场景五:线程局部变量
Parallel.ForEach 提供了一个线程局部变量的重载,定义如下:
public static ParallelLoopResult ForEach<TSource, TLocal>(
IEnumerable<TSource> source,
Func<TLocal> localInit,
Func<TSource, ParallelLoopState, TLocal,TLocal> body,
Action<TLocal> localFinally)
使用的示例:
public static List<R> Filtering<T,R>(IEnumerable<T> source)
{
var results = new List<R>();
using (SemaphoreSlim sem = new SemaphoreSlim(1))
{
Parallel.ForEach(source,
() => new List<R>(),
(element, loopstate, localStorage) =>
{
bool filter = filterFunction(element);
if (filter)
localStorage.Add(element);
return localStorage;
},
(finalStorage) =>
{
lock(myLock)
{
results.AddRange(finalStorage)
};
});
}
return results;
}
线程局部变量有什么优势呢?请看下面的例子(一个网页抓取程序):
public static void UnsafeDownloadUrls ()
{
WebClient webclient = new WebClient();
Parallel.ForEach(urls,
(url,loopstate,index) =>
{
webclient.DownloadFile(url, filenames[index] + ".dat");
Console.WriteLine("{0}:{1}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, url);
});
}
通常第一版代码是这么写的,但是运行时会报错“System.NotSupportedException -> WebClient does not support concurrent I/O operations.”。这是因为多个线程无法同时访问同一个 WebClient 对象。所以我们会把 WebClient 对象定义到线程中来:
public static void BAD_DownloadUrls ()
{
Parallel.ForEach(urls,
(url,loopstate,index) =>
{
WebClient webclient = new WebClient();
webclient.DownloadFile(url, filenames[index] + ".dat");
Console.WriteLine("{0}:{1}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, url);
});
}
修改之后依然有问题,因为你的机器不是服务器,大量实例化的 WebClient 迅速达到你机器允许的虚拟连接上限数。线程局部变量可以解决这个问题:
public static void downloadUrlsSafe()
{
Parallel.ForEach(urls,
() => new WebClient(),
(url, loopstate, index, webclient) =>
{
webclient.DownloadFile(url, filenames[index]+".dat");
Console.WriteLine("{0}:{1}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, url);
return webclient;
},
(webclient) => { });
}
这样的写法保证了我们能获得足够的 WebClient 实例,同时这些 WebClient 实例彼此隔离仅仅属于各自关联的线程。
虽然 PLINQ 提供了 ThreadLocal<T> 对象来实现类似的功能:
public static void downloadUrl()
{
var webclient = new ThreadLocal<WebClient>(()=> new WebClient ());
var res =
urls
.AsParallel()
.ForAll(
url =>
{
webclient.Value.DownloadFile(url, host[url] +".dat"));
Console.WriteLine("{0}:{1}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, url);
});
}
但是请注意:ThreadLocal<T> 相对而言开销更大!
--
场景五:退出操作 (使用 Parallel.ForEach)
Parallel.ForEach 有个重载声明如下,其中包含一个 ParallelLoopState 对象:
public static ParallelLoopResult ForEach<TSource >(
IEnumerable<TSource> source,
Action<TSource, ParallelLoopState> body)
ParallelLoopState.Stop() 提供了退出循环的方法,这种方式要比其他两种方法更快。这个方法通知循环不要再启动执行新的迭代,并尽可能快的推出循环。
ParallelLoopState.IsStopped 属性可用来判定其他迭代是否调用了 Stop 方法。
示例:
public static boolean FindAny<T,T>(IEnumerable<T> TSpace, T match) where T: IEqualityComparer<T>
{
var matchFound = false;
Parallel.ForEach(TSpace,
(curValue, loopstate) =>
{
if (curValue.Equals(match) )
{
matchFound = true;
loopstate.Stop();
}
});
return matchFound;
}
ParallelLoopState.Break() 通知循环继续执行本元素前的迭代,但不执行本元素之后的迭代。最前调用 Break 的起作用,并被记录到 ParallelLoopState.LowestBreakIteration 属性中。这种处理方式通常被应用在一个有序的查找处理中,比如你有一个排序过的数组,你想在其中查找匹配元素的最小 index,那么可以使用以下的代码:
public static int FindLowestIndex<T,T>(IEnumerable<T> TSpace, T match) where T: IEqualityComparer<T>
{
var loopResult = Parallel.ForEach(source,
(curValue, loopState, curIndex) =>
{
if (curValue.Equals(match))
{
loopState.Break();
}
});
var matchedIndex = loopResult.LowestBreakIteration;
return matchedIndex.HasValue ? matchedIndex : -1;
}
更多:
http://www.tuicool.com/articles/jqaUVj