \
      --leader-elect=true \
      --feature-gates=RotateKubeletServerCertificate=true \
      --controllers=*,bootstrapsigner,tokencleaner \
      --horizontal-pod-autoscaler-use-rest-clients=true \
      --horizontal-pod-autoscaler-sync-period=10s \
      --tls-cert-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/kube-controller-manager.pem \
      --tls-private-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/kube-controller-manager-key.pem \
      --use-service-account-credentials=true \
      --alsologtostderr=true \
      --logtostderr=false \
      --log-dir=/var/log/kubernetes \
      --v=2
    Restart=on
    Restart=on-failure
    RestartSec=5
    User=k8s
    
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    EOF
    
    • --port=0:关闭监听 http /metrics 的请求,同时 --address 参数无效,--bind-address 参数有效;
    • --secure-port=10252、--bind-address=0.0.0.0: 在所有网络接口监听 10252 端口的 https /metrics 请求;
    • --kubeconfig:指定 kubeconfig 文件路径,kube-controller-manager 使用它连接和验证 kube-apiserver;
    • --cluster-signing-*-file:签名 TLS Bootstrap 创建的证书;
    • --experimental-cluster-signing-duration:指定 TLS Bootstrap 证书的有效期;
    • --root-ca-file:放置到容器 ServiceAccount 中的 CA 证书,用来对 kube-apiserver 的证书进行校验;
    • --service-account-private-key-file:签名 ServiceAccount 中 Token 的私钥文件,必须和 kube-apiserver 的 --service-account-key-file 指定的公钥文件配对使用;
    • --service-cluster-ip-range :指定 Service Cluster IP 网段,必须和 kube-apiserver 中的同名参数一致;
    • --leader-elect=true:集群运行模式,启用选举功能;被选为 leader 的节点负责处理工作,其它节点为阻塞状态;
    • --feature-gates=RotateKubeletServerCertificate=true:开启 kublet server 证书的自动更新特性;
    • --controllers=*,bootstrapsigner,tokencleaner:启用的控制器列表,tokencleaner 用于自动清理过期的 Bootstrap token;
    • --horizontal-pod-autoscaler-*:custom metrics 相关参数,支持 autoscaling/v2alpha1;
    • --tls-cert-file、--tls-private-key-file:使用 https 输出 metrics 时使用的 Server 证书和秘钥;
    • --use-service-account-credentials=true:
    • User=k8s:使用 k8s 账户运行;
    • kube-controller-manager 不对请求 https metrics 的 Client 证书进行校验,故不需要指定 --tls-ca-file 参数,而且该参数已被淘汰。

    分发 systemd unit 文件到所有 master 节点:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        scp kube-controller-manager.service root@${node_ip}:/etc/systemd/system/
      done
    

    kube-controller-manager 的权限

    ClusteRole: system:kube-controller-manager 的权限很小,只能创建 secret、serviceaccount 等资源对象,各 controller 的权限分散到 ClusterRole system:controller:XXX 中。

    需要在 kube-controller-manager 的启动参数中添加 --use-service-account-credentials=true 参数,这样 main controller 会为各 controller 创建对应的 ServiceAccount XXX-controller。

    内置的 ClusterRoleBinding system:controller:XXX 将赋予各 XXX-controller ServiceAccount 对应的 ClusterRole system:controller:XXX 权限。

    启动 kube-controller-manager 服务

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "mkdir -p /var/log/kubernetes && chown -R k8s /var/log/kubernetes"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl enable kube-controller-manager && systemctl restart kube-controller-manager"
      done
    

    必须先创建日志目录;

    检查服务运行状态

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
    do
    echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
    ssh k8s@${node_ip} "systemctl status kube-controller-manager|grep Active"
    done
    确保状态为 active (running),否则查看日志,确认原因:

    $ journalctl -u kube-controller-manager
    

    查看输出的 metric

    注意:以下命令在 kube-controller-manager 节点上执行。

    kube-controller-manager 监听 10252 端口,接收 https 请求:

    $ sudo netstat -lnpt|grep kube-controll
    tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:10252         0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      18377/kube-controll
    $ curl -s --cacert /etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem https://127.0.0.1:10252/metrics |head
    # HELP ClusterRoleAggregator_adds Total number of adds handled by workqueue: ClusterRoleAggregator
    # TYPE ClusterRoleAggregator_adds counter
    ClusterRoleAggregator_adds 3
    # HELP ClusterRoleAggregator_depth Current depth of workqueue: ClusterRoleAggregator
    # TYPE ClusterRoleAggregator_depth gauge
    ClusterRoleAggregator_depth 0
    # HELP ClusterRoleAggregator_queue_latency How long an item stays in workqueueClusterRoleAggregator before being requested.
    # TYPE ClusterRoleAggregator_queue_latency summary
    ClusterRoleAggregator_queue_latency{quantile="0.5"} 57018
    ClusterRoleAggregator_queue_latency{quantile="0.9"} 57268
    

    curl --cacert CA 证书用来验证 kube-controller-manager https server 证书;
    测试 kube-controller-manager 集群的高可用
    停掉一个或两个节点的 kube-controller-manager 服务,观察其它节点的日志,看是否获取了 leader 权限。

    查看当前的 leader

    $ kubectl get endpoints kube-controller-manager --namespace=kube-system  -o yaml
    apiVersion: v1
    kind: Endpoints
    metadata:
      annotations:
        control-plane.alpha.kubernetes.io/leader: '{"holderIdentity":"docker86-155_32dbaca9-e15f-11e8-87e7-e0db5521eb14","leaseDurationSeconds":15,"acquireTime":"2018-11-06T00:59:52Z","renewTime":"2018-11-06T01:34:01Z","leaderTransitions":39}'
      creationTimestamp: 2018-10-10T15:18:11Z
      name: kube-controller-manager
      namespace: kube-system
      resourceVersion: "6281708"
      selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/endpoints/kube-controller-manager
      uid: b38d3ea9-cc9f-11e8-9cde-d4ae52a3b675
    

    可见,当前的 leader 为docker86-155 节点。

    参考
    关于 controller 权限和 use-service-account-credentials 参数:https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/48208
    kublet 认证和授权:https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/kubelet-authentication-authorization/#kubelet-authorization

    06-3.部署高可用 kube-scheduler 集群

    该集群包含 3 个节点,启动后将通过竞争选举机制产生一个 leader 节点,其它节点为阻塞状态。当 leader 节点不可用后,剩余节点将再次进行选举产生新的 leader 节点,从而保证服务的可用性。

    为保证通信安全,本文档先生成 x509 证书和私钥,kube-scheduler 在如下两种情况下使用该证书:

    与 kube-apiserver 的安全端口通信;
    在安全端口(https,10251) 输出 prometheus 格式的 metrics;

    创建 kube-scheduler 证书和私钥

    cat > kube-scheduler-csr.json <<EOF
    {
        "CN": "system:kube-scheduler",
        "hosts": [
          "127.0.0.1",
          "192.168.86.156",
    	  "192.168.86.155",
    	  "192.168.86.154"
        ],
        "key": {
            "algo": "rsa",
            "size": 2048
        },
        "names": [
          {
            "C": "CN",
            "ST": "BeiJing",
            "L": "BeiJing",
            "O": "system:kube-scheduler",
            "OU": "4Paradigm"
          }
        ]
    }
    EOF
    

    生成证书和私钥:

    cfssl gencert -ca=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem 
      -ca-key=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca-key.pem 
      -config=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca-config.json 
      -profile=kubernetes kube-scheduler-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kube-scheduler
    

    创建和分发 kubeconfig 文件

    kubeconfig 文件包含访问 apiserver 的所有信息,如 apiserver 地址、CA 证书和自身使用的证书;

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    kubectl config set-cluster kubernetes 
      --certificate-authority=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem 
      --embed-certs=true 
      --server=${KUBE_APISERVER} 
      --kubeconfig=kube-scheduler.kubeconfig
    
    kubectl config set-credentials system:kube-scheduler 
      --client-certificate=kube-scheduler.pem 
      --client-key=kube-scheduler-key.pem 
      --embed-certs=true 
      --kubeconfig=kube-scheduler.kubeconfig
    
    kubectl config set-context system:kube-scheduler 
      --cluster=kubernetes 
      --user=system:kube-scheduler 
      --kubeconfig=kube-scheduler.kubeconfig
    
    kubectl config use-context system:kube-scheduler --kubeconfig=kube-scheduler.kubeconfig
    

    分发 kubeconfig 到所有 master 节点:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        scp kube-scheduler.kubeconfig k8s@${node_ip}:/etc/kubernetes/
      done
    

    创建和分发 kube-scheduler systemd unit 文件

    cat > kube-scheduler.service <<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=Kubernetes Scheduler
    Documentation=https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes
    
    [Service]
    ExecStart=/opt/k8s/bin/kube-scheduler \
      --address=127.0.0.1 \
      --kubeconfig=/etc/kubernetes/kube-scheduler.kubeconfig \
      --leader-elect=true \
      --alsologtostderr=true \
      --logtostderr=false \
      --log-dir=/var/log/kubernetes \
      --v=2
    Restart=on-failure
    RestartSec=5
    User=k8s
    
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    EOF
    

    --address:在 127.0.0.1:10251 端口接收 http /metrics 请求;kube-scheduler 目前还不支持接收 https 请求;
    --kubeconfig:指定 kubeconfig 文件路径,kube-scheduler 使用它连接和验证 kube-apiserver;
    --leader-elect=true:集群运行模式,启用选举功能;被选为 leader 的节点负责处理工作,其它节点为阻塞状态;
    User=k8s:使用 k8s 账户运行;

    分发 systemd unit 文件到所有 master 节点:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        scp kube-scheduler.service root@${node_ip}:/etc/systemd/system/
      done
    

    启动 kube-scheduler 服务

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "mkdir -p /var/log/kubernetes && chown -R k8s /var/log/kubernetes"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl enable kube-scheduler && systemctl restart kube-scheduler"
      done
    

    必须先创建日志目录;

    检查服务运行状态
    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
    do
    echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
    ssh k8s@${node_ip} "systemctl status kube-scheduler|grep Active"
    done

    确保状态为 active (running),否则查看日志,确认原因:

    journalctl -u kube-scheduler
    

    查看输出的 metric

    注意:以下命令在 kube-scheduler 节点上执行。

    kube-scheduler 监听 10251 端口,接收 http 请求:

    $ sudo netstat -lnpt|grep kube-sche
    tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:10251 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 23783/kube-schedule
    $ curl -s http://127.0.0.1:10251/metrics |head

    HELP apiserver_audit_event_total Counter of audit events generated and sent to the audit backend.

    TYPE apiserver_audit_event_total counter

    apiserver_audit_event_total 0

    HELP go_gc_duration_seconds A summary of the GC invocation durations.

    TYPE go_gc_duration_seconds summary

    go_gc_duration_seconds{quantile="0"} 9.7715e-05
    go_gc_duration_seconds{quantile="0.25"} 0.000107676
    go_gc_duration_seconds{quantile="0.5"} 0.00017868
    go_gc_duration_seconds{quantile="0.75"} 0.000262444
    go_gc_duration_seconds{quantile="1"} 0.001205223

    测试 kube-scheduler 集群的高可用

    随便找一个或两个 master 节点,停掉 kube-scheduler 服务,看其它节点是否获取了 leader 权限(systemd 日志)。

    查看当前的 leader
    $ kubectl get endpoints kube-scheduler --namespace=kube-system -o yaml
    apiVersion: v1
    kind: Endpoints
    metadata:
    annotations:
    control-plane.alpha.kubernetes.io/leader: '{"holderIdentity":"kube-node3_61f34593-6cc8-11e8-8af7-5254002f288e","leaseDurationSeconds":15,"acquireTime":"2018-06-10T16:09:56Z","renewTime":"2018-06-10T16:20:54Z","leaderTransitions":1}'
    creationTimestamp: 2018-06-10T16:07:33Z
    name: kube-scheduler
    namespace: kube-system
    resourceVersion: "4645"
    selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/endpoints/kube-scheduler
    uid: 62382d98-6cc8-11e8-96fa-525400ba84c6

    07-1.部署 docker 组件

    docker 是容器的运行环境,管理它的生命周期。kubelet 通过 Container Runtime Interface (CRI) 与 docker 进行交互。

    安装依赖包

    参考 07-0.部署worker节点.md

    下载和分发 docker 二进制文件

    http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/static/stable/x86_64/ 页面下载最新发布包:

    wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/static/stable/x86_64/docker-18.06.1-ce.tgz
    tar -xvf docker-18.06.1-ce.tgz
    

    分发二进制文件到所有 worker 节点:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        scp docker/docker*  k8s@${node_ip}:/opt/k8s/bin/
        ssh k8s@${node_ip} "chmod +x /opt/k8s/bin/*"
      done
    

    创建和分发 systemd unit 文件

    cat > docker.service <<"EOF"
    [Unit]
    Description=Docker Application Container Engine
    Documentation=http://docs.docker.io
    
    [Service]
    Environment="PATH=/opt/k8s/bin:/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin"
    EnvironmentFile=-/run/flannel/docker
    ExecStart=/opt/k8s/bin/dockerd --log-level=error $DOCKER_NETWORK_OPTIONS
    ExecReload=/bin/kill -s HUP $MAINPID
    Restart=on-failure
    RestartSec=5
    LimitNOFILE=infinity
    LimitNPROC=infinity
    LimitCORE=infinity
    Delegate=yes
    KillMode=process
    
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    EOF
    
    • EOF 前后有双引号,这样 bash 不会替换文档中的变量,如 $DOCKER_NETWORK_OPTIONS;

    • dockerd 运行时会调用其它 docker 命令,如 docker-proxy,所以需要将 docker 命令所在的目录加到 PATH 环境变量中;

    • flanneld 启动时将网络配置写入 /run/flannel/docker 文件中,dockerd 启动前读取该文件中的环境变量 DOCKER_NETWORK_OPTIONS ,然后设置 docker0 网桥网段;

    • 如果指定了多个 EnvironmentFile 选项,则必须将 /run/flannel/docker 放在最后(确保 docker0 使用 flanneld 生成的 bip 参数);

    • docker 需要以 root 用于运行;

    • docker 从 1.13 版本开始,可能将 iptables FORWARD chain的默认策略设置为DROP,从而导致 ping 其它 Node 上的 Pod IP 失败,遇到这种情况时,需要手动设置策略为 ACCEPT

      $ sudo iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT
      

      并且把以下命令写入 /etc/rc.local 文件中,防止节点重启iptables FORWARD chain的默认策略又还原为DROP

      /sbin/iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT
      

    完整 unit 见 docker.service

    分发 systemd unit 文件到所有 worker 机器:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        scp docker.service root@${node_ip}:/etc/systemd/system/
      done
    

    配置和分发 docker 配置文件

    使用国内的仓库镜像服务器以加快 pull image 的速度,同时增加下载的并发数 (需要重启 dockerd 生效):

    cat > docker-daemon.json <<EOF
    {
    	"insecure-registries":["192.168.86.8:5000","registry.xxx.com"],
        "registry-mirrors": ["https://jk4bb75a.mirror.aliyuncs.com", "https://docker.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn"],
        "max-concurrent-downloads": 20
    }
    EOF
    

    分发 docker 配置文件到所有 work 节点:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "mkdir -p  /etc/docker/"
        scp docker-daemon.json root@${node_ip}:/etc/docker/daemon.json
      done
    

    启动 docker 服务

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "systemctl stop firewalld && systemctl disable firewalld"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "/usr/sbin/iptables -F && /usr/sbin/iptables -X && /usr/sbin/iptables -F -t nat && /usr/sbin/iptables -X -t nat"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "/usr/sbin/iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl enable docker && systemctl restart docker"
        ssh root@${node_ip} 'for intf in /sys/devices/virtual/net/docker0/brif/*; do echo 1 > $intf/hairpin_mode; done'
        ssh root@${node_ip} "sudo sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf"
      done
    
    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
         ssh root@${node_ip} "systemctl restart docker"
      done
    
    • 关闭 firewalld(centos7)/ufw(ubuntu16.04),否则可能会重复创建 iptables 规则;
    • 清理旧的 iptables rules 和 chains 规则;
    • 开启 docker0 网桥下虚拟网卡的 hairpin 模式;

    检查服务运行状态

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh k8s@${node_ip} "systemctl status docker|grep Active"
      done
    

    确保状态为 active (running),否则查看日志,确认原因:

    $ journalctl -u docker
    

    检查 docker0 网桥

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh k8s@${node_ip} "/usr/sbin/ip addr show flannel.1 && /usr/sbin/ip addr show docker0"
      done
    

    确认各 work 节点的 docker0 网桥和 flannel.1 接口的 IP 处于同一个网段中(如下 172.30.39.0 和 172.30.39.1):

    3: flannel.1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1450 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
        link/ether ce:2f:d6:53:e5:f3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
        inet 172.30.39.0/32 scope global flannel.1
          valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
        inet6 fe80::cc2f:d6ff:fe53:e5f3/64 scope link
          valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    4: docker0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default
        link/ether 02:42:bf:65:16:5c brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
        inet 172.30.39.1/24 brd 172.30.39.255 scope global docker0
          valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    

    07-2.部署 kubelet 组件

    kublet 运行在每个 worker 节点上,接收 kube-apiserver 发送的请求,管理 Pod 容器,执行交互式命令,如 exec、run、logs 等。

    kublet 启动时自动向 kube-apiserver 注册节点信息,内置的 cadvisor 统计和监控节点的资源使用情况。

    为确保安全,本文档只开启接收 https 请求的安全端口,对请求进行认证和授权,拒绝未授权的访问(如 apiserver、heapster)。

    创建 kubelet bootstrap kubeconfig 文件

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_name in ${NODE_NAMES[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_name}"
    
        # 创建 token
        export BOOTSTRAP_TOKEN=$(kubeadm token create 
          --description kubelet-bootstrap-token 
          --groups system:bootstrappers:${node_name} 
          --kubeconfig ~/.kube/config)
    
        # 设置集群参数
        kubectl config set-cluster kubernetes 
          --certificate-authority=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem 
          --embed-certs=true 
          --server=${KUBE_APISERVER} 
          --kubeconfig=kubelet-bootstrap-${node_name}.kubeconfig
    
        # 设置客户端认证参数
        kubectl config set-credentials kubelet-bootstrap 
          --token=${BOOTSTRAP_TOKEN} 
          --kubeconfig=kubelet-bootstrap-${node_name}.kubeconfig
    
        # 设置上下文参数
        kubectl config set-context default 
          --cluster=kubernetes 
          --user=kubelet-bootstrap 
          --kubeconfig=kubelet-bootstrap-${node_name}.kubeconfig
    
        # 设置默认上下文
        kubectl config use-context default --kubeconfig=kubelet-bootstrap-${node_name}.kubeconfig
      done
    
    • 证书中写入 Token 而非证书,证书后续由 controller-manager 创建。

    查看 kubeadm 为各节点创建的 token:

    $ kubeadm token list --kubeconfig ~/.kube/config
    TOKEN                     TTL       EXPIRES                     USAGES                   DESCRIPTION               EXTRA GROUPS
    k0s2bj.7nvw1zi1nalyz4gz   23h       2018-06-14T15:14:31+08:00   authentication,signing   kubelet-bootstrap-token   system:bootstrappers:kube-node1
    mkus5s.vilnjk3kutei600l   23h       2018-06-14T15:14:32+08:00   authentication,signing   kubelet-bootstrap-token   system:bootstrappers:kube-node3
    zkiem5.0m4xhw0jc8r466nk   23h       2018-06-14T15:14:32+08:00   authentication,signing   kubelet-bootstrap-token   system:bootstrappers:kube-node2
    
    • 创建的 token 有效期为 1 天,超期后将不能再被使用,且会被 kube-controller-manager 的 tokencleaner 清理(如果启用该 controller 的话);
    • kube-apiserver 接收 kubelet 的 bootstrap token 后,将请求的 user 设置为 system:bootstrap:,group 设置为 system:bootstrappers;

    各 token 关联的 Secret:

    $ kubectl get secrets  -n kube-system
    NAME                     TYPE                                  DATA      AGE
    bootstrap-token-k0s2bj   bootstrap.kubernetes.io/token         7         1m
    bootstrap-token-mkus5s   bootstrap.kubernetes.io/token         7         1m
    bootstrap-token-zkiem5   bootstrap.kubernetes.io/token         7         1m
    default-token-99st7      kubernetes.io/service-account-token   3         2d
    

    分发 bootstrap kubeconfig 文件到所有 worker 节点

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_name in ${NODE_NAMES[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_name}"
        scp kubelet-bootstrap-${node_name}.kubeconfig k8s@${node_name}:/etc/kubernetes/kubelet-bootstrap.kubeconfig
      done
    

    创建和分发 kubelet 参数配置文件

    从 v1.10 开始,kubelet 部分参数需在配置文件中配置,kubelet --help 会提示:

    DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag
    

    创建 kubelet 参数配置模板文件:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    cat > kubelet.config.json.template <<EOF
    {
      "kind": "KubeletConfiguration",
      "apiVersion": "kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1",
      "authentication": {
        "x509": {
          "clientCAFile": "/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem"
        },
        "webhook": {
          "enabled": true,
          "cacheTTL": "2m0s"
        },
        "anonymous": {
          "enabled": false
        }
      },
      "authorization": {
        "mode": "Webhook",
        "webhook": {
          "cacheAuthorizedTTL": "5m0s",
          "cacheUnauthorizedTTL": "30s"
        }
      },
      "address": "##NODE_IP##",
      "port": 10250,
      "readOnlyPort": 0,
      "cgroupDriver": "cgroupfs",
      "hairpinMode": "promiscuous-bridge",
      "serializeImagePulls": false,
      "featureGates": {
        "RotateKubeletClientCertificate": true,
        "RotateKubeletServerCertificate": true
      },
      "clusterDomain": "${CLUSTER_DNS_DOMAIN}",
      "clusterDNS": ["${CLUSTER_DNS_SVC_IP}"]
    }
    EOF
    
    • address:API 监听地址,不能为 127.0.0.1,否则 kube-apiserver、heapster 等不能调用 kubelet 的 API;
    • readOnlyPort=0:关闭只读端口(默认 10255),等效为未指定;
    • authentication.anonymous.enabled:设置为 false,不允许匿名访问 10250 端口;
    • authentication.x509.clientCAFile:指定签名客户端证书的 CA 证书,开启 HTTP 证书认证;
    • authentication.webhook.enabled=true:开启 HTTPs bearer token 认证;
    • 对于未通过 x509 证书和 webhook 认证的请求(kube-apiserver 或其他客户端),将被拒绝,提示 Unauthorized;
    • authroization.mode=Webhook:kubelet 使用 SubjectAccessReview API 查询 kube-apiserver 某 user、group 是否具有操作资源的权限(RBAC);
    • featureGates.RotateKubeletClientCertificate、featureGates.RotateKubeletServerCertificate:自动 rotate 证书,证书的有效期取决于 kube-controller-manager 的 --experimental-cluster-signing-duration 参数;
    • 需要 root 账户运行;

    为各节点创建和分发 kubelet 配置文件:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do 
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        sed -e "s/##NODE_IP##/${node_ip}/" kubelet.config.json.template > kubelet.config-${node_ip}.json
        scp kubelet.config-${node_ip}.json root@${node_ip}:/etc/kubernetes/kubelet.config.json
      done
    

    替换后的 kubelet.config.json 文件: kubelet.config.json

    创建和分发 kubelet systemd unit 文件

    创建 kubelet systemd unit 文件模板:

    cat > kubelet.service.template <<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=Kubernetes Kubelet
    Documentation=https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes
    After=docker.service
    Requires=docker.service
    
    [Service]
    WorkingDirectory=/var/lib/kubelet
    ExecStart=/opt/k8s/bin/kubelet \
      --bootstrap-kubeconfig=/etc/kubernetes/kubelet-bootstrap.kubeconfig \
      --cert-dir=/etc/kubernetes/cert \
      --kubeconfig=/etc/kubernetes/kubelet.kubeconfig \
      --config=/etc/kubernetes/kubelet.config.json \
      --hostname-override=##NODE_NAME## \
      --pod-infra-container-image=registry.access.redhat.com/rhel7/pod-infrastructure:latest \
      --allow-privileged=true \
      --alsologtostderr=true \
      --logtostderr=false \
      --log-dir=/var/log/kubernetes \
      --v=2
    Restart=on-failure
    RestartSec=5
    
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    EOF
    
    • 如果设置了 --hostname-override 选项,则 kube-proxy 也需要设置该选项,否则会出现找不到 Node 的情况;
    • --bootstrap-kubeconfig:指向 bootstrap kubeconfig 文件,kubelet 使用该文件中的用户名和 token 向 kube-apiserver 发送 TLS Bootstrapping 请求;
    • K8S approve kubelet 的 csr 请求后,在 --cert-dir 目录创建证书和私钥文件,然后写入 --kubeconfig 文件;

    替换后的 unit 文件:kubelet.service

    为各节点创建和分发 kubelet systemd unit 文件:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_name in ${NODE_NAMES[@]}
      do 
        echo ">>> ${node_name}"
        sed -e "s/##NODE_NAME##/${node_name}/" kubelet.service.template > kubelet-${node_name}.service
        scp kubelet-${node_name}.service root@${node_name}:/etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service
      done
    

    Bootstrap Token Auth 和授予权限

    kublet 启动时查找配置的 --kubeletconfig 文件是否存在,如果不存在则使用 --bootstrap-kubeconfig 向 kube-apiserver 发送证书签名请求 (CSR)。

    kube-apiserver 收到 CSR 请求后,对其中的 Token 进行认证(事先使用 kubeadm 创建的 token),认证通过后将请求的 user 设置为 system:bootstrap:,group 设置为 system:bootstrappers,这一过程称为 Bootstrap Token Auth。

    默认情况下,这个 user 和 group 没有创建 CSR 的权限:q,kubelet 启动失败,错误日志如下:

    $ sudo journalctl -u kubelet -a |grep -A 2 'certificatesigningrequests'
    May 06 06:42:36 kube-node1 kubelet[26986]: F0506 06:42:36.314378   26986 server.go:233] failed to run Kubelet: cannot create certificate signing request: certificatesigningrequests.certificates.k8s.io is forbidden: User "system:bootstrap:lemy40" cannot create certificatesigningrequests.certificates.k8s.io at the cluster scope
    May 06 06:42:36 kube-node1 systemd[1]: kubelet.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=255/n/a
    May 06 06:42:36 kube-node1 systemd[1]: kubelet.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
    

    解决办法是:创建一个 clusterrolebinding,将 group system:bootstrappers 和 clusterrole system:node-bootstrapper 绑定:

    $ kubectl create clusterrolebinding kubelet-bootstrap --clusterrole=system:node-bootstrapper --group=system:bootstrappers
    

    启动 kubelet 服务

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "mkdir -p /var/lib/kubelet"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "/usr/sbin/swapoff -a"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "mkdir -p /var/log/kubernetes && chown -R k8s /var/log/kubernetes"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl enable kubelet && systemctl restart kubelet"
      done
    
    • 关闭 swap 分区,否则 kubelet 会启动失败;
    • 必须先创建工作和日志目录;

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
    do
    echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
    ssh root@${node_ip} "systemctl restart kubelet && systemctl status kubelet|grep Active:"
    done

    $ journalctl -u kubelet |tail
    Jun 13 16:05:40 kube-node2 kubelet[22343]: I0613 16:05:40.388242   22343 feature_gate.go:226] feature gates: &{{} map[RotateKubeletServerCertificate:true RotateKubeletClientCertificate:true]}
    Jun 13 16:05:40 kube-node2 kubelet[22343]: I0613 16:05:40.394342   22343 mount_linux.go:211] Detected OS with systemd
    Jun 13 16:05:40 kube-node2 kubelet[22343]: W0613 16:05:40.394494   22343 cni.go:171] Unable to update cni config: No networks found in /etc/cni/net.d
    Jun 13 16:05:40 kube-node2 kubelet[22343]: I0613 16:05:40.399508   22343 server.go:376] Version: v1.10.4
    Jun 13 16:05:40 kube-node2 kubelet[22343]: I0613 16:05:40.399583   22343 feature_gate.go:226] feature gates: &{{} map[RotateKubeletServerCertificate:true RotateKubeletClientCertificate:true]}
    Jun 13 16:05:40 kube-node2 kubelet[22343]: I0613 16:05:40.399736   22343 plugins.go:89] No cloud provider specified.
    Jun 13 16:05:40 kube-node2 kubelet[22343]: I0613 16:05:40.399752   22343 server.go:492] No cloud provider specified: "" from the config file: ""
    Jun 13 16:05:40 kube-node2 kubelet[22343]: I0613 16:05:40.399777   22343 bootstrap.go:58] Using bootstrap kubeconfig to generate TLS client cert, key and kubeconfig file
    Jun 13 16:05:40 kube-node2 kubelet[22343]: I0613 16:05:40.446068   22343 csr.go:105] csr for this node already exists, reusing
    Jun 13 16:05:40 kube-node2 kubelet[22343]: I0613 16:05:40.453761   22343 csr.go:113] csr for this node is still valid
    

    kubelet 启动后使用 --bootstrap-kubeconfig 向 kube-apiserver 发送 CSR 请求,当这个 CSR 被 approve 后,kube-controller-manager 为 kubelet 创建 TLS 客户端证书、私钥和 --kubeletconfig 文件。

    注意:kube-controller-manager 需要配置 --cluster-signing-cert-file--cluster-signing-key-file 参数,才会为 TLS Bootstrap 创建证书和私钥。

    $ kubectl get csr
    NAME                                                   AGE       REQUESTOR                 CONDITION
    node-csr-QzuuQiuUfcSdp3j5W4B2UOuvQ_n9aTNHAlrLzVFiqrk   43s       system:bootstrap:zkiem5   Pending
    node-csr-oVbPmU-ikVknpynwu0Ckz_MvkAO_F1j0hmbcDa__sGA   27s       system:bootstrap:mkus5s   Pending
    node-csr-u0E1-ugxgotO_9FiGXo8DkD6a7-ew8sX2qPE6KPS2IY   13m       system:bootstrap:k0s2bj   Pending
    
    $ kubectl get nodes
    No resources found.
    
    • 三个 work 节点的 csr 均处于 pending 状态;

    approve kubelet CSR 请求

    可以手动或自动 approve CSR 请求。推荐使用自动的方式,因为从 v1.8 版本开始,可以自动轮转approve csr 后生成的证书。

    手动 approve CSR 请求

    查看 CSR 列表:

    $ kubectl get csr
    NAME                                                   AGE       REQUESTOR                 CONDITION
    node-csr-QzuuQiuUfcSdp3j5W4B2UOuvQ_n9aTNHAlrLzVFiqrk   43s       system:bootstrap:zkiem5   Pending
    node-csr-oVbPmU-ikVknpynwu0Ckz_MvkAO_F1j0hmbcDa__sGA   27s       system:bootstrap:mkus5s   Pending
    node-csr-u0E1-ugxgotO_9FiGXo8DkD6a7-ew8sX2qPE6KPS2IY   13m       system:bootstrap:k0s2bj   Pending
    

    approve CSR:

    $ kubectl certificate approve node-csr-QzuuQiuUfcSdp3j5W4B2UOuvQ_n9aTNHAlrLzVFiqrk
    certificatesigningrequest.certificates.k8s.io "node-csr-QzuuQiuUfcSdp3j5W4B2UOuvQ_n9aTNHAlrLzVFiqrk" approved
    

    查看 Approve 结果:

    $ kubectl describe  csr node-csr-QzuuQiuUfcSdp3j5W4B2UOuvQ_n9aTNHAlrLzVFiqrk
    Name:               node-csr-QzuuQiuUfcSdp3j5W4B2UOuvQ_n9aTNHAlrLzVFiqrk
    Labels:             <none>
    Annotations:        <none>
    CreationTimestamp:  Wed, 13 Jun 2018 16:05:04 +0800
    Requesting User:    system:bootstrap:zkiem5
    Status:             Approved
    Subject:
             Common Name:    system:node:kube-node2
             Serial Number:
             Organization:   system:nodes
    Events:  <none>
    
    • Requesting User:请求 CSR 的用户,kube-apiserver 对它进行认证和授权;
    • Subject:请求签名的证书信息;
    • 证书的 CN 是 system:node:kube-node2, Organization 是 system:nodes,kube-apiserver 的 Node 授权模式会授予该证书的相关权限;

    自动 approve CSR 请求

    创建三个 ClusterRoleBinding,分别用于自动 approve client、renew client、renew server 证书:

    cat > csr-crb.yaml <<EOF
     # Approve all CSRs for the group "system:bootstrappers"
     kind: ClusterRoleBinding
     apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
     metadata:
       name: auto-approve-csrs-for-group
     subjects:
     - kind: Group
       name: system:bootstrappers
       apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
     roleRef:
       kind: ClusterRole
       name: system:certificates.k8s.io:certificatesigningrequests:nodeclient
       apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
    ---
     # To let a node of the group "system:nodes" renew its own credentials
     kind: ClusterRoleBinding
     apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
     metadata:
       name: node-client-cert-renewal
     subjects:
     - kind: Group
       name: system:nodes
       apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
     roleRef:
       kind: ClusterRole
       name: system:certificates.k8s.io:certificatesigningrequests:selfnodeclient
       apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
    ---
    # A ClusterRole which instructs the CSR approver to approve a node requesting a
    # serving cert matching its client cert.
    kind: ClusterRole
    apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
    metadata:
      name: approve-node-server-renewal-csr
    rules:
    - apiGroups: ["certificates.k8s.io"]
      resources: ["certificatesigningrequests/selfnodeserver"]
      verbs: ["create"]
    ---
     # To let a node of the group "system:nodes" renew its own server credentials
     kind: ClusterRoleBinding
     apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
     metadata:
       name: node-server-cert-renewal
     subjects:
     - kind: Group
       name: system:nodes
       apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
     roleRef:
       kind: ClusterRole
       name: approve-node-server-renewal-csr
       apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
    EOF
    
    • auto-approve-csrs-for-group:自动 approve node 的第一次 CSR; 注意第一次 CSR 时,请求的 Group 为 system:bootstrappers;
    • node-client-cert-renewal:自动 approve node 后续过期的 client 证书,自动生成的证书 Group 为 system:nodes;
    • node-server-cert-renewal:自动 approve node 后续过期的 server 证书,自动生成的证书 Group 为 system:nodes;

    生效配置:

    $ kubectl apply -f csr-crb.yaml
    

    查看 kublet 的情况

    等待一段时间(1-10 分钟),三个节点的 CSR 都被自动 approve:

    $ kubectl get csr
    NAME                                                   AGE       REQUESTOR                 CONDITION
    csr-98h25                                              6m        system:node:kube-node2    Approved,Issued
    csr-lb5c9                                              7m        system:node:kube-node3    Approved,Issued
    csr-m2hn4                                              14m       system:node:kube-node1    Approved,Issued平时
    node-csr-7q7i0q4MF_K2TSEJj16At4CJFLlJkHIqei6nMIAaJCU   28m       system:bootstrap:k0s2bj   Approved,Issued
    node-csr-ND77wk2P8k2lHBtgBaObiyYw0uz1Um7g2pRvveMF-c4   35m       system:bootstrap:mkus5s   Approved,Issued
    node-csr-Nysmrw55nnM48NKwEJuiuCGmZoxouK4N8jiEHBtLQso   6m        system:bootstrap:zkiem5   Approved,Issued
    node-csr-QzuuQiuUfcSdp3j5W4B2UOuvQ_n9aTNHAlrLzVFiqrk   1h        system:bootstrap:zkiem5   Approved,Issued
    node-csr-oVbPmU-ikVknpynwu0Ckz_MvkAO_F1j0hmbcDa__sGA   1h        system:bootstrap:mkus5s   Approved,Issued
    node-csr-u0E1-ugxgotO_9FiGXo8DkD6a7-ew8sX2qPE6KPS2IY   1h        system:bootstrap:k0s2bj   Approved,Issued
    

    所有节点均 ready:

    $ kubectl get nodes
    NAME         STATUS    ROLES     AGE       VERSION
    kube-node1   Ready     <none>    18m       v1.10.4
    kube-node2   Ready     <none>    10m       v1.10.4
    kube-node3   Ready     <none>    11m       v1.10.4
    

    kube-controller-manager 为各 node 生成了 kubeconfig 文件和公私钥:

    $ ls -l /etc/kubernetes/kubelet.kubeconfig
    -rw------- 1 root root 2293 Jun 13 17:07 /etc/kubernetes/kubelet.kubeconfig
    
    $ ls -l /etc/kubernetes/cert/|grep kubelet
    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1046 Jun 13 17:07 kubelet-client.crt
    -rw------- 1 root root  227 Jun 13 17:07 kubelet-client.key
    -rw------- 1 root root 1334 Jun 13 17:07 kubelet-server-2018-06-13-17-07-45.pem
    lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root   58 Jun 13 17:07 kubelet-server-current.pem -> /etc/kubernetes/cert/kubelet-server-2018-06-13-17-07-45.pem
    
    • kubelet-server 证书会周期轮转;

    kubelet 提供的 API 接口

    kublet 启动后监听多个端口,用于接收 kube-apiserver 或其它组件发送的请求:

    $ sudo netstat -lnpt|grep kubelet
    tcp        0      0 172.27.129.111:4194     0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      2490/kubelet
    tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:10248         0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      2490/kubelet
    tcp        0      0 172.27.129.111:10250    0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      2490/kubelet
    
    • 4194: cadvisor http 服务;
    • 10248: healthz http 服务;
    • 10250: https API 服务;注意:未开启只读端口 10255;

    例如执行 kubectl ec -it nginx-ds-5rmws -- sh 命令时,kube-apiserver 会向 kubelet 发送如下请求:

    POST /exec/default/nginx-ds-5rmws/my-nginx?command=sh&input=1&output=1&tty=1
    

    kubelet 接收 10250 端口的 https 请求:

    • /pods、/runningpods
    • /metrics、/metrics/cadvisor、/metrics/probes
    • /spec
    • /stats、/stats/container
    • /logs
    • /run/、"/exec/", "/attach/", "/portForward/", "/containerLogs/" 等管理;

    详情参考:https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/pkg/kubelet/server/server.go#L434:3

    由于关闭了匿名认证,同时开启了 webhook 授权,所有访问 10250 端口 https API 的请求都需要被认证和授权。

    预定义的 ClusterRole system:kubelet-api-admin 授予访问 kubelet 所有 API 的权限:

    $ kubectl describe clusterrole system:kubelet-api-admin
    Name:         system:kubelet-api-admin
    Labels:       kubernetes.io/bootstrapping=rbac-defaults
    Annotations:  rbac.authorization.kubernetes.io/autoupdate=true
    PolicyRule:
      Resources      Non-Resource URLs  Resource Names  Verbs
      ---------      -----------------  --------------  -----
      nodes          []                 []              [get list watch proxy]
      nodes/log      []                 []              [*]
      nodes/metrics  []                 []              [*]
      nodes/proxy    []                 []              [*]
      nodes/spec     []                 []              [*]
      nodes/stats    []                 []              [*]
    

    kublet api 认证和授权

    kublet 配置了如下认证参数:

    • authentication.anonymous.enabled:设置为 false,不允许匿名访问 10250 端口;
    • authentication.x509.clientCAFile:指定签名客户端证书的 CA 证书,开启 HTTPs 证书认证;
    • authentication.webhook.enabled=true:开启 HTTPs bearer token 认证;

    同时配置了如下授权参数:

    • authroization.mode=Webhook:开启 RBAC 授权;

    kubelet 收到请求后,使用 clientCAFile 对证书签名进行认证,或者查询 bearer token 是否有效。如果两者都没通过,则拒绝请求,提示 Unauthorized:

    $ curl -s --cacert /etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem https://192.168.86.156:10250/metrics
    Unauthorized
    
    $ curl -s --cacert /etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem -H "Authorization: Bearer 123456" https://172.27.129.111:10250/metrics
    Unauthorized
    

    通过认证后,kubelet 使用 SubjectAccessReview API 向 kube-apiserver 发送请求,查询证书或 token 对应的 user、group 是否有操作资源的权限(RBAC);

    证书认证和授权:

    $ # 权限不足的证书;
    $ curl -s --cacert /etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem --cert /etc/kubernetes/cert/kube-controller-manager.pem --key /etc/kubernetes/cert/kube-controller-manager-key.pem https://172.27.129.111:10250/metrics
    Forbidden (user=system:kube-controller-manager, verb=get, resource=nodes, subresource=metrics)
    
    $ # 使用部署 kubectl 命令行工具时创建的、具有最高权限的 admin 证书;
    $ curl -s --cacert /etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem --cert ./admin.pem --key ./admin-key.pem https://192.168.86.156:10250/metrics|head
    # HELP apiserver_client_certificate_expiration_seconds Distribution of the remaining lifetime on the certificate used to authenticate a request.
    # TYPE apiserver_client_certificate_expiration_seconds histogram
    apiserver_client_certificate_expiration_seconds_bucket{le="0"} 0
    apiserver_client_certificate_expiration_seconds_bucket{le="21600"} 0
    apiserver_client_certificate_expiration_seconds_bucket{le="43200"} 0
    apiserver_client_certificate_expiration_seconds_bucket{le="86400"} 0
    apiserver_client_certificate_expiration_seconds_bucket{le="172800"} 0
    apiserver_client_certificate_expiration_seconds_bucket{le="345600"} 0
    apiserver_client_certificate_expiration_seconds_bucket{le="604800"} 0
    apiserver_client_certificate_expiration_seconds_bucket{le="2.592e+06"} 0
    
    • --cacert--cert--key 的参数值必须是文件路径,如上面的 ./admin.pem 不能省略 ./,否则返回 401 Unauthorized

    bear token 认证和授权:

    创建一个 ServiceAccount,将它和 ClusterRole system:kubelet-api-admin 绑定,从而具有调用 kubelet API 的权限:

    kubectl create sa kubelet-api-test
    kubectl create clusterrolebinding kubelet-api-test --clusterrole=system:kubelet-api-admin --serviceaccount=default:kubelet-api-test
    SECRET=$(kubectl get secrets | grep kubelet-api-test | awk '{print $1}')
    TOKEN=$(kubectl describe secret ${SECRET} | grep -E '^token' | awk '{print $2}')
    echo ${TOKEN}
    
    $ curl -s --cacert /etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem -H "Authorization: Bearer ${TOKEN}" https://172.27.129.111:10250/metrics|head
    # HELP apiserver_client_certificate_expiration_seconds Distribution of the remaining lifetime on the certificate used to authenticate a request.
    # TYPE apiserver_client_certificate_expiration_seconds histogram
    apiserver_client_certificate_expiration_seconds_bucket{le="0"} 0
    apiserver_client_certificate_expiration_seconds_bucket{le="21600"} 0
    apiserver_client_certificate_expiration_seconds_bucket{le="43200"} 0
    apiserver_client_certificate_expiration_seconds_bucket{le="86400"} 0
    apiserver_client_certificate_expiration_seconds_bucket{le="172800"} 0
    apiserver_client_certificate_expiration_seconds_bucket{le="345600"} 0
    apiserver_client_certificate_expiration_seconds_bucket{le="604800"} 0
    apiserver_client_certificate_expiration_seconds_bucket{le="2.592e+06"} 0
    

    cadvisor 和 metrics

    cadvisor 统计所在节点各容器的资源(CPU、内存、磁盘、网卡)使用情况,分别在自己的 http web 页面(4194 端口)和 10250 以 promehteus metrics 的形式输出。

    浏览器访问 http://172.27.129.105:4194/containers/ 可以查看到 cadvisor 的监控页面:

    cadvisor-home

    浏览器访问 https://172.27.129.80:10250/metricshttps://172.27.129.80:10250/metrics/cadvisor 分别返回 kublet 和 cadvisor 的 metrics。

    cadvisor-metrics

    注意:

    • kublet.config.json 设置 authentication.anonymous.enabled 为 false,不允许匿名证书访问 10250 的 https 服务;
    • 参考A.浏览器访问kube-apiserver安全端口.md,创建和导入相关证书,然后访问上面的 10250 端口;

    获取 kublet 的配置

    从 kube-apiserver 获取各 node 的配置:

    curl -sSL --cacert /etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem --cert ./admin.pem --key ./admin-key.pem https://192.168.86.214:8443/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns:dns/proxy

    $ source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    $ # 使用部署 kubectl 命令行工具时创建的、具有最高权限的 admin 证书;
    $ curl -sSL --cacert /etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem --cert ./admin.pem --key ./admin-key.pem ${KUBE_APISERVER}/api/v1/nodes/docker86-155/proxy/configz | jq 
      '.kubeletconfig|.kind="KubeletConfiguration"|.apiVersion="kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1"'
    {
      "syncFrequency": "1m0s",
      "fileCheckFrequency": "20s",
      "httpCheckFrequency": "20s",
      "address": "172.27.129.80",
      "port": 10250,
      "readOnlyPort": 10255,
      "authentication": {
        "x509": {},
        "webhook": {
          "enabled": false,
          "cacheTTL": "2m0s"
        },
        "anonymous": {
          "enabled": true
        }
      },
      "authorization": {
        "mode": "AlwaysAllow",
        "webhook": {
          "cacheAuthorizedTTL": "5m0s",
          "cacheUnauthorizedTTL": "30s"
        }
      },
      "registryPullQPS": 5,
      "registryBurst": 10,
      "eventRecordQPS": 5,
      "eventBurst": 10,
      "enableDebuggingHandlers": true,
      "healthzPort": 10248,
      "healthzBindAddress": "127.0.0.1",
      "oomScoreAdj": -999,
      "clusterDomain": "cluster.local.",
      "clusterDNS": [
        "10.254.0.2"
      ],
      "streamingConnectionIdleTimeout": "4h0m0s",
      "nodeStatusUpdateFrequency": "10s",
      "imageMinimumGCAge": "2m0s",
      "imageGCHighThresholdPercent": 85,
      "imageGCLowThresholdPercent": 80,
      "volumeStatsAggPeriod": "1m0s",
      "cgroupsPerQOS": true,
      "cgroupDriver": "cgroupfs",
      "cpuManagerPolicy": "none",
      "cpuManagerReconcilePeriod": "10s",
      "runtimeRequestTimeout": "2m0s",
      "hairpinMode": "promiscuous-bridge",
      "maxPods": 110,
      "podPidsLimit": -1,
      "resolvConf": "/etc/resolv.conf",
      "cpuCFSQuota": true,
      "maxOpenFiles": 1000000,
      "contentType": "application/vnd.kubernetes.protobuf",
      "kubeAPIQPS": 5,
      "kubeAPIBurst": 10,
      "serializeImagePulls": false,
      "evictionHard": {
        "imagefs.available": "15%",
        "memory.available": "100Mi",
        "nodefs.available": "10%",
        "nodefs.inodesFree": "5%"
      },
      "evictionPressureTransitionPeriod": "5m0s",
      "enableControllerAttachDetach": true,
      "makeIPTablesUtilChains": true,
      "iptablesMasqueradeBit": 14,
      "iptablesDropBit": 15,
      "featureGates": {
        "RotateKubeletClientCertificate": true,
        "RotateKubeletServerCertificate": true
      },
      "failSwapOn": true,
      "containerLogMaxSize": "10Mi",
      "containerLogMaxFiles": 5,
      "enforceNodeAllocatable": [
        "pods"
      ],
      "kind": "KubeletConfiguration",
      "apiVersion": "kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1"
    }
    

    或者参考代码中的注释:https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/pkg/kubelet/apis/kubeletconfig/v1beta1/types.go

    参考

    1. kubelet 认证和授权:https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-authentication-authorization/

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
    do
    echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
    ssh root@${node_ip} "systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl enable kubelet && systemctl restart kubelet"
    done

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh

    for node_ip in ${ETCD_NODE_IPS[@]}
    do
    echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
    ssh root@${node_ip} "mkdir -p /var/lib/kube-proxy"
    ssh root@${node_ip} "mkdir -p /var/log/kubernetes && chown -R k8s /var/log/kubernetes"
    ssh root@${node_ip} "systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl enable kube-proxy && systemctl restart kube-proxy"
    done

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh

    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
    do
    echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
    scp /usr/local/bin/pull-google-container root@${node_ip}:/usr/local/bin/
    ssh root@${node_ip} "/usr/local/bin/pull-google-container k8s.gcr.io/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64:v1.10.0"
    done

    192.168.86.18 192.168.86.21 192.168.86.91 192.168.86.9

    cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
    kind: ClusterRoleBinding
    apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
    metadata:
    name: heapster-kubelet-api
    roleRef:
    apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
    kind: ClusterRole
    name: system:kubelet-api-admin
    subjects:

    • kind: ServiceAccount
      name: heapster
      namespace: kube-system
      EOF

    07-3.部署 kube-proxy 组件

    kube-proxy 运行在所有 worker 节点上,,它监听 apiserver 中 service 和 Endpoint 的变化情况,创建路由规则来进行服务负载均衡。

    本文档讲解部署 kube-proxy 的部署,使用 ipvs 模式。

    下载和分发 kube-proxy 二进制文件

    参考 06-0.部署master节点.md

    安装依赖包

    各节点需要安装 ipvsadmipset 命令,加载 ip_vs 内核模块。

    参考 07-0.部署worker节点.md

    创建 kube-proxy 证书

    创建证书签名请求:

    cat > kube-proxy-csr.json <<EOF
    {
      "CN": "system:kube-proxy",
      "key": {
        "algo": "rsa",
        "size": 2048
      },
      "names": [
        {
          "C": "CN",
          "ST": "BeiJing",
          "L": "BeiJing",
          "O": "k8s",
          "OU": "4Paradigm"
        }
      ]
    }
    EOF
    
    • CN:指定该证书的 User 为 system:kube-proxy
    • 预定义的 RoleBinding system:node-proxier 将User system:kube-proxy 与 Role system:node-proxier 绑定,该 Role 授予了调用 kube-apiserver Proxy 相关 API 的权限;
    • 该证书只会被 kube-proxy 当做 client 证书使用,所以 hosts 字段为空;

    生成证书和私钥:

    cfssl gencert -ca=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem 
      -ca-key=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca-key.pem 
      -config=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca-config.json 
      -profile=kubernetes  kube-proxy-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kube-proxy
    

    创建和分发 kubeconfig 文件

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    kubectl config set-cluster kubernetes 
      --certificate-authority=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem 
      --embed-certs=true 
      --server=${KUBE_APISERVER} 
      --kubeconfig=kube-proxy.kubeconfig
    
    kubectl config set-credentials kube-proxy 
      --client-certificate=kube-proxy.pem 
      --client-key=kube-proxy-key.pem 
      --embed-certs=true 
      --kubeconfig=kube-proxy.kubeconfig
    
    kubectl config set-context default 
      --cluster=kubernetes 
      --user=kube-proxy 
      --kubeconfig=kube-proxy.kubeconfig
    
    kubectl config use-context default --kubeconfig=kube-proxy.kubeconfig
    
    • --embed-certs=true:将 ca.pem 和 admin.pem 证书内容嵌入到生成的 kubectl-proxy.kubeconfig 文件中(不加时,写入的是证书文件路径);

    分发 kubeconfig 文件:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_name in ${NODE_NAMES[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_name}"
        scp kube-proxy.kubeconfig k8s@${node_name}:/etc/kubernetes/
      done
    

    创建 kube-proxy 配置文件

    从 v1.10 开始,kube-proxy 部分参数可以配置文件中配置。可以使用 --write-config-to 选项生成该配置文件,或者参考 kubeproxyconfig 的类型定义源文件 :https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/pkg/proxy/apis/kubeproxyconfig/types.go

    创建 kube-proxy config 文件模板:

    cat >kube-proxy.config.yaml.template <<EOF
    apiVersion: kubeproxy.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1
    bindAddress: ##NODE_IP##
    clientConnection:
      kubeconfig: /etc/kubernetes/kube-proxy.kubeconfig
    clusterCIDR: ${CLUSTER_CIDR}
    healthzBindAddress: ##NODE_IP##:10256
    hostnameOverride: ##NODE_NAME##
    kind: KubeProxyConfiguration
    metricsBindAddress: ##NODE_IP##:10249
    mode: "ipvs"
    EOF
    
    • bindAddress: 监听地址;
    • clientConnection.kubeconfig: 连接 apiserver 的 kubeconfig 文件;
    • clusterCIDR: kube-proxy 根据 --cluster-cidr 判断集群内部和外部流量,指定 --cluster-cidr--masquerade-all 选项后 kube-proxy 才会对访问 Service IP 的请求做 SNAT;
    • hostnameOverride: 参数值必须与 kubelet 的值一致,否则 kube-proxy 启动后会找不到该 Node,从而不会创建任何 ipvs 规则;
    • mode: 使用 ipvs 模式;

    为各节点创建和分发 kube-proxy 配置文件:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for (( i=0; i < 7; i++ ))
      do 
        echo ">>> ${NODE_NAMES[i]}"
        sed -e "s/##NODE_NAME##/${NODE_NAMES[i]}/" -e "s/##NODE_IP##/${NODE_IPS[i]}/" kube-proxy.config.yaml.template > kube-proxy-${NODE_NAMES[i]}.config.yaml
        scp kube-proxy-${NODE_NAMES[i]}.config.yaml root@${NODE_NAMES[i]}:/etc/kubernetes/kube-proxy.config.yaml
      done
    

    替换后的 kube-proxy.config.yaml 文件:kube-proxy.config.yaml

    创建和分发 kube-proxy systemd unit 文件

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    cat > kube-proxy.service <<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=Kubernetes Kube-Proxy Server
    Documentation=https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes
    After=network.target
    
    [Service]
    WorkingDirectory=/var/lib/kube-proxy
    ExecStart=/opt/k8s/bin/kube-proxy \
      --config=/etc/kubernetes/kube-proxy.config.yaml \
      --alsologtostderr=true \
      --logtostderr=false \
      --log-dir=/var/log/kubernetes \
      --v=2
    Restart=on-failure
    RestartSec=5
    LimitNOFILE=65536
    
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    EOF
    

    替换后的 unit 文件:kube-proxy.service

    分发 kube-proxy systemd unit 文件:

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_name in ${NODE_NAMES[@]}
      do 
        echo ">>> ${node_name}"
        scp kube-proxy.service root@${node_name}:/etc/systemd/system/
      done
    

    启动 kube-proxy 服务

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "mkdir -p /var/lib/kube-proxy"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "mkdir -p /var/log/kubernetes && chown -R k8s /var/log/kubernetes"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl enable kube-proxy && systemctl restart kube-proxy"
      done
    
    • 必须先创建工作和日志目录;

    检查启动结果

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh k8s@${node_ip} "systemctl status kube-proxy|grep Active"
      done
    

    确保状态为 active (running),否则查看日志,确认原因:

    journalctl -u kube-proxy
    

    查看监听端口和 metrics

    [k8s@kube-node1 ~]$ sudo netstat -lnpt|grep kube-prox
    tcp        0      0 172.27.129.105:10249    0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      16847/kube-proxy
    tcp        0      0 172.27.129.105:10256    0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      16847/kube-proxy
    
    • 10249:http prometheus metrics port;
    • 10256:http healthz port;

    查看 ipvs 路由规则

    source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
    for node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}
      do
        echo ">>> ${node_ip}"
        ssh root@${node_ip} "/usr/sbin/ipvsadm -ln"
      done
    

    预期输出:

    >>> 172.27.129.105
    IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096)
    Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags
      -> RemoteAddress:Port           Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn
    TCP  10.254.0.1:443 rr persistent 10800
      -> 172.27.129.105:6443          Masq    1      0          0
    >>> 172.27.129.111
    IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096)
    Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags
      -> RemoteAddress:Port           Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn
    TCP  10.254.0.1:443 rr persistent 10800
      -> 172.27.129.105:6443          Masq    1      0          0
    >>> 172.27.129.112
    IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096)
    Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags
      -> RemoteAddress:Port           Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn
    TCP  10.254.0.1:443 rr persistent 10800
      -> 172.27.129.105:6443          Masq    1      0          0
    

    可见将所有到 kubernetes cluster ip 443 端口的请求都转发到 kube-apiserver 的 6443 端口;

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/xiaoqi/p/9944706.html
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